8 PARTS OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH

Noun- Verb-Adjective- Adverb- Pronoun- Preposition- Conjunction- Interjection

Letter – word – phrase – clause- sentence

Type …… Function
Subject // Verb + (compl.)

1. Noun: is a word that names people, animals, plants,

places, things, ideas…etc.
Table, hospital, car, dog, sky, school, tree, moon, Amal, horse, mug, cat, coffee, rain, love, friendship...
***Concrete/abstract
***singular/plural
Dog….dogs// box….boxes// wife…wives//one sheep….three sheep
***countable/uncountable
Books, cats// juice, water, sugar
***Proper / common
Jordan / country
Khalid / boy
Nile / river
City Mall / mall

He saw njgytheu kiyrin on Whgjute.

Where did he see nigytheu?

2. VERB: a word that expresses ACTION / STATE.

Action: speak, drink, play, study, go, sleep, dream, talk, wear, cut, draw, pray
Stative: love, hate, like, believe, think, taste, smell, BE (am, is, are, was, were)
Huda// is pretty.

The soup tastes good.

I am tasting the soup.

I think you are right.

I am thinking about my trip next week.
 VERB FORMS
BASE PRESENT PAST FORM PAST PRESENT
INFINITIVE FORM -ED PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
TO+ V V2 -EN -ING
V1 V3
TO TALK Talk (s) Talked Talked Talking
To eat Eat (s) Ate Eaten Eating
To buy Buy (s) Bought Bought Buying
To cut Cut (s) Cut Cut Cutting
To be Am, is, are Was, were Been Being
To have Has, have Had Had Having
To do Does, do Did Done Doing
1. The infinitive verb can NEVER function as a verb in the sentence.
2. The PRESENT/PAST ALWAYS function as verb.
3. Past Participle/Present Participle can ONLY function as verbs if they have a helping verb before
them.

8
VERB TENSES
MODE/ SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT
TIME BE +-ing HAVE+ V3 CONTINUOUS
HAVE+BE+ ing
PAST Past form Was/were+ ing Had+ V3 Had+ been+ Ing

PRESENT Present form Am/is/are+ ing Has/have+ V3 Has/have+ been+ ing

FUTURE Will+ base Will+ be+ ing Will+ have+ v3 Will + have+ been+ ing

Ahmad saw (see) the film yesterday.

 Subject // Verb + compl.
I // want to see her today.
He // wanted the book.
I// have seen them before.
She// is waiting for her car.
The waiting child // was sad.
I // saw the broken vase.
The child// had broken the vase.
A broken heart// hurts.

The dark old man // arrived late to the meeting.

WHOLE SUBJECT WHOLE PREDICATE

The smart little cute boy waiting for his mother. Is this a sentence? NOOOOOO there is no verb!

Helping verb H / Main verb M

One word (M): He saw the car. She is happy. I have a headache. They want to swim.
Two words (H+M): He is looking at the car. They have been to London. I will go.
Three words (H+H+M): He has been looking. They could be writing. I will have seen.
Four words (H+H+H+M): He could have been looking out the window.

Helping Verbs: BE – HAVE- DO - MODALS

Be (am, is are, was, were…..)………. Present participle (ing)
Have (have, has, had) …….Past participle (V3)
Do (questions/negatives)
Modals (will, would, can, could, shall, must….etc.)…. Base

Verb BE as main verb: He is happy. He has been lazy.

Verb HAVE as main verb: We have a house. We are having dinner.
Verb DO as main verb: They did the work. The could have done the work.
BUT MODALS can NEVER be used as main verbs:
She will eat
He should have eaten
They could be eating

DO NOT FORGET:
Be….ing*
Have….v3
Modal….base

She (could) (has) (be) (read) a book since the morning.

She could have been reading a book since the morning.

 She is swimming in the sea. (verb)
The swimming child// is happy. (adj.)
Swimming// can be dangerous. (noun)

The stolen bag// fell on the floor. (adj)

He had stolen the bag. (v)
I // saw the stolen bag. (adj.)

Honga Bonga Style?!?!

Whole Subject // WHOLE PREDICATE

Subject // Verb + compl.

XXXXXXXXX//X+ XXXXXX
The little cute boy sitting near the window on the left of the door // read the interesting blue book on the shelf.
Boy read

Which one is the verb???

The man standing near the broken window to the left teaches me to paint buildings and doors.
 3. Pronoun: a word that replaces a noun S//V + compl.
__________// came late.

Ahmad saw ______________.

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN PRONOUN Adjective pronouns PRONOUNS

I Me My Mine Myself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

You You Your Yours Yourself/

yourselves

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its ____* Itself

Sara// went to Aqaba. Sara // lost her bag. I // called Sara.

Sara// went to Aqaba. She // lost her bag. I // called her.

Ahmad came home late. He was tired. I helped him with his work.

The house in the woods is (theirs) house. ???

The house in the woods is theirs.

The house in the woods is their house.

Khulood’s book// is lost.

My book // is lost.

Mine is lost.

Which is which?!

I saw her yesterday. (her: pronoun)

I saw her sister yesterday. (her: adjective)
Did you see her book? (her: adjective)
Did you see hers? (her: pronoun)
 4. Adjective: a word that describes/modifies a noun

Beautiful - old - dark – tall- short- red- yellow -huge -thin- strong- expensive – bad- good – dangerous- cheap –
delicious …….

S S

S S XX
The student is clever.

The tall student is clever.

An adjective comes BEFORE the noun

Huge fire
Expensive ring
Dark room
Yellow book
These books
The book
A book

After stative verbs

The car is red.

Subject // Verb (State) + Adjective

Sara // is happy.

They // seem bored.

The boys are bored.

The bored boys went out to play.

The boy // came to the house.

The little cute sad boy // came to the big dark dangerous house.
 5. Adverb: A word that describes/modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.

He// ran very quickly.

They// talked loudly.
Adverbs of manner (how the verb happened)

She fell here.

Adverb of place (where the verb happened)

They arrived yesterday.

Adverb of time (when the verb happened)

He // never / always/ sometimes/ often/ rarely goes to

the mall.
Adverb of frequency (how many times the verb is
repeated)

The boy// came home late.

The boy// came home quickly.

Sara // is happy.
Sara // is very happy.
The boy// came home very late.
The boy// came home really quickly.
The really clever girl // has never written a very long letter so quickly.

ADVERB describing a verb /describing an adjective

Describing another adverb
ADJECTIVE always describes NOUNS

*, Subject//*Verb * + *compl*.
I first did my homework.
I did my homework first.

,
First I // did my homework.
I // have not seen them lately.
I // have lately seen them.
Lately, I // have not seen them.

………ly ?!?
Late lately
Hard hardly

This question is hard. (adj.)

I hit him hard. (adv.)
I hardly hit him. (adv.)
The sky is raining hard. (adv.)
 LETTER…… WORD….. PHRASE ……SENTENCE

phrase (group of words that has a HEAD/MAIN word and all the words around it are

connected to the head word) x x x x Xxxx

The pretty little GIRL sitting on the chair (noun phrase)
IN the big building (prepositional phrase)

Preposition (in, at, on, within, of , to ….): a word that links a

6.

noun to other parts of the sentence.

In the evening- at school- on the table…
Prepositional phrase= Preposition+ Noun (object of preposition)
I // went to the mall quickly.
They // arrived at midnight.
She // is in the room playing with her friend.
I // put the key on the table.
I // was born in July.
Most prepositional phrases express time or place.

Subject // Verb + Compl

The little pale girl in the room// is my friend.

In the room, the girl // is eating.
The girl is eating in the room.
I // put the key (on the table).
I // put the key (on the big brown table).
I // put the key (on the very big brown table).

She // is in the very. X

She is in the very big room. 
 WHOLE SUBJECT// WHOLE PREDICATE
Subject// Verb+(COMPLEMENT)?
She // fell. NONE
She // opened the door. OBJECT
She // sent me a letter. OBJECT- OBJECT
She // is clever. ADJECTIVE
She // ran quickly. ADVERB
She // is in the house. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

She // opened the door in the house.

She // ran quickly in the race.
She // quickly ate the cake in the kitchen.
She // could have eaten the really big cake in the big dark kitchen very quickly.

7. Conjunction: a word that connects two or more equal parts

together.
conjunctions can connect words, phrases or clauses.
Example: And, but, or, so….

WORDS

I saw Ahmad and Ali.

He fell and broke his leg.

She is clever and pretty.

We are waiting for you excitedly and eagerly.

I bought bread, milk, soda water, meat and really hot chips.

PHRASES

I will go (to the mall) and (to school).