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Linear Algebra MTU

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12 views5 pages

Linear Algebra MTU

Uploaded by

uzoegbumiracle1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1 Vector 2
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Vectors in Rn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Inner Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Unit Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 The Angles Between Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Matrices 5

1
1 Vector
1.1 Introduction

Vectors can be represented by list of numbers and subscript


Example 1.1 suppose the scores of six students are listed as follow:

62, 51, 72, 45, 30, 91

we can represent the list using variable, say v but with dierent subscript for
each of the element; that is
v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 , v5 , v6

such that a list of values,


v = (v1 , v2 , ..., v6 )

is called a linear array or vector.

1.2 Vectors in Rn
The collection of all n-tuples of real numbers is called n-space and it is de-
noted by Rn e.g
u = (b1 , b2 ..., bn )
is a particular n-tuples in R called a point or vector. The bi are called coor-
dinates, entries or element of u. We refer to the element of R as scalar.

Example 1.2

a. Consider the following vectors and tell where they belong:


(3, −4), (7, 9), (0, 0, 0, 0), (1, 3, 5)

b. Find x, y, z such that (x + y, x − y, z − 1) = (4, 2, 3)

column vectors

vertically written vectors in Rn are called a column vector, while horizontally


written vectors are called row vectors, for examples
   
    1 1.5
2 3
, ,  3  ,  32 
3 −5
−6 −15

2
1.3 Vector Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Let u and v be vectors in Rn , say


u = (a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) and v = (b1 , b2 , · · · , bn )
then,
u + v = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , · · · , an + bn )
while ku is the vector obtained by multiplying each component of u by k,
that is,
ku = k(a1 , a2 , ·, an ) = (ka1 , ka2 · · · , kan )
Note that u + v and ku are also vectors in Rn and the sum of vectors with
dierent numbers of components is not dened.
Example 1.3

a. Suppose u = (2, 4, −5) and v = (1, −6, 9) nd u + v , 7u −v , 3u − 5v


   
2 3
b. Let u =  3  and v =  −1  nd 2u − 3v
−4 −2
Also, we can express a given vector v in Rn as a linear combination of vectors
u1 , u2 , · · · , um in Rn by multiplying the vectors by the corresponding scalars
k1 , k2 , · · · , km in R and then add the resultant scalar products to form the
new vectors.
v = k1 u1 + k2 u2 + k3 u3 + · · · + km um
Example 1.4
Write the vectors v = (1, −2, 5) as a linear combination of the vectors
u1 = (1, 1, 1), u2 = (1, 2, 3), u3 = (2, −1, 1)
Theorem 1.1 for any vectors u, v, w in Rn and any scalar k, k0 in R,
i. (u + v) + w = u + (v + w)
ii. u + 0 = u
iii. u + (−u) = 0
iv. u + v = v + u
v. k(u + v) = ku + kv
vi. (k + k0 )u = ku + k0 v
vii. (kk0 )u = k(k0 u)
viii. 1u = u

3
1.4 Inner Product

suppose u = (a1 , a2 , · · · , an ) and v = (b1 , b2 , · · · , bn ) are vectors in Rn , the


dot product or inner product or scalar product of u and v is denoted and
dened by
u.v = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + · · · + an bn
u and v are said to be orthogonal (or perpendicular) if their dot product is
zero, that is, if u.v = 0
Example 1.5

a. Let u = (2, −3, 6), v = (8, 10, −2), w = (4, 14, 8). Then nd u.v, u.w
and v.w
   
4 6
b. u =  6  and v =  −2  nd u.v
−8 −4

c. suppose u = (2, 4, 6, 8) and v = (12, 2k, −16, 4). nd k so that u and v
are orthogonal
Theorem 1.2 for any vectors u, v, w in Rn and any scalar k in R:
i. (u + v).w = u.w + v.w
ii. (ku).v = k(u.v)
iii. u.v = v.u
iv. u.u ≥ 0
v. u.u ≥ 0 and u.u = 0 i u = 0
Note The space Rn with the above operations of vector addition, scalar
multiplication, and dot product is usually called Euclidean n-space.

1.5 Unit Vector

The length of v denoted as k v k is the square root of v.v .


Then u = kvkv
is a unit vector: Length 1
v
u = kvk is a unit vector in the same direction as v

4
1.6 The Angles Between Two Vectors

When the dot product of two vectors v, w is zero (when v is Perpendicular


to w), then the angles between them is 90◦
For perpendicular vectors, k v k2 + k w k2 =k v − w k
In summary, eight angles produce v.w = 0 The dot product is zero when thw
angle is θ = 90◦ . Then cosθ = 0. The zero vector v = 0 is perpendicular to
every vector w because 0.w is always zero.
Cosine Formula If v and w are nonzero vectors then
v.w
kvkkwk
Since | cosθ | never exceed 1, the cosine formula gives two great inequalities.
Schwarz Inequality | v.w |6k v kk w k
Triangle Inequality k v + w k6k v kk w k
Example 1.6

a. For the vectors v = (3, 4) and w = (4, 3) test the Schwarz inequality on
v.w and the triangle inequality on k v + w k. Find cosθ for the angles
between v and w.
Which v and w gives equality | v.w |=k v kk w k and
k v + w k=k v kk w k

b. Find the unit vector u in the direction of v = (3, 4). Find the unit
vector U that is perpendicular to u. How many possibilities for U .
c. Find a vector x = (c, d) that has products x.r = 1 and x.s = 0 with
two given vectors r = (2, −1) and s = (−1, 2)

2 Matrices

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