### Questions, CO, BL, and Marks:

1. **What are the advantages of electrical drives?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

2. **State the essential parts of electrical drives.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

3. **What are the functions of a power modulator?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

4. **What are the motors employed for variable speed drive?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

5. **State the functions of various converters.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

6. **What are the main factors which decide the choice of electrical drive for a given application?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2
### Questions, CO, BL, and Marks:

1. **What do you understand by constant torque drive?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

2. **What do you understand by constant power drive?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

3. **What is the closed-loop control of a drive?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

4. **Why is current sensing required in electrical drives?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

5. **What are the advantages of a squirrel cage induction motor over a DC motor?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

6. **What is single-phasing of a 3-phase induction motor?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2
7. **What are the different types of braking schemes employed in 3-phase induction motors?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

8. **Draw the load torque-speed curve for a traction load.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL2

9. **Draw the load torque-speed curve for constant power loads.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL2

10. **What is the multiquadrant operation of a motor driving a hoist load? Explain with a proper diagram.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

11. **State and explain the components of load torque.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

12. **Derive the expression for the motor torque for a rotational motion load.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

13. **Classify load torques on the basis of torque-speed characteristics.**

- Marks: 1
 - CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

14. **Explain the steady-state stability for the motor-load system.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

15. **Write a brief note on the sources employed in electric drive.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

16. **Derive the torque equation for a 3-phase induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

17. **Derive the torque equation for a 3-phase induction motor operating under unbalanced conditions.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

From the provided content, here are the extracted questions, course outcomes (CO), Bloom's Taxonomy levels (BL),
and marks distribution:

### Questions, CO, BL, and Marks:

1. **Explain the operation of a high slip induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2
2. **Explain the operation of a Deep bar squirrel cage rotor induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

3. **What are the different methods employed for starting a 3-phase induction motor? Explain.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

4. **Explain how regenerative braking of a 3-phase induction motor is done. What are the advantages?**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

5. **Explain the plugging of a 3-phase induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL3

6. **Explain the AC dynamic braking of a 3-phase induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL3

7. **Explain the DC dynamic braking of a 3-phase induction motor.**

- Marks: 1

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL3

8. **Derive the expression for energy losses during the plugging operation.**

- Marks: 1
 - CO: CO3

- BL: BL4

9. **A DC separately excited motor with an armature resistance of 2 ohm is powered by a chopper from a power
source of 220V DC. The chopper is working with an ON time of 15 ms and OFF time of 10 ms. The motor constant
Km = 0.4 V/Rad/sec. Assuming continuous current conduction, calculate the average motor current for a speed of
1400 RPM.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

10. **A separately excited DC motor is controlled by an ideal step-down chopper with an ideal voltage source of
230 V. Motor armature resistance Ra = 1.5 ohm, La = 1mH, motor back emf constant = 0.05 volts/rpm. The motor
drives a load with constant torque drawing an average current of Ia = 15 A. Obtain: (i) The range of speed control
(ii) Corresponding range of duty ratio.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

11. **Explain the working principle of a two-quadrant chopper.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

12. **A 6-pole long shunt DC compound generator supplies 100A at a terminal voltage of 500V and has armature,
series field, and shunt field resistances of 0.02 ohm, 0.04 ohm, and 80 ohm respectively. Calculate the generated
emf.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

13. **Draw and explain the speed-torque curves of a fan load and a traction load.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3
14. **Describe the dynamic braking operation of a chopper-fed separately excited DC motor drive. Draw speed-
torque curves in motoring and braking mode.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

15. **Give one application of a dual converter for speed control of a DC motor.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

16. **Explain the working principle of a single-phase full converter drive connected to a DC separately excited
motor.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL4

17. **With detailed analysis, explain how a chopper helps to control a separately excited DC motor drive in
motoring mode.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

Here's the extraction of questions, CO, and marks from the given content:

### Questions, CO, BL, and Marks:

1. **A single-phase fully controlled converter is used to control a DC separately excited motor of 200V, 900 rpm,
100A with armature resistance of 0.06 ohm. AC source voltage is 210V, 50Hz. Determine the firing angle for rated
motor torque and 700 rpm.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL4
2. **An 80 kW, 440V, 800 rpm DC motor is operating at 600 rpm and developing 75 percent rated torque when
controlled by a 3-phase, six-pulse thyristor converter. If the back emf at rated speed is 410V, determine the
triggering angle of the converter. The input to the converter is a 3-phase, 415V 50Hz AC supply.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL5

3. **A 220V, 24A, 1000 RPM, DC separately excited motor has an armature resistance of 2 ohm. The motor is
controlled by a chopper with a frequency of 500 Hz from a supply of 230V. Calculate the duty ratio for 1.2 times the
rated torque and 500 RPM.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL5

4. **A 220V, 1500rpm, 50A separately excited motor with armature resistance of 0.5 ohm is fed from a circulating
current mode dual converter with a source voltage of 165V (line). Determine the converter firing angle for the
following operating points: (i) Motoring operation at rated motor torque and 1000rpm (ii) Braking operation at rated
motor torque and 1000rpm.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL2

5. **Explain the speed control of a separately excited DC motor using combined armature voltage and flux control
method. Draw and explain the torque and power capability curves.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

6. **What are the different types of braking in DC motors? Why is plugging not popular? How can dynamic braking
be implemented by using a chopper?**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO3

- BL: BL3

Here's a breakdown of the questions, associated Course Outcomes (COs), and marks extracted from the content:
---

1. **Explain why a DC series motor is more suited to deal with torque overloads than other DC motors.**

- **Marks:** 10

- **CO:** CO4

- **Blooms Level (BL):** BL4

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 3 by G. K. Dubey

2. **State and explain the various functions of converters in electrical drives.**

- **Marks:** 10

- **CO:** CO2

- **BL:** BL2

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 4 by G. K. Dubey

3. **Compute: (i) The field current (ii) The firing angle of the converter in the armature circuit (given a separately
excited DC motor problem).**

- **Marks:** 10

- **CO:** CO2

- **BL:** BL2

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 4 by G. K. Dubey

4. **Type-A chopper is used for obtaining which type of mode?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 5 by G. K. Dubey

5. **Which of the following converter circuit operations will be unstable for a large duty cycle ratio?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 2 by G. K. Dubey

6. **Why is BJT NOT suitable for parallel operation?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 3 by G. K. Dubey

7. **Which braking method is the best method for obtaining high braking torque?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 4 by G. K. Dubey

8. **When 30 A current flows into the positive terminal of a current source of 8 V, calculate the power delivered by
the source.**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 3 by G. K. Dubey

9. **Explain the principle of phase control. What is its significance?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 2 by G. K. Dubey

10. **With schematic explain a two-quadrant chopper circuit.**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 4 by G. K. Dubey

11. **What do you mean by back EMF in a DC motor? Explain its significance.**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 2 by G. K. Dubey

12. **Why is regenerative braking not possible in a series motor?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 2 by G. K. Dubey

13. **Which motor is preferred for traction work?**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 1 by G. K. Dubey

14. **In a half-wave uncontrolled rectifier, calculate the average value of the voltage if the supply is 23sin(50t).**

- **Marks:** 2

- **CO:** CO1

- **BL:** BL1

- **Source:** Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Chapter 3 by G. K. Dubey

15. **In a half-wave controlled rectifier, calculate the average value of the voltage if the supply is 10sin(50t) and the
firing angle is 30 degrees.**
16. **Calculate the conduction angle for a purely inductive load if the firing angle is 90 degrees.**

The conduction angle in the purely inductive load is β-α=2(π-∝)=2(180°-90°). The conduction angle is the angle for
which the current exists in the circuit. The average value of the voltage in a purely inductive load is zero.

17. **Calculate the value of the input power factor for a 1-phase full-wave bridge rectifier if the firing angle is 45
degrees.**

The value of the input power factor for 1-Φ Full wave bridge rectifier is .9cos(45°)=.63. The input power factor is a
product of distortion factor and displacement factor

7. **A 220V, 900rpm, 100A separately excited DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.05 ohm. It is braked by
plugging from an initial speed of 1000 rpm. Calculate (i) the resistance to be placed in the armature circuit to limit
braking current to 1.5 times the full load torque, (ii) braking torque, and (iii) torque when the speed has fallen to
zero.**

- Marks: 3

- CO: CO2

- BL: BL4

8. **A separately excited DC motor fed from a converter can work as a generator when the firing angle is increased
towards 90 degrees and by reversing the armature terminals mechanically. Draw the circuit diagram. Can you realize
the same by using a dual converter and without using a mechanical switch? Draw the circuit diagram for the
implementation and explain its working.**

A separately excited DC motor can work as a generator when the firing angle is increased towards 90 degrees and
the armature terminal is mechanically reversed.

To understand how this works, let's start with the main answer: By increasing the firing angle towards 90 degrees,
we are essentially delaying the current flow in the motor's armature. This delay allows the magnetic field in the
armature to build up before the current starts flowing. When the armature terminal is mechanically reversed, the
direction of the magnetic field also reverses.

A separately excited DC motor can work as a generator by increasing the firing angle towards 90 degrees and
mechanically reversing the armature terminal. Alternatively, the same result can be achieved by using a dual
converter to control the current flow and reverse the magnetic field direction, without the need for mechanical
intervention.
9. **A 230V, 960rpm, 200A separately excited DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.02 ohm. The motor is fed
from a chopper which provides both motoring and braking operations. The source has a voltage of 230V. Assuming
continuous conduction, find: (i) duty ratio of the chopper for motoring operation at rated torque and 350rpm, (ii)
duty ratio of the chopper for braking operation at rated torque and 350rpm, (iii) if the maximum duty ratio of the
chopper is limited to 0.95 and maximum permissible motor current is twice the rated, calculate the maximum
possible motor speed obtainable without field weakening and power fed to the source, (iv) if motor field is so
controlled in (iii), calculate the field current as a fraction of its rated value for a speed of 1200rpm.**

- Marks: 10

- CO: CO4

- BL: BL4

Here are the questions along with the corresponding CO (Course Outcome) and marks:

1. **Question**: A 3-phase induction motor delta connected is carrying too heavy load and one of its fuses blows
out. What will happen to the motor?

Will stop and carry heavy current causing permanent damage to its winding

2. **Question**: What is the relation between the starting torque of a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor to its
full load torque?

3. **Question**: How can the starting torque of the slip ring induction motor be increased?

External resistance to the rotor

5. **Question**: A pump induction motor is switched on to a supply 30% lower than its rated voltage. The pump
runs. What will eventually happen?
 Get heated and subsequently get damaged

6. **Question**: In which application is a slip ring motor preferred over a squirrel cage induction motor?

Slip ring induction motor is preferred to overcome the drawback of squirrel cage induction motor which has low
starting torque.

7. **Question**: In squirrel cage induction motors, why are the rotor slots usually given slight skew?

The skewing of the rotor reduces the tooth harmonics, and thus prevents the crawling effect. Reduces Magnetic
Hum: The skewing helps in reducing the magnetic hum, and the motor runs quieter.

8. **Question**: For which motor can the speed be controlled from the rotor side?

Slip-ring induction motor

9. **Question**: Draw the speed-torque characteristics of dry friction load.

10. **Question**: Draw the speed-torque characteristics of viscous friction load.

11. **Question**: Draw the speed-torque characteristics of fan-type load.

12. **Question**: Draw the speed-torque characteristics of constant power load.

13. **Question**: Why is a starter necessary for a DC motor?

Starters are used to protect DC motors from damage that can be caused by very high current and torque during
startup.

14. **Question**: What are the different types of starters available for a DC motor?

Types of DC motor starter include:

Direct-On-Line (DOL) Starter: Connects the motor directly to the power supply for simple applications.

Series Field Starter: Uses a series winding to limit the starting current.

Resistance Starter: Incorporates external resistors to control the starting current.

Autotransformer Starter: Reduces voltage to limit starting current.

15. **Question**: State the advantages of DC chopper drives?

The benefits of employing DC choppers are manifold:

Efficiency: High efficiency in power conversion, minimizing energy loss.

 Control: Precise control over voltage levels, enabling versatility.

Compact Design: Smaller and lighter than equivalent AC transformers.

Reliability: Fewer moving parts lead to reduced wear and increased lifespan.

16. **Question**: What are the main disadvantages of the Ward-Leonard method?

Drawbacks of Ward-Leonard method

Higher initial cost due to use of two additional machines of the same rating as the main dc motor.
Larger size and weight.
Requires more floor area and costly foundation.
Frequent maintenance is needed.
Lower efficiency due to higher losses.
The drive produces more noise.
17. **Question**: What are the different components of a load torque?
(i) Friction torque TF :
Friction will be present at the motor shaft and also in various parts of the load. TF is equivalent value of various
friction torques referred to the motor shaft.

(ii) Windage torque, Tw :

When a motor runs, wind generates a torque opposing the motion. This is known as windage torque.

(iii) Torque required to do the useful mechanical work, Tl:

Nature of this Components of Load Torques depends on particular application. It may be constant and independent
of speed; it may be some function of speed; it may depend on the position or path followed by load; it may be time
invariant or time-variant; it may vary cyclically and its nature may also change with the load’s mode of operation.

18. **Question**: What do you mean by active load torque?

Load torques which have the potential to drive the motor under equilibrium condition are called Active Load
Torques. Such load torques usually retain their sign when the direction of the drive rotation is changed. Torque(s)
due to gravitational force, tension, compression and torsion, undergone by an elastic body, come under this category.

19. **Question**: What do you mean by passive load torque?

Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their sign on the reversal of motion are called Passive
Load Torques. Such torques are due to friction, windage, cutting etc.

20. **Question**: What are the advantages of operating an induction motor as a variable speed motor?

 Energy Savings. One of the biggest advantages of variable speed motors is their ability to save energy. ...
 Reduced Wear and Tear. Another benefit of variable speed motors is that they experience less wear and tear than
induction motors. ...
 Improved Comfort. ...
 Better Control. ...
 Quieter Operation.
21. **Question**: When are the DOL starters not suitable?

While starting a motor using a DOL starter, the motor draws very high current compared to the full load current of
the motor which may cause large voltage drop in the supply main. Hence DOL starter is used for very low power
rating machines. Hence it is not suitable for large power rating machines.

22. **Question**: When is an autotransformer starter a better choice than a star-delta starter?

An autotransformer starter is better when higher starting torque, reduced voltage drop, or flexible voltage control is
needed.

23. **Question**: What are the advantages of PWM inverters over square wave inverters?

In contrast to the fundamental square-wave modulation techniques, PWM in inverters offers advantages in terms of
improved control over output voltage, frequency, and harmonics.

24. **Question**: What are the two disadvantages of CSI control of induction motors?

there are certain disadvantages associated with the CSI such as low load and high frequency, it has stability
problems, and sluggish performance.

25. **Question**: What are the different types of frequency converters used for controlling induction motors?

The types of frequency converters used for controlling induction motors are:

1. Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)

2. Current Source Inverters (CSI)

3. Cycloconverters

4. Matrix Converters

26. **Question**: What are the limitations of frequency converters used for controlling induction motors?

Typical shortcomings of frequency converters are that they cause noise in the motor power cables and only offer
limited speed accuracy

27. **Question**: Design a current controller for a DC motor drive?

28. **Question**: Explain three-phase controlled converters with a neat sketch?

 A three-phase converter converts three-phase AC to DC power using thyristors. It regulates the DC output
voltage by controlling the firing angle of thyristors.

Types:

1. Fully Controlled Converter: Uses six thyristors for full control of DC voltage, enabling both positive and
negative output.

2. Half Controlled Converter: Combines thyristors and diodes, allowing only positive output with limited
control.

Applications: DC motor drives, battery charging, and industrial power supplies.

29. **Question**: Explain the principles of DC motor speed control.

DC motor speed control is achieved by adjusting the factors influencing motor performance:

1. Armature Voltage Control:

Varying the armature voltage changes the motor speed. Increasing voltage increases speed, and this method
is used for speeds below the rated value.

2. Field Flux Control:

Adjusting the field current alters the magnetic flux. Reducing the flux increases speed, suitable for speeds
above the rated value.

3. Armature Resistance Control:

Adding external resistance to the armature circuit reduces speed. This method is simple but inefficient due
to power losses in the resistance.

These methods allow precise speed control for applications like industrial machinery and electric vehicles.

30. **Question**: What is steady-state stability of electric drives and explain it briefly?

Equilibrium speed of a motor-load system is obtained when motor torque equals the load torque. Drive will operate
in steady-state at this speed, provided it is the speed of stable equilibrium. Concept of Steady State Stability of Drive
has been developed to readily evaluate the stability of an equilibrium point from the steady-state speed-torque
curves of the motor and load, thus avoiding solution of differential equations valid for transient operation of the
drive.

31. **Question**: Explain the operation of closed-loop speed control with an inner current control loop. What are
the methods used in current sensing?
Closed-Loop Speed Control with Inner Current Loop:

In this system, the speed error is processed by the outer loop to generate a reference current. The inner current loop
ensures the actual motor current matches this reference, providing faster response to disturbances, improved
stability, and protection against overcurrent.

Current Sensing Methods:

1. Shunt Resistor: Measures voltage drop across a resistor to determine current.

2. Hall Effect Sensors: Detects magnetic fields generated by the current for non-contact measurement.

3. Rogowski Coil: Flexible coil used for accurate AC current sensing.

32. **Question**: What are the types of closed-loop speed control schemes used in multi-motor drives?

The types of closed-loop speed control schemes used in multi-motor drives are:

1. Master-Slave Control: One motor (master) controls the speed, and other motors (slaves) follow the master
motor’s speed.

2. Independent Control: Each motor has its own independent speed controller, adjusting speed based on its
own feedback.

3. Average Speed Control: The average speed of all motors is controlled, ensuring balanced operation across
the motors.

Here are the questions, corresponding CO (Course Outcomes), marks, and Bloom's Taxonomy levels from the
content provided:

1. **Which motor will suit best for rolling mills?**

Synchronous motors offer excellent efficiency and power factor control, making them ideal for rolling mill
applications.

2. **Name any constant speed motor?**

Synchronous Motor: It is a constant speed motor that rotates at a constant synchronous speed that is 120f/P.

3. **Why DC series motor has the poorest speed control?**

A DC series motor has poor speed control because its speed varies significantly with load. At light loads, reduced
flux causes high speed, and at heavy loads, increased flux causes low speed, making speed control difficult.

4. **Why DC series motor can be referred as a universal motor?**

The motors which can be used with a single-phase AC source, as well as a DC source of supply and voltages, are
called Universal Motor.

5. **Why thyristors should be used as a switch for high power and high voltage application?**

Because thyristors can control a relatively large amount of power and voltage with a small device, they find wide
application in control of electric power, ranging from light dimmers and electric motor speed control to high-voltage
direct-current power transmission.
6. **Why type-A chopper is used for motoring mode?**

Type-A chopper is used for the motoring mode because it operates in the first quadrant, where both voltage and
current are positive. This ensures:

1. Forward Motoring: The motor receives positive voltage and draws positive current, driving it in the
forward direction.
2. Energy Flow: Power flows from the source to the motor, making it suitable for motoring applications.

This mode provides smooth and controlled operation for driving the motor.

7. **What is Power Modulator in electrical drives?**

Power Modulator – The power modulator regulates the output power of the source. It controls the power from the
source to the motor in such a manner that motor transmits the speed-torque characteristic required by the load.

8. **Why plugging is the best method for obtaining high braking torque?**

Plugging is the best braking method among all braking techniques. In plugging the value of the armature current
reverses and the mechanical energy is extracted. A very high braking torque is produced in case of plugging.

9. **Which type of motor is used for milling and grinding operations?**

Squirrel cage Induction motor is used for milling and grinding operations.

10. **Derive an equivalent circuit and torque expression for a delta connected induction motor when one supply
phase is disconnected.**

- CO2, BL2, Marks: 10

11. **What are the drawbacks associated with the operation of induction motor with unbalanced rotor impedances?
**

Presence of negative sequence components while reduces the motor torque, copper and core losses are substantially
increased. Consequently, efficiency and motor torque capability are substantially reduced.

12. **State and explain the soft start methods employed for induction motors.**

A soft starter is a motor starter that reduces the supply voltage during startup to limit inrush current and starting
torque, preventing mechanical stress and jerking. It gradually increases the voltage to smoothly accelerate the motor
to its rated speed. Once full speed is reached, it supplies full voltage. During stopping, it gradually reduces voltage
for smooth deceleration.

The main component is a thyristor (SCR), which regulates voltage by adjusting its firing angle. Additional features
like overload relays provide overcurrent protection. Soft starters ensure a controlled, safe startup and stopping
process for motors.

13. **Explain that the rotor resistance starter allows fast start with less heating of induction motor.**

The rotor resistance starter is used with slip-ring induction motors to achieve fast starts with reduced heating. It adds
external resistances to the rotor circuit during startup, enhancing torque production while limiting current. Here's
how it works:
 1. Improved Starting Torque: The additional resistance increases the rotor circuit resistance, shifting the
torque-speed curve to provide maximum torque at lower speeds. This ensures a strong starting torque
without excessive current draw.
2. Reduced Rotor Heating: By controlling the current flow, the external resistance minimizes rotor heating,
as less energy is dissipated as heat in the rotor windings.
3. Fast Acceleration: The increased torque allows the motor to reach its rated speed more quickly. As the
speed increases, the external resistance is gradually reduced or bypassed to minimize energy loss and
achieve normal operation.

This method provides an efficient and controlled startup for slip-ring induction motors, balancing performance and
thermal management.

14. **When operating in regenerative braking, the induction motor slip should not be allowed to exceed the
breakdown slip. Why?**

When an induction motor operates in regenerative braking, it acts as a generator, feeding energy back to the
supply. For regenerative braking to occur, the slip must be negative but less than the breakdown slip. If the slip
exceeds the breakdown slip:

1. Loss of Stable Operation: Beyond the breakdown slip, the torque-speed characteristic becomes unstable,
and the motor cannot sustain the regenerative braking mode effectively.
2. Reduced Braking Efficiency: The braking torque decreases sharply, causing inefficient energy recovery
and poor braking performance.
3. Risk of Motor Stalling: High slip values can cause the motor to lose synchronism, potentially leading to a
complete stop or erratic operation.
4. Thermal Stress: Exceeding the breakdown slip may lead to excessive current and heat generation, risking
damage to the motor windings.

Thus, controlling the slip within safe limits ensures stable and effective regenerative braking.

15. **When plugging is employed for stopping an induction motor, why is it necessary to disconnect it from supply
when speed reaches close to zero?**

When plugging is used for stopping an induction motor, the supply connections are reversed, producing a braking
torque that opposes the motor's rotation. It is necessary to disconnect the motor from the supply as the speed
approaches zero for the following reasons:

1. Avoid Reverse Rotation: If the motor remains connected, it will begin to accelerate in the reverse
direction due to the reversed phase sequence.
2. Prevent Mechanical Stress: Reverse rotation can cause sudden stress on the load and mechanical
components, leading to potential damage.
3. Excessive Current: Plugging results in high current draw. At near-zero speed, this current can rise
significantly, risking overheating or damaging the motor windings.
4. Efficient Braking: Disconnecting ensures that the braking process concludes effectively without
unnecessary energy consumption or operational complications.

This ensures a smooth and controlled stop without damaging the motor or load.

16. **Explain the variable frequency control of an induction motor.**

 Variable Frequency Control (VFC) adjusts the speed of an induction motor by varying the supply frequency
using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD).

1. Speed Control: The synchronous speed (Ns=120∗f / P) is directly proportional to the supply
frequency. Adjusting f changes the motor speed.
2. Voltage Adjustment: To maintain efficiency, the voltage is adjusted proportionally with frequency,
keeping a constant Volts/Hz ratio.
3. Energy Efficiency: Reduces power consumption at lower speeds, ideal for energy-saving applications.
4. Smooth Operation: Ensures gradual acceleration/deceleration, reducing mechanical stresses.
5. Applications: Used in fans, pumps, conveyors, and HVAC systems for precise and efficient speed control.

This method ensures smooth, efficient, and flexible motor operation.

17. **Explain the slip speed control of an induction motor.**

Slip speed control is a method of controlling the speed of an induction motor by adjusting the slip (S), which is
the difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and the rotor speed (Nr). Slip control is commonly implemented
in slip-ring induction motors by modifying the rotor resistance or using external devices.

Key Points:

1. Principle: Motor speed (Nr) is given by Nr=Ns(1−S). By adjusting S, the motor speed can be varied below
the synchronous speed.
2. Rotor Resistance Control: Adding external resistances to the rotor circuit increases slip, allowing speed
reduction while maintaining torque.
3. Power Recovery Methods: Devices like Static Kramer Drive or Static Scherbius Drive recover the slip
power from the rotor and feed it back to the supply, improving efficiency.
4. Applications: Used in processes requiring speed variation, such as cranes, hoists, and conveyors.
5. Limitations: Increased slip leads to higher rotor losses and reduced efficiency unless slip power is
recovered.

Slip speed control offers flexibility in speed adjustment, particularly for applications requiring high torque at
reduced speeds.

18. **Why stator voltage control is an inefficient method of induction motor speed control?**

Stator voltage control is inefficient for induction motor speed control because:

1. Increased Copper Losses: Reducing voltage decreases the torque produced, leading to higher current draw
to maintain load torque, which increases copper losses.
2. Poor Efficiency at Low Speed: At reduced speeds, the motor operates with lower torque per ampere,
leading to inefficiency.
3. Limited Speed Range: Voltage control only works effectively in the low-load region and does not provide
significant speed reduction for heavy loads.
4. Torque Instability: Lowering voltage can result in unstable torque, causing performance issues.
5. High Slip and Heat: Reduced voltage increases slip, leading to more rotor heating and reduced motor life.

For better efficiency and performance, variable frequency control (VFD) is preferred.
19. **Explain the operation of a VSI fed induction motor drive.**

1. Definition and Function:

A Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) converts a constant DC input into an AC output with variable voltage and
frequency to control an induction motor's speed. The load current magnitude depends on the load
impedance.
2. Components and Operation:
The VSI comprises transistors and diodes, which switch to produce a variable-frequency AC output. The
triggering pulses control the frequency, while the DC supply regulates the output voltage magnitude.
3. Techniques for Output Control:
o Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used to adjust the inverter voltage.
o A DC chopper can be added between the rectifier and inverter to control the input voltage.
4. Characteristics and Limitations:
o The inverter's output voltage is independent of the load and maintains constant terminal voltage
despite load variations.
o High harmonic content in stator current can cause additional losses and heating, leading to
instability and hunting issues.
5. Applications and Suitability:
VSI-fed induction motors are suitable for medium- and high-speed applications, supporting both open-loop
and closed-loop operations.

20. **Explain the braking of a VSI fed induction motor drive.**

Braking of a VSI-fed induction motor drive involves slowing down the motor by dissipating or redirecting its kinetic
energy. The main methods are:

1. Regenerative Braking: The motor operates as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy
that is fed back to the supply or stored, making it highly efficient.
2. Dynamic Braking: The generated energy is dissipated as heat in external braking resistors, connected
through a braking chopper. This method is simple but wastes energy.
3. Plugging: The motor's phase sequence is reversed, creating counter torque for rapid deceleration. However,
this method is inefficient and generates excessive heat in the motor.

The choice of method depends on system requirements like efficiency, cost, and heat dissipation capacity.

21. **Explain the operation of a CSI fed induction motor drive.**

A Current Source Inverter (CSI) fed induction motor drive controls the motor's operation by using a constant DC
current source, obtained through a rectifier and a large smoothing inductor. The CSI converts this DC current into a
variable-frequency AC output using semiconductor switches like thyristors or IGBTs.

 Speed Control: The frequency of the inverter output determines the motor speed (Ns=120f/P).
 Torque Control: The DC input current is adjusted to regulate the motor's torque while maintaining
constant flux.
 Output Characteristics: The CSI outputs a current-rich waveform that inherently protects against short
circuits. However, it introduces harmonic distortion and commutation losses, which may require filtering.

CSI-fed drives are robust and reliable, making them ideal for high-power applications such as rolling mills, pumps,
and conveyors. However, they are less common due to harmonic issues and dynamic performance limitations.
22. **In variable frequency control of induction motor, for speeds below base speed (v/f) ratio is maintained
constant. Why?**

In variable frequency control of an induction motor, the V/f ratio is maintained constant for speeds below the base
speed to ensure the motor operates efficiently and avoids magnetic saturation or underfluxing. The reasons are:

1. Maintain Magnetic Flux: The torque in an induction motor depends on the magnetic flux, which is
proportional to V/f. Keeping V/f constant ensures optimal flux, maintaining torque production.
2. Avoid Saturation: If voltage is not reduced proportionally with frequency, excessive flux may occur,
leading to core saturation, increased losses, and overheating.
3. Prevent Underfluxing: If voltage is reduced too much for a given frequency, insufficient flux can lead to
poor torque generation and reduced efficiency.

This constant V/f operation ensures stable torque and efficient performance for speeds below the base speed.

23. **In variable frequency control of induction motor, for speeds above base speed terminal voltage is maintained
constant. Why?**

For speeds above the base speed in variable frequency control of an induction motor, the terminal voltage is
maintained constant because:

1. The motor voltage cannot exceed its rated value to prevent insulation damage and overheating.
2. Increasing frequency reduces flux (field weakening), allowing operation at higher speeds.
3. Constant voltage avoids overloading and maintains the motor within safe electrical and thermal limits.
4. Torque decreases with reduced flux, enabling controlled operation at extended speeds.
5. This approach ensures reliable performance without compromising motor safety.

24. **In the rotor voltage injection method, when an external voltage source is in phase with the main voltage then
what will happen to the speed?**

In the rotor injection method, when an external voltage is in phase with the main voltage net voltage increases and
the value of slip decreases and the value of rotor speed increases.

25. **Which starting method is the best method in Induction motor?**

The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all starting methods and is usually
used for squirrel cage induction motors. It directly connects the contacts of the motor to the full supply voltage. The
starting current is very large, normally 6 to 8 times the rated current.

26. **What is an electric drive?**

An electric drive (often referred to as an electric controller) is a device used to control the output of a motor

27. **Under DC dynamic braking, how will a 3-phase induction motor work?**

Under DC dynamic braking, a 3-phase induction motor works by disconnecting the AC supply and applying a DC
voltage to the stator windings. The DC current creates a stationary magnetic field, which interacts with the rotating
rotor. This interaction generates a braking torque, causing the motor to decelerate. The braking force depends on the
magnitude of the applied DC voltage and the rotor speed.

28. **Why is it advisable to avoid line starting of induction motor and use starter?**
 Line starting of an induction motor causes a high inrush current (6-8 times the rated current), leading to voltage
dips and mechanical stress on the motor and load. Using a starter limits the starting current and torque, ensuring
smooth operation and protecting the motor and system.

29. **DOL starting of induction motors is usually restricted to ________HP motors.**

30. **What is crawling of 3-phase induction motors?**

Crawling is one of the key characteristics exhibited by squirrel cage induction motors at lower speeds. When an
induction motor runs at a much lower speed than its designed synchronous speed, typically around 1/7th of the
synchronous speed, this phenomenon is referred to as "crawling in induction motor".

31. **What type of induction motor is suggested for driving high inertia loads?**

Slip Ring Induction Motor

32. **A 3-phase 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor has 4% slip. What is the frequency of rotor e.m.f.?**

fr = 0.04 × 50 Hz = 2 Hz

Here are the questions, COs (Course Outcomes), and marks from the given content:

1. **Why is current sensing required in electrical drives? Explain**

Current Sensing in Electrical Drives is essential for various control and monitoring functions. Here’s a
breakdown:

1. Current Limit Control: Current sensing allows the implementation of current limit control, preventing
the motor from drawing excessive current. This protects the motor and drive from overloading and
potential damage.
2. Inner Current Control in Closed-Loop Speed Control: In closed-loop speed control, current sensing is
used in the inner current loop to regulate motor torque. It adjusts the current to maintain the desired speed,
ensuring smooth operation.
3. Closed-Loop Torque Control in DC Drives: For DC drives, current sensing directly controls the torque
by monitoring armature current. The system adjusts the voltage to maintain the desired torque output,
ensuring precise control.
4. Fault Detection: Current sensing helps identify fault conditions like short circuits or motor failures by
detecting abnormal current patterns. This triggers protective actions to prevent damage.
5. Back EMF Sensing for Speed Measurement: In DC motors, current sensing helps estimate motor speed
by monitoring the back electromotive force (EMF), which is proportional to the speed, eliminating the need
for additional speed sensors.

These functions ensure efficient, safe, and reliable operation of electrical drives.

2. **What are the common methods for speed sensing? Explain.**

Common methods for speed sensing in electric drives include:

 1. Tachometers: Measure rotational speed and produce an analog or digital signal proportional to speed.
Used for accurate speed measurements in applications like CNC machines.
2. Encoders: Provide digital speed information via pulses. Incremental encoders count pulses, while absolute
encoders offer position and speed data. Widely used in precise control systems like servo drives.
3. Resolvers: Detect angular position and speed using sine and cosine signals. Used in harsh environments for
reliable speed sensing.
4. Hall Effect Sensors: Sense speed using magnetic field variations, common in brushless DC motors and
low-cost applications.
5. Back EMF Sensing: Estimates speed using the motor’s back EMF, typically in sensorless drives.
6. Optical Sensors: Use light interruption to detect speed, suitable for laboratory setups.

The choice of method depends on factors like accuracy, cost, and application environment.

3. **What is the steady state stability condition of a motor load system? Explain with a diagram.**

**CO4**, **Marks: 10**, **BL4**

4. **What is speed regulation? What is the need of speed regulation?**

Speed regulation refers to the ability of a motor to maintain a constant speed under varying load conditions. 1 It is

defined as the change in speed from no-load to full-load conditions, expressed as a percentage of the full-load speed.

Speed regulation is important for several reasons:

1. Maintaining constant speed: Many applications require motors to operate at a constant speed, regardless of the load

applied. For example, in conveyor systems, fans, and pumps, a constant speed is crucial for efficient operation.

2. Preventing overloading: If a motor's speed drops significantly under load, it may be overloaded and experience

damage. Speed regulation helps to prevent this by maintaining a relatively constant speed even under heavy loads.

3. Improving efficiency: Motors with good speed regulation tend to be more efficient as they can operate closer to their

optimal operating point.

4. Ensuring smooth operation: In applications where smooth operation is important, such as in textile machinery and

machine tools, good speed regulation helps to minimize vibrations and shocks.

In summary, speed regulation is a critical parameter for motor performance, as it ensures reliable, efficient, and

smooth operation under varying load conditions.4

5. **Explain how the following speed transitions are carried out:**

- i. Increase the speed in the same direction.

- ii. Decrease in the speed.

Speed Transitions in Electric Drives

Increasing Speed:
  Voltage Control: Increasing the voltage applied to the motor's armature (DC motors) or stator windings
(AC motors) can increase its speed.
 Frequency Control: For AC motors, increasing the frequency of the supply voltage increases the
synchronous speed, leading to higher operating speeds.

Decreasing Speed:

 Voltage Control: Decreasing the voltage applied to the motor reduces its speed.
 Frequency Control: Decreasing the frequency of the supply voltage to an AC motor reduces its speed.
 Braking:
o Plugging: Reversing the direction of the motor's voltage supply to induce a braking torque.
o Regenerative Braking: Returning the motor's kinetic energy back to the power supply.
o Dynamic Braking: Dissipating the motor's kinetic energy as heat in a resistor.

The specific method used depends on the type of motor, the desired speed range, and the required level of control.

6. **With proper diagram explain the working of single-phase half-controlled rectifier control of dc separately
excited motor with diagrams in continuous conduction mode.**

**CO2**, **Marks: 10**, **BL2**

7. **With net sketch explain the working of single-phase half-controlled rectifier control of dc separately excited
motor with diagrams in continuous conduction mode.**

**CO2**, **Marks: 10**, **BL2**

8. **A 200V, 875rpm, 150A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.06 ohm. It is fed from a
single-phase fully controlled rectifier with an AC source of 220V, 50Hz. Assuming continuous condition,
calculate:**

- i. Firing angle for rated motor torque and 750 rpm.

- ii. Firing angle for rated motor torque and -500 rpm.

- iii. Motor speed for firing angle 160 degrees and rated torque.

**CO4**, **Marks: 10**, **BL4**

9. **A 200V, 875rpm, 150A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.06 ohm and inductance of
2.85mH. It is fed from a single-phase fully controlled rectifier with an AC source of 220V, 50Hz. Calculate the
motor speed for firing angle 120 degrees and T=1200Nm.**

**CO4**, **Marks: 10**, **BL4**

10. **A 200V, 1500rpm, 50A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm. It is fed from a
three-phase fully controlled rectifier with an AC source having a line voltage of 420V, 50Hz. A star-delta connected
transformer is used to feed the armature so that motor terminal voltage equals rated voltage when converter voltage
is zero. Assuming continuous condition, calculate:**

- i. Transformer turns ratio.

 - ii. Determine the firing angle when the motor is running at 1200rpm and rated torque.

**CO3**, **Marks: 10**, **BL3**

11. **Why DC series motors are used where high starting torque is required?**

On starting, because the windings are low resistance, a large current can be drawn producing a high starting
torque. This is an advantage for high starting loads such as traction, crane and other heavy applications.

12. **What is the duty cycle of a chopper?**

In a chopper circuit, the "duty cycle" refers to the ratio of the time a switch is turned "on" (conduction time) to the
total time period of a switching cycle

13. **Find the output voltage expression for a step-down chopper with Vs as the input voltage and as the duty
cycle.**

Vo = Vs x α

14. **What is the firing angle when the average output voltage is maximum?**

α = 0° then Vavg will be maximum

15. **What is the maximum value of the load current in a single-phase half-wave thyristor circuit with R load?**

Vm/2

16. **For a single-phase thyristor circuit with R load and firing angle, what will be the conduction angle?**

π-α