EEE 5103

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS I

Dr. Lucas Mogaka

Email: [email protected]
EEE Department, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology.

6/13/2023
 Purpose
The aim of this course is to enable the student to perform load flow
computations and analyze the load flow results, perform an optimal
power flow for reactive power dispatching.
Learning outcomes
At the end of this course, the learner should be able to:
Apply load flow analysis to an electrical power network and
interpret the results of the analysis
Analyze a network under both balanced and unbalanced fault
conditions and interpret the results
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 Course Description
Power flow: basic considerations, formula of the system array, non-
linear algebraic equations
Gauss-seidel and Newton-Raphson methods
Simplification of the Newton-Raphson method: the fast decoupled
power flow
Computer simulation of large power systems; Stott-Alsac fast decoupled
algorithms
Load forecasting techniques for short-term planning
Prescribed text books
1. L. Soder & M. Gandhari, “ Power System Analysis, Part I”
2. Glenn W. Stagg, Ahmed H. El-Abiad (1968), Computer methods in
3 power system analysis, McGraw-Hill 6/13/2023
INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Power system analysis is a subject in a branch of electrical
and electronics engineering for designing and analyzing
the whole power system which consists of various
components such as transformer, busbar, generator, circuit
breaker, transmission lines, etc.
The main objective of the power system analysis is to
check the system, whether it is delivering power properly
to the user with the proper voltage, frequency, etc. without
any fault condition or overload condition.
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Function of power system Analysis
Need to monitor the voltages at various buses,
real & reactive power flow between buses.
To design the circuit breakers
To plan future expansion of the existing system
Analyze system fault under different conditions
(3Φ fault, L-G, L-L, L-L-G faults.)
Study of small & large disturbances (sudden
changes in load)
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 Power Flow Analysis
A power flow study (load-flow study) is a steady-state
analysis whose target is to determine the voltages, currents,
and real and reactive power flows in a system under a given
load conditions.
The purpose of power flow studies is to plan ahead and
account for various hypothetical situations. For example, if a
transmission line is to be taken off line for maintenance, can
the remaining lines in the system handle the required loads
without exceeding their rated values.
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Importance of Power (load) flow studies
They are used in planning studies to determine if and
when specific elements will become overloaded.
Major investment decisions begin with reinforcement
strategies based on load-flow analysis.
It is used operating studies: maintenance plans can
proceed without undermining the security of the
system.

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Power/Load flow problem
At any bus there are four quantities of interest:
│V│, θ, P, and Q.
If any two of these quantities are specified, the
other two must not be specified otherwise we end
up with more unknowns than equations

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Formulation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
The first step in developing the mathematical
model describing the power flow in the network is
the formulation of the bus admittance matrix.
The bus admittance matrix is an n*n matrix (where
n is the number of buses in the system) constructed
from the admittances of the equivalent circuit
elements of the segments making up the power
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system.
Bus Admittance Matrix
Formulation of the bus admittance matrix follows two simple
rules:
1. The admittance of elements connected between node k and
reference is added to the (k, k) entry of the admittance
matrix
2. The admittance of elements connected between nodes j and k
is added to the (j, j) and (k, k) entries of the admittance
matrix.
The negative of the admittance is added to the (j, k) and (k, j)
entries of the admittance marix.
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Bus Admittance Matrix Formation
Consider a three bus transmission system below;

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Bus Admittance Matrix
The line impedances joining buses 1, 2 and 3 are denoted by
z z23 and z31 respectively.
12,

The corresponding line admittances are y12, y23 and y31

The total capacitive susceptances at the buses are represented
by y10, y20 and y30. Applying Kirchhoff's current law at each
bus:

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 IN MATRIX FORM WHERE

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 Convert The Impedances To Admittances

Example

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 Rearranging these equations yields

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In the above network, since there is no connection
between bus 1 and 4,Y14=Y41=0; similarlyY24=Y42=0
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The admittance matrix for the network is obtained by
inspection is as follows

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Exercise: Obtain the voltage at bus 2 for the
simple system shown in Fig below, using the Gauss–
Seidel method, if V1 = 1∠ 0 pu.
0

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 Exercise

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Gauss-Seidel Advantages/Disadvantages
 Advantages
Each iteration is relatively fast (computational order is
proportional to number of branches + number of buses in the
system
Relatively easy to program
 Disadvantages
Tends to converge relatively slowly, although this can be
improved with acceleration
Has tendency to miss solutions, particularly on large systems
Tends to diverge on cases with negative branch reactances
(common with compensated lines)
Need to program using complex numbers 44
 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
In the NR power flow we use Newton's method to
determine the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in
the power system.
Because of its quadratic convergence, NR method is
mathematically superior to GS method
The number of iterations required to obtain a solution
is independent of the system size
For large power systems, the NR method is found to be
more efficient and practical.
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 NR formula derivation
The Taylor series expansion is written for each fi (x)
f1 (x) f1 ( x)
f1 (xˆ ) = f1 ( x) + x1 + x2 +
x1 x2
f1 (x)
xn + higher order terms
xn

f n (x) f n ( x)
f n (xˆ ) = f n ( x) + x1 + x2 +
x1 x2
f n (x)
xn + higher order terms
xn 48
This can be written more compactly in matrix form
 f1 (x) f1 (x) f1 (x) 
 x x2 xn 
 f1 (x)     x1 
1

 f (x)   f 2 (x) f 2 (x) f 2 (x)  

 x 
f (xˆ ) =  2  +  x1 x2 xn   2
    
 f ( x)   
 
 n   f (x) f n (x) f n (x)   x n
 n

 x1 x2 xn 
+ higher order terms
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 Jacobian Matrix
The n by n matrix of partial derivatives is known
as the Jacobian matrix, J (x)
 f1 (x) f1 (x) f1 ( x) 
 x x2 xn 
 1

 f 2 (x) f 2 (x) f 2 ( x) 
J (x) =  x1 x2 xn 
 
 
 f (x) f n (x) f n ( x) 
 n 
 x1 x2 xn 
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Example
 x1 
Solve for x =   such that f ( x) = 0 where
x2 
f1 (x) = 2 x12 + x22 − 8 = 0
f 2 ( x) = 2
x1 − 2
x2 + x1x2 − 4 = 0
First symbolically determine the Jacobian
 f1 (x) f1 ( x) 
 x x2 
J (x) =  
1

 f 2 (x) f 2 ( x) 
 x1 x2  51
  4 x1 2 x2 
J (x) =  
 2 x1 + x2 x1 − 2 x2 
Then
−1
 x1   4 x1 2 x2   f1 ( x) 
 x  = −  2 x + x x1 − 2 x2   f 2 ( x) 
 2  1 2
1
Arbitrarily guess x(0) = 
1
−1
1  4 2   −5  2.1
x (1)
=  −    =  
1  3 −1  −3 1.3  52
 −1
 2.1 8.40 2.60   2.51 1.8284 
x(2)
=  −    =  
1.3  5.50 −0.50  1.45  1.2122 
Each iteration we check f (x) to see if it is below our
specified tolerance 
0.1556 
f (x ) = 
(2)

0.0900 
If  = 0.2 then we would be done. Otherwise we'd
continue iterating.
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 Newton-Raphson Power Flow
In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's
method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle
at each bus in the power system.
We need to solve the power balance equations
n
Pi =  Vi Vk (Gik cosik + Bik sin ik ) = PGi − PDi
k =1
n
Qi =  Vi Vk (Gik sin ik − Bik cosik ) = QGi − QDi
k =1 54
Power Flow Variables
Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed
voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine
the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses.
 2   P2 (x) − PG 2 + PD 2 
   
   
 n   Pn (x) − PGn + PDn 
x =   f ( x) = 
V2 Q2 (x) − QG 2 + QD 2 
   
   
   
 Vn   Qn (x) − QGn + QDn  55
Power Flow Jacobian Matrix
The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining
and inverting the n by n Jacobian matrix, J (x)
 f1 (x) f1 (x) f1 ( x) 
 x x2 xn 
 1

 f 2 (x) f 2 (x) f 2 ( x) 
J (x) =  x1 x2 xn 
 
 
 f (x) f n (x) f n ( x) 
 n 
 x1 x2 xn 
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 Power Flow Jacobian Matrix, cont’d
Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating
each function, fi ( x), with respect to each variable.
For example, if fi (x) is the bus i real power equation
n
fi ( x) =  Vi Vk (Gik cosik + Bik sin ik ) − PGi + PDi
k =1

fi ( x) n

i
=  Vi Vk (−Gik sin ik + Bik cosik )
k =1
k i

fi ( x)
= Vi V j (Gik sin ik − Bik cosik ) ( j  i)
 j
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Example: For the two bus power system shown below, use
the NR power flow to determine the voltage magnitude and
angle at bus two. Assume that bus one is the slack and Sbase=
100 MVA

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Solution

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Example: Consider the two-bus example illustrated in the diagram.
Bus 1 is the slack bus. Given the impedance of the line, and given P
and Q at Bus 2, use Newton’s Method to find the voltage magnitude
and angle at Bus 2. Just go through the first iteration to find the
guess at the start of the second iteration. Assume a flat start.

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  Y-bus =[Y11 Y12]
 [Y21 Y22]

 Y11= y10+y12
 Y12=Y21=-y12
 Y22=y20+y21

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First, we simplify above equations by plugging in |V1| = 1, δ1 = 0, Bik =
10, Bii = −10, and Gik = Gii = 0. This gives us a simplified equation for
the real and reactive power injections at bus 2, in terms of our
estimated values of |V2| and δ2:

The mismatch between the real and reactive powers we’ve calculated with our
estimated |V2|, δ2 values, and the known true values of those real and reactive
powers. Note the injections are negative, so 3 and 1 are added. Our goal is to
find the roots of f(x). 65
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Exercise


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 Exercise

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