Lecture 6

Signals and Systems

Chapter 5

Prof. Young-Seok Choi

Dept. Electronics and Communications Eng.

Kwangwoon University

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Table of Contents

1. review on CTFT
2. Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT)
3. examples of DTFT
4. properties of DTFT

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Fourier Transform

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#FS
s an
periodic x(t)

---

T & No-o

#FT
.

aperiodic e)
X (jc)
Review on Continuous-time Fourier Transform I

in deriving the continuous-time Fourier Transform, we basically have the

following three steps
step 1: pad the aperiodic signal x(t) to construct a periodic replicate
x̃(t)

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Review on Continuous-time Fourier Transform II
step 2: Since x̃(t) is periodic, we find the Fourier series coefficient ak
and represent x̃(t) as
1
X
x̃(t) = ak ejk!0 t
k= 1

by defining Z 1
j!t
F{x(t)} = X(j!) = x(t)e dt
1

which is known as the continuous-time Fourier Transform (CTFT), we

showed
1
ak = X(jk!0 )
T

step 3: setting T ! 1, we showed x̃(t) ! x(t) and

Z 1
1 1
F {X(j!)} = x(t) = X(j!)ej!t d!
2⇡ 1

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#FS with N
periodic ilins with Ness Ar :
periodic

2π

N-0 wot -o

DTFT
,
Deriving Discrete-time Fourier transform I

the same concept can be applied to discrete-time signals in deriving the

DTFT, we also have three key steps
step 1: Consider an aperiodic discrete-time signal x[n]. We pad x[n] to
construct a periodic signal x̃[n]

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Deriving Discrete-time Fourier transform II

step 2: Since x̃[n] is periodic, by discrete-time Fourier series, we have

X
x̃[n] = ak ejk(2⇡/N )n
k=<N >

where ak can be computed as

1 X
jk(2⇡/N )n
ak = x̃[n]e
N
n=<N >

now, note that x̃[n] = x[n] in a period. therefore, it holds that

1 X 1 X
jk(2⇡/N )n jk(2⇡/N )n
ak = x̃[n]e = x[n]e
N N
n=<N > n=<N >
1
1 X jk(2⇡/N )n
= x[n]e
N n= 1

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Deriving Discrete-time Fourier transform III

if we define
1
X
X(ej! ) = x[n]e j!n

n= 1

then
1
1 X jk(2⇡/N )n 1 1
ak = x[n]e = X(ejk!0 ) = X(ejk(2⇡/N ) )
N n= 1 N N

: Wo :

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Deriving Discrete-time Fourier transform IV

step 3: by combining two equations, we have

X X 1
jk!0 n
x̃[n] = ak e = X(ejk!0 ) ejk!0 n
N
k=<N > k=<N >
1 X jk!0 jk!0 n 2⇡
= X(e )e !0 , (!0 = )
2⇡ N
k=<N >

as N ! 1, !0 ! 0 and x̃[n] ! x[n]

X Z
1 jk!0 jk!0 n 1
x̃[n] = X(e )e !0 ! X(ej! )ej!n d!
2⇡ 2⇡ 2⇡
k=<N >

therefore, Z
1
x[n] = X(ej! )ej!n d!
2⇡ 2⇡

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Deriving Discrete-time Fourier transform V

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Definition of DTFT

Theorem
The discrete-time Fourier transform X(ej! ) of an aperiodic signal x[n] is
given by
1
X
F{x[n]} = X(ej! ) = x[n]e j!n
(analysis equation)
n= 1

and the discrete-time inverse Fourier transform is given by

Z
1 j! 1
F {X(e )} = x[n] = X(ej! )ej!n d! (synthesis equation)
2⇡ 2⇡

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* CTFT

x(t) X(jw)

DTFT

Hins = X(ein)
Periodicity of X(ej! ) I

note that the CTFT X(j!) is aperiodic in general, but the DTFT
X(ej! ) is always periodic.
to see this, let us consider the DTFT (we want to check whether
X(ej! ) = X(ej!+2⇡ ))
1
X
X(ej(!+2⇡) ) = x[n]e j(!+2⇡)n

n= 1
X1
j!n j2⇡ n
= x[n]e e = X(ej! )
n= 1

j2⇡ n
because e = 1n = 1 for all n ! therefore X(ej! ) is periodic with
period 2⇡

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Periodicity of X(ej! ) II

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Convergence issues with DTFT
We o >
-
1 instiles
1. analysis equation will converge either if x[n] is absolutely summable
1
X
|x[n]| < 1,
n= 1

or if x[n] has finite energy, that is

1
X
|x[n]|2 < 1,
n= 1

2. synthesis equation has no convergence issue since the integral is over

a finite interval of integration

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Examples of DTFT I

1. x[n] = an u[n], |a| < 1

Xein)=in
sol)

= Jason
Then ,

Klein))
-

(15) we a
(x() /wer =

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Xein) =
Facto =

Facoswojsinc) =
actisin
* It
Wev
acosasin
= encosc + ar
latjbl =b

Xein) =
41 -

k[(racosn) +
Tsimco]
=

sin-tan
O-tant 1- acos Cl
 -
yetano
got

......
...
- -
 Examples of DTFT II
(
1, |n|  N1
1. x[n] =
0, |n| > N1
sol)·
XLein) -jww
NcomTWI s
m = n+N,

JWN
=

NEN
=
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DTFT of periodic signals I

F
in continuous-time, ej!0 t ! 2⇡ (! !0 )
let us consider the signal x[n] = ej!0 n
DTFT must be periodic in ! with period 2⇡.
therefore
1
X
F{x[n]} = X(ej! ) = 2⇡ (! !0 2⇡l)
l= 1

CTSIw-wo)
etfIW-Wor(w -wo 4)

000
-

#su 28(w-wo-l 17 / 32
 eiron28(0-wo-2π)
Akt iton2f(-ko-2πl)
Periodic
ikwor-
pin] =
k <)
=
Art X2(w-ko- Wo =
2π
D j
=

zarf(w--2πt)
k <N) l
= = a
-

if k =
2N

Xlein) =R -
DTFT of periodic signals II

Now consider a periodic sequence x[n] with period N

X
x[n] = ak ejk(2⇡/N )n
k=<N >

in this case,
1
X ✓ ◆
2⇡k
F{x[n]} = X(ej! ) = 2⇡ak !
N
k= 1

Now consider a periodic sequence x[n] with period N

X
x[n] = ak ejk(2⇡/N )n
k=<N >

=a0 + a1 ej(2⇡/N )n + a2 ej2(2⇡/N )n + · · · + aN 1e

j(N 1)(2⇡/N )n

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DTFT of periodic signals III
S(w-e
a .
(w--
a
Na

eTn] Xjc)

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 DTFT of periodic signals
P1
1. x[n] = k= 1 [n kN ]
soll

Are
For OEM EN-1, TTn] =
SIN]

-jk( .
0
:. Ar
= Sales
= /

= - .
XIew) - Sw
Xein) = -
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Properties of the DTFT I

the properties of Fourier Transform is very similar to those of Fourier

Series
I periodicity: X(ej! ) = X(ej(!+2⇡) )

F F
I linearlity: if x1 [n] ! X1 (ej! ) and x2 [n] ! X2 (ej! ), then
F
ax1 [n] + bx2 [n] ! aX1 (ej! ) + bX2 (ej! )

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Properties of the DTFT II

F
I time shifting: x[n n0 ] !e j!n0
X(ej! )

F
I frequency shifting: ej!0 n x[n] ! X(ej(! !0 )
)

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Properties of the DTFT III

F
I conjugation: x⇤ [n] ! X ⇤ (e j!
)

F
I time reversal: x[ n] ! X(e j!
)

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Properties of the DTFT IV

I time expansion
(
x[ nk ], if n is a multiple of k
x(k) [n] =
0, if n is not a multiple of k

D8

↓~
(122(3)

,
263 =
=

1952
x253)

=
=

x22]
x2

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Y(xpins] Xnlein) =
Turk
-

=
d) Eckse
r=
La =
x[r]
n= rk
eTR) X(etn)
①

2 xir
> =
I

V= -
Properties of the DTFT V
F
x(k) [n] ! X(ejk! )

periodic with
2π

e
periodic
with
k = 2

k a

periodiwcit
3
=

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Properties of the DTFT VI
I di↵erentiation in Frequency

F dX(ej! )
nx[n] !j
d!

I Parseval’s relation
1
X Z
1
|x[n]|2 = |X(ej! )|2 d!
n= 1
2⇡ 2⇡

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Properties of the DTFT VII

I convolution:
F
y[n] = h[n] ⇤ x[n] ! Y (ej! ) = H(ej! )X(ej! )

ex) Consider an LTI system with impulse response h[n] = [n n0 ].

The frequency response is
1
X
H(ej! ) = [n n0 ]e j!n
=e j!n0

n= 1

The DTFT of the output y[n] is

Y (ej! ) = e j!n0
X(ej! )

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Properties of the DTFT VIII
I multiplication:
Z
F 1 1
x[n]y[n] ! X(ej✓ )Y (ej(! ✓)
)d✓ = X(j!) ⇤ Y (j!)
2⇡ 2⇡ 2⇡

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Duality

I duality in DTFS: for two periodic sequences with period N

FS FS 1
x[n] ! ak , f [k] () f [n] ! x[ k]
N
I duality between DTFT and CTFS:
1
X 1
X
(DTFT) X(ej! ) = x[n]e j!n
= x[ n]ej!n
n= 1 n= 1

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Summary I

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Summary II

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Recommended video

For further references on Fourier transform, please see the following

youtube video. I’m sure that it will help a lot.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spUNpyF58BY&t=113s

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