DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

Power system Laboratory Exercises

Prepared by
Dr Lucas Mogaka
 EXP NO: 1

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND

SOLUTION OF NETWORKS
AIM:

To develop a program to obtain Ybus matrix for the given networks by the method of inspection.

FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX

Generalized [Y-Bus] Yii Yij 

=

Y ji Yjj 

Each admittance Yii (i =1,2……n) is called the self-admittance or driving point admittance of
bus I and equals the sum of all admittances terminating on the particular bus.

Each off-diagonal term Yij (i,j = 1,2…n; ji) is the transfer admittance between buses I and j,
n=total number of buses. Further, Yij = Yji

SIMULATION

In this exercise matrix, Z-Bus for the system is developed by first forming the Ybus and then
inverting it to get the Z-Bus matrix. The generator and transformer impedances are taken into account.

Ybus is a sparse matrix, Z-Bus is a full matrix, i.e., zero elements of Ybus become non-zero
values in the corresponding Z-Bus elements. The bus impedance matrix is most useful for short circuit
studies.

ALGORITHM

Step (1): Initialize [Y-Bus] matrix that is replace all entries by zero.

Yij = Yij-yij = Yji = off diagonal element

n
Step (2): Compute Yii = y ij = diagonal element.
j =1

Step (3) : Modify the Ybus matrix by adding the transformer and the generator admittance

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Step (4) : Compute the Z-Bus matrix by inverting the modified Ybus matrix.

START

Read no of buses(NB),No of
lines (NL) & line Data

Initialize Y Bus Matrix

Consider Line l=1

i = sb(l); j = eb(l)

Y(i,i) = Y(i,i) + yseries(l) +0.5 ysh(l)

Y(j,j) = Y(j,j) + yseries(l) +0.5 ysh(l)

l=l+1 Is

Modify the Ybus by adding generator and transformer

admittances to the respective diagonal elements.

Compute the Z-bus matrix by inverting modified

Ybus

Print all the Results

STOP

Page 3 of 28
 1. The [Y-Bus] matrix is formed by inspection method for a four-bus system. The line data and is
given below.

LINE DATA

Line SB EB Series Impedance Line charging

Number (p.u) Admittance (p.u)
1 1 2 0.10 + j0.40 j0.015

2 2 3 0.15 + j0.60 j0.020

3 3 4 0.18 + j0.55 j0.018

4 4 1 0.10 + j0.35 j0.012

5 4 2 0.25 + j0.20 j0.030

Manual Calculation:

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 FORMATION OF Y-BUS BY THE METHOD OF INSPECTION

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear all;
n=input('Enter number of buses');
l=input('Number of lines');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);

for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end

y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end

for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end

1
end
end
ybus

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RESULT:

Thus the program for the Ybus formation by the method of inspection was executed and
the output is verified with the manual calculation.

Page 6 of 28
EXP NO: 2
AIM:

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES

To develop a program to obtain the Z bus matrix for the given network by the method of bus building
algorithm.

FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX

Z-Bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system studies such as short
circuit study, load flow study, etc.

In short circuit analysis, the generator and transformer impedances must be taken into account. In
contingency anal ysis, the shunt elements are neglected while forming the Z-Bus matrix, which is used to
compute the outage distribution factors.

This can be easil y obtained by inverting the Ybus formed by inspection method or by analytical
method.Taking inverse of the Ybus for large systems is time consuming; Moreover, modification in the
system requires the whole process to be repeated to reflect the changes in the system. In such cases, the
Z-Bus is computed by Z-Bus building algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Read the number of buses, starting bus and ending bus.
Step 3: Initialize the Z Bus matrix.
Step 4: Form the Z – Bus matrix as follows

Case 1:
When a new bus of impedance Zb is connected to reference bus Zbus,new = [ Zb ]

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Case 2: Adding new bus p to existing bus q

Zbus,new = Zorig Z1q

Z2q

..
Zq1 Zq2 …… Zqq+ Zb

Case 3: Adding impedance from an existing bus to reference bus.

Zjk,act = Zjk – Zj(n+1)* Z(n+1)k

Z(n+1)(n+1)

Case 4: Adding Zb between two existing buses h and q

Zbus,new = Zorig Z1h - Z1q

Z2h – Z2q

Zh1 – Zq1 Zh2 – Zq2 ........ Z(n+1)(n+1)

Case 5: Print the Z – bus matrix.

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Problem:

Find the bus impedance matrix for the given network

Page 9 of 28
EXP. NO: 3
SOLUTION OF POWER FLOW USING GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

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Program
%Gauss Sedial
clc;
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]
elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)));
y=zeros(bus,bus);
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end

for p=1:bus,
Page 11 of 28
 for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:');
b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA');
p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;
disp('iter v2 v3');
while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7;
iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3;
v2=v2+dx1;
v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf ('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
end

MANUAL CALCULATION

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EXP NO: 4

DATE:
SYMMETRIC AND UNSYMMERTICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and analysis of power systems under faulted condition and to compare
the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both symmetric and
unsymmetric.
OBJECTIVES
To conduct fault analysis on a given system using software available and obtain fault analysis report with
fault level and current at the faulted point and post-fault voltages and currents in the network for the
following faults.

1. Line-to-Ground
2. Line-to-Line
3. Double Line-to-Ground

SINGLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT

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Sequence Network of Single line-to-ground-fault

Fault Current

LINE-TO-LINE FAULT

Page 14 of 28
Sequence Network of Line-to-Line Fault

DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT

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Sequence of Double line-to-ground fault

Page 16 of 28
PROBLEM:
The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in the figure. The neutral of
each generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a
100MVA base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100MVA base is
tabulated below. The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage and rated
frequency with their emf’s in phase.

Determine the fault current for the following faults.

a) A balanced three phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per unit.
b) A single line to ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per unit.
c) A line to line fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per unit.
d) A double line to ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per unit.

Item Base MVA Voltage Rating X1 X2 X0

G1 100 20kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G2 100 20kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20kV/220kV 0.1 0.1 0.1
T2 100 20kV/220kV 0.1 0.1 0.1
L12 100 220kV 0.125 0.125 0.3
L13 100 220kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
L23 100 220kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125
Manual Calculation:

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PROGRAM:

zdata1 = [0 1 0 0.25
0 2 0 0.25
1 2 0 0.125
1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];

zdata0 = [0 1 0 0.40
0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125];
zdata2 = zdata1;
Zbus1 = zbuild(zdata1)
Zbus0 = zbuild(zdata0)
Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1)
lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)

symfault

function symfaul(zdata, Zbus, V)

nl = zdata(:,1); nr = zdata(:,2); R = zdata(:,3);

X = zdata(:,4);
nc = length(zdata(1,:));
if nc > 4
BC = zdata(:,5);
elseif nc ==4, BC = zeros(length(zdata(:,1)), 1);
end
ZB = R + j*X;
nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus

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 V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\Three-phase balanced fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)

If = V0(nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf, nf));

Ifm = abs(If); Ifmang=angle(If)*180/pi;
fprintf('Total fault current = %8.4f per unit \n\n', Ifm)
%fprintf(' p.u. \n\n', Ifm)
fprintf('Bus Voltages during fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus Voltage Angle\n')
fprintf(' No. Magnitude degrees\n')

for n = 1:nbus
if n==nf
Vf(nf) = V0(nf)*Zf/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf)); Vfm = abs(Vf(nf));
angv=angle(Vf(nf))*180/pi;
else, Vf(n) = V0(n) - V0(n)*Zbus(n,nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf));
Vfm = abs(Vf(n)); angv=angle(Vf(n))*180/pi;
end
fprintf(' %4g', n), fprintf('%13.4f', Vfm),fprintf('%13.4f\n', angv)

end

fprintf(' \n')

fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)

fprintf(' From To Current Angle\n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Magnitude degrees\n')

for n= 1:nbus
%Ign=0;
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k==0
Ink = (V0(n) - Vf(n))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%if th <= 0
if real(Ink) > 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)

Page 19 of 28
 elseif real(Ink) ==0 & imag(Ink) < 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else, end
Ign=Ink;
elseif k ~= 0
Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I)+BC(I)*Vf(n);
%Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%Ign=Ign+Ink;
%if th <= 0
if real(Ink) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
elseif real(Ink) ==0 & imag(Ink) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else, end
else, end
else, end
end

if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'), fprintf('%12.4f', Ifm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', Ifmang)
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for while

lgfault
function lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)
if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end
nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 = zdata0(:,1);
nr0 = zdata0(:,2); nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1));

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R0 = zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata1(:,3); X2 = zdata1(:,4);

for k=1:nbr0
if R0(k)==inf | X0(k) ==inf
R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) = 99999999;
else, end
end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 + j*X0;
ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\nLine-to-ground fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Single line to-ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+ Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf); Ia1=Ia0; Ia2=Ia0;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012;
Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc);
fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(1))
fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude ---------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude --------- \n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus

Page 21 of 28
 for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else, end
else, end
end

for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n
if nl0(I) ==n k = nr0(I);
elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else, end
else, end
end

for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];
Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(1)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(1)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(1)) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else, end
else, end
end

if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end

Page 22 of 28
 end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for while

llfault

function llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end

nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4);
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;
nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\nLine-to-line fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line-to-line fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0=0;
Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zf); Ia2=-Ia1;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012;
Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc);
fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude ---------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;

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Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- \n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n= 1:nbus for

I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = 0;
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);

Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];

Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(2)) < 0

fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),

fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else, end
else, end
end

if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999;

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 else ff = 0; end
end % end for while

dlgfault

function dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end

nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 = zdata0(:,1);

nr0 = zdata0(:,2); nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1));
R0 = zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4);

for k = 1:nbr0
if R0(k) == inf | X0(k) == inf
R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) = 999999999;
else, end
end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 + j*X0;
ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end

fprintf('\nDouble line-to-ground fault analysis \n')

ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];

Z11 = Zbus2(nf, nf)*(Zbus0(nf, nf)+ 3*Zf)/(Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf);

Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Z11);
Ia2 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/Zbus2(nf,nf);

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Ia0 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/(Zbus0(nf,nf)+3*Zf);
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012; Ifabcm=abs(Ifabc);
Ift = Ifabc(2)+Ifabc(3);
Iftm = abs(Ift);

fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Iftm)

fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude ---------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude ---------- \n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else, end
else, end
end

for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n
if nl0(I) ==n k = nr0(I);
elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I); end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else, end
else, end
end

for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I); end
if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];
Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(2)) < 0

Page 26 of 28
 fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf (' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else, end
else, end
end

Page 27 of 28
 if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp == 'Y'
nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for while

RESULT:

Quantity Calculated Value Simulated Value

FAULT CURRENT FOR

1. THREE PHASE
FAULT
2. L-G FAULT
3. L-L FAULT
4. DOUBLE LINE
FAULT

Thus the modeling and analysis of power system under faulted condition was made familiar and the fault
level, post fault voltage and currents for different types of fault both s ymmetric and unsymmetrical was
computed.

Page 28 of 28