FORM SIX SERIES

CHEMISTRY 1
Time: 3 Hours Year: 2020

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper consists of ten (10) questions in sections A and B.

2. Section A consist of seven (7) short answer questions each question carries ten (10) marks.
Section B consist of three (3) structured questions each question carries fifteen (15) marks
3. Answer all questions from section A and two (2) questions from section B.
4. Mathematical tables and non – programmable calculators may be used.
5. Cellular phones and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the examination room.
6. Write your examination number on every page of your answer booklet(s).
7. For calculations you may use the following constants:
 Rydberg’s constant, RH = 1.09678 x 107m-1
 Gas constant, R = 8.31 Jmol-1 K-1 or R= 0.0821 atm dm3 mol-1 K-1
 GMV = 22.4 dm3
 Standard pressure = 760 mmHg
 Standard temperature = 0°C= 273 K
 Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
 Velocity of light, c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
 Atomic masses: C = 12, H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, Fe = 56, Br = 80, Ca = 40, Na = 23,
S = 32, P = 31.

SECTION A (70 Marks)

Answer all questions from this section

1. (a) Determination of isotopic composition of an element by using mass spectrometer is very

important in analytical laboratory. By using a well labeled diagram outline any four principles
of mass spectrometer. (2 marks)
(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle may be stated as; “No two electrons in an atom may have all
four quantum numbers the same”. Explain two pieces of information that may be extracted
from this principle. (1 mark)
(c) (i) Under which ways can an atom emit a photon? Indicate two possibilities. (1 mark)
(ii) Some weakness of Bohr’s atomic theory was corrected by Heinserberg’s uncertainty
principle. Argue the validity of this statement. (2 marks)
(d) An electron was moving from 1s - orbital to 2p - orbital of Hydrogen atom.
(i) Explain whether energy was released or absorbed in this process. (1 mark)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength (in nanometer) of radiation corresponding to this transition
(2 marks)
(iii) Name the region of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding with this transition
process. (1 mark)

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2. (a) Use the structures of ethane and ethene molecules to answer the questions that follows.
(i) Predict the hybridizations of carbon atoms in each compound? (1 mark)
(ii) Use well labeled diagrams to describe types of C-C bonds in each compound (1 mark)
(iii) In ethane molecule, each C-H bond has a bond length of 1.09 A° and C-C has a bond
length of 1.54 A°. Briefly explain this observation. 1 mark)
(iv) The C-C double bond in ethene (bond length 1.34 A°) is shorter than C-C single bond in
ethane (bond length 1.54 A°). Briefly explain this observation. (1 mark)
(b) By applying the knowledge of hybridization explain the following:
(i) A carbon atom has got only two unpaired electrons yet it can form four covalent bond with
chlorine atoms to form carbon tetrachloride molecule (2 marks)
(ii) Beryllium has a pair of electrons in its outer most shell but it can form a beryllium
molecule by means of sharing electrons with two chlorine atoms to form a beryllium
chloride molecule. (2 marks)
(c) Identify the type of intermolecular force found between each of the following;
(i) F2 and Cl2 (ii) two molecules of water (2 marks @ 1 mark)

3. (a) (i) Gases are more compressible than liquids. Argue this observation (1 mark)
(ii) Explain any four application of ideal gas equation with the help of relevant equations.
(2 marks
(b) Show that the mole fraction, X of a gas is given by P/PT where P is partial pressure of a gas
and PT is the total pressure. (2 marks)
(c) (i) Describe one application of Graham’s law of diffusion in real life situation. (1 mark)
-4
(ii) 2.278 x 10 mol of unknown gaseous substance effused through a tiny hole in 95.7
seconds. Under identical conditions, 1.738 x 10-4 mol of argon takes 81.6 seconds to
effuse. Compute for the molar mass of unknown gaseous substance.
(Molar mass of argon = 39.948 g/mol). (4 marks)
4. (a) Colligative properties of solutions are governed by Raoult’s law under specific conditions.
Give three conditions for Raoult’s law to be valid. (1½ marks)

(b) 10 g of methanol give an ideal solution when mixed with 50 g of ethanol. It was observed
that the vapour pressure of methanol and ethanol at the same temperature were 6265 Pa
and 2933 Pa respectively. Calculate the composition of the vapour. (4 marks)

(c) Liquid methanol with vapour pressure of 11.82 kPa and liquid ethanol with vapour pressure
of 5.93 kPa form an ideal solution. If equal weight of the two liquids are mixed, Calculate the
vapour composition of ethanol in the mixture. (4½ marks)

5. (a) By using chemical reaction equations, state the observation when: (4 marks @ 1 mark)
(i) Excess chlorine gas is passed through hot concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide

(ii) Concentrated aqueous ammonia falls drop by drop into chlorine gas

(iii) Excess concentrated HCl is added to an aqueous solution of lead (II) chloride

(iv) Solid ammonia chloride is heated.

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 (b) Explain how oxides of metals are used in extraction of metals (3 marks)

(c) Although metals below lithium (in group IA) react readily with oxygen, but their normal
oxides are normally not prepared by direct method. Explain (3 marks)

6. (a) Give an interpretation of Hess’s law of constant heat summation. (1 mark)

(b) The heat of formation of CCl4 is -135.5 kJmol-1 and the enthalpy of atomization of graphite
and Cl2 are respectively 715 kJmol-1 and 121.1 kJmol-1. Calculate the C-Cl bond energy in
CCl4. (4½ marks)

(c) The average bond energies in kJmol-1 are given below:

C-C = 347, C-H = 414, O=O = 498, C=O = 741 and O-H = 464.

Calculate the enthalpy change for combustion of propane. (4½ marks)

7. (a) Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for contact process represented by the reaction below:
2SO3(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ……………∆Heat = -190 kJ (4 marks)

(b) (i) To which direction the reaction in (a) above is endothermic? Explain (2 marks)
(ii) The reaction in (a) above proceeds with decrease in temperature. Explain the relation
between Qc and Kc for high yield of sulphur trioxide. (4 marks)

SECTION B (30 Marks)

Answer two questions from this section

8. (a) (i) Explain the significance of molecular formula when predicting the structural formula of
organic compounds. (1 mark)
3 3
(ii) 10 cm of a gaseous hydrocarbon Q required 45 cm of oxygen for complete combustion.
Q reacts with one mole of bromine gas to form a brominated compound of relative
molecular mass of 200.02 which contains 79.2 % bromine. Predict the structural formula
of Q. (3 marks)
(b) Give reason for each of the following observations: (6 marks @ 1 mark)
(i) Cis-but-2-ene has high boiling point than Trans-but-2-ene
(ii) Ethyne is more polar than ethane
(iii) Calcium oxide is used when preparing alkane from decarboxylation of carboxylate salts.
(iv) Carbon disulphide (CS2) has no ability of dissolving any alkane.
(v) Pentane undergo incomplete combustion while 2-methylbutane undergo complete
combustion
(vi) Wurtz reaction is useless in preparation of methane gas.

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9. (a) Benzene does not undergo addition reactions readily but it undergo substitution reaction
instead. Account for this observation using Resonance theory. (2 marks)
(b) Name the following compounds using IUPAC system (2 marks @ 1 mark)

(i) COOH (ii) CH3CH(CN)CH2OH

NH2 SO3H

(c) (i) State any two conditions for Sytzeff’s rule of elimination reactions to be applicable
(2 marks)
(ii) Complete the following reaction and show its mechanism: (4 marks)
Conc. H2SO4
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
170 ℃

10. (a) (i) Conservation and preservation are very important in our environment for ensuring
continuity life. By using examples, distinguish the terms conservation and preservation
as used in environmental chemistry. (2 mark)
(ii) Compare landfill and incineration as methods for the disposal of solid domestic waste.
Give any four comparisons. (2 marks)

(b) (i) Unlike industrial fertilizers, manures are said to be environment friendly. Argue this
statement with four reasons. (2 marks)
(ii) A farmer discovered a state of poor growth for her plants. She was advised by
Agricultural extension agent to supply 160 kg of Phosphorous for the improvement of
plant growth. Calculate the weight of fertilizer, Ca3(PO4)2 of 80% by weight she should
have to meet the demands. (4 marks)

BY; ABDUL

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