American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering (EEE)

Course Name: Analog Electronics Lab Course Code: EEE 2210

Semester: Spring 2021-22 Sec: C
Experiment No 1
Familiarize with engineering software as a modern simulation tool to investigate the
Experiment Name
fundamentals of signal and analog circuits.
Group No. 1 Submission Date: February 7, 2022

Sl. Student ID: Student Name:

1. 19-39512-1 FOISAL AHMED
2. 19-40433-1 JUNIED MOHAMMED TAZRIAN
3. 19-39418-1 MD. RASHEDUL HASAN BHUIYAN
4. 19-39344-1 QUAZI FARHAN AMER
5. 19-39311-1 SHAHARIA MUNMUN
6. 19-39450-1 TAZNIM BIN AHMED

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Lab Instructor)

Excellent Good Acceptable Secured
Category Unsatisfactory [1]
[4] [3] [2] Marks
All Information provided Most information
Introduction, All information, measures and Much information
that is sufficient, but corrects, but some
Background, Methods variables are provided and missing and/or
more explanation is information may be
& procedures sections explained. inaccurate.
needed. missing or inaccurate.
Experimental results
Most criteria are met, but
All of the criteria are met; don’t match exactly Experimental results
there may be some lack
Results results are described clearly with the theoretical are missing or
of clarity and/or incorrect
and accurately; values and/or analysis is incorrect;
information.
unclear.
Conclusions don’t
Hypotheses are clearly
Demonstrates thorough and Some hypotheses match hypotheses,
stated, but some
sophisticated understanding. missing or misstated; not supported by
Discussion concluding statements
Conclusions drawn are conclusions not data; no integration
not supported by data or
appropriate for analyses; supported by data. of data from
data not well integrated.
different sources.
Title page, placement of figures
Minor errors in Major errors and/or Not proper style in
General formatting and figure captions, and other
formatting. missing information. text.
formatting issues all correct.
Writing is clear and easy
Writing is strong and easy to Most of the required
to understand; ideas are
understand; ideas are fully criteria are met, but
connected; effective
Writing & elaborated and connected; some lack of clarity, Very unclear, many
transitions between
organization effective transitions between typographic, spelling, or errors.
sentences; minor
sentences; no typographic, grammatical errors are
typographic, spelling, or
spelling, or grammatical errors. present.
grammatical errors.

Total Marks
Comments:
(Out of 20):
Title: Familiarize with engineering software as a modern simulation tool to investigate the
fundamentals of signal and analog circuits.
Abstract: The main objective of this experiment was to be familiar with the NI Multisim
simulation software by performing DC and AC analysis of a MOSFET based analog amplifier.
Another objective was to determine the operating region of the MOSFET from the simulated
reading value.
Theory:
Analog Amplifier: The most fundamental signal-processing function is signal amplification.
An amplifier that preserves the details of the signal waveform is characterized by the
relationship
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) … … … … (1)
Where 𝑉𝑖 and 𝑉𝑜 are the input and output signals, respectively, and 𝐴𝑣 is a constant representing
the magnitude of amplification, known as amplifier gain. Equation (1) is a linear relationship;
hence the amplifier it describes is a linear amplifier.

Figure 1: (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal 𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) and connected to a load resistance
RL. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with voltage gain 𝐴𝑣 .
The Power gain of the amplifier in fig. 1 is defined ad
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃𝐿 ) 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛, (𝐴𝑝 ) = = … … … (2)
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃𝐼 ) 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
The current gain of the amplifier is defined as
𝑖𝑜
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 (𝐴𝑖 ) = … … … (3)
𝑖𝑖
From equation (1) to (3) we note that
𝐴𝑝 = 𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑖 … … … (4)

Specifically, the voltage, current and power gains 𝐴𝑣 , 𝐴𝑖 and 𝐴𝑝 respectively can be
expressed as
Voltage gain in decibels = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝐴𝑣 | 𝑑𝐵 … … … (5)
Current gain in decibels = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝐴𝑖 | 𝑑𝐵 … … … (6)

Power gain in decibels = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝐴𝑝 | 𝑑𝐵 … … … (7)

 Figure 2: Typical magnitude response of an amplifier
In analyzing frequency response of an amplifier circuit, single-time-constant (STC) networks
will be investigated. An STC network is one that is composed of, or can be reduced to, one
reactive component (inductance or capacitance) and one resistance.

Figure 3: Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass
network.
An STC network formed of an inductance L and a resistance R has a time constant τ = L/R.
The time constant τ of an STC network composed of a capacitance C and a resistance R is
given by τ= CR
Simulation:
Part A: Multisim tutorial for DC analysis of a MOSFET based analog amplifier.
Part A-1: Generating Drain Characteristic and Transfer Characteristic Curve

(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) Given basic nMOS circuit (b) implemented given basic nMOS circuit
Output 1: Generation of drain characteristic curve for the circuit given in figure 4(b)

Figure 5: Drain characteristic curve

Figure 6: Drain characteristic curve after varying load

Output 2: Generation of transfer characteristic curve

Figure 7: Transfer characteristic curve

Part A-2: DC Operating point analysis

(a) (b)
Figure 8: (a) Given MOSFET amplifier (b) implemented MOSFET amplifier
Output 3: Determination of DC operating point

Figure 9: Simulated value of different parameters to determine operating region

Table 1: Specification of DC operating point

𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝑮 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑫𝑺 = 𝑽𝑫 − 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑮𝑺 = 𝑽𝑮 − 𝑽𝑺 Operating Region

14.007 6.667 4.494 9.513 2.173 Saturation

In this part of simulation three things was done: drain characteristic curve, dc transfer
characteristic curve and operating region was determined. To do so at first the given circuit
was implemented using NI Multisim software and DC Sweep analysis was applied. From the
characteristic curve it can be seen that when the value of the resistor was increased the output
voltage decreased significantly. After doing DC Sweep analysis, a major change was brought
to the circuit so that DC Operating Point can be applied. Figure 9 shows the output result from
DC operating point analysis. From the recorded data Table 1 was written. From the table 1
value it can be clearly seen that the 𝑽𝑫𝑺 is greater than the 𝑽𝑮𝑺 value. According to our
theoretical knowledge in this case the operating region should be ‘Saturation’.
Part B: Multisim tutorial for AC analysis of analog amplifier.

Figure 10: Connection of Oscilloscope for AC analysis.

Output 4: Determination of input and output phase relationship and also gain

Figure 11: Determination of 3dB point

In the part B, AC sweep analysis was done accordingly to determine the required 3dB point.
After doble clicking on the oscilloscope the graph appeared and by moving the cursor the point
was determined for both magnitude and phase curve.
Part C: DC and AC analysis for given Exercise problem

(a) (b)
Figure 12: (a) Given MOSFET amplifier (b) implemented MOSFET amplifier

Output 5: Determination of DC operating point

Figure 13: Simulated value of different parameters to determine operating region

Table 3: Specification of DC operating point

𝑽𝑫 𝑽𝑮 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑫𝑺 = 𝑽𝑫 − 𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑮𝑺 = 𝑽𝑮 − 𝑽𝑺 Operating Region

10.060 4.167 1.152 8.908 3.015 Saturation

DC Operating Point can be applied. Figure 9 shows the output result from DC operating point
analysis. From the recorded data Table 1 was written. From the table 1 value it can be clearly
seen that the 𝑽𝑫𝑺 is greater than the 𝑽𝑮𝑺 value. According to our theoretical knowledge in this
case the operating region should be ‘Saturation’.
Output 4: Determination of input and output phase relationship and also gain

Figure 14: Determination of 3dB point

In the part, AC sweep analysis was done accordingly to determine the required 3dB point. After
doble clicking on the oscilloscope the graph appeared and by moving the cursor the point was
determined for both magnitude and phase curve.
Report Questions
1. Write down the limitation of the software.
Ans: While performing this lab we could not find any limitation of this software as we areat
amature level of using it.
2. What are the classifications of an amplifier based on its frequency response?
Ans: An amplifier can be classified into three types based on its frequency response:
a. Audio amplifier
b. RF amplifier
c. Video amplifier
3. What are the limitations of analog amplifiers?
Ans: Though there are many advantages of analog amplifiers but it still have some limitations:
a. They are more expensive compared to digital amps
b. They are prone to distortion and saturation
Discussion:
This experiment involved with simulation based laboratory work where NI Multisim software
was introduced as a modern engineering tool for simulation. Basic Analog circuits was
constructed to investigate the fundamentals of signals and analog circuits. After conducting
this experiment we are now able to implement any type of circuit on NI Multsim and do the
DC sweep, DC operating point and AC sweep operations. We now can read data from graphs
using the movable cursor.
Since it is not possible to do the experiments in campus laboratory due to this pandemic
situation it is better to continue the labs by using the simulating software as it gives almost
similar experience. As all the initially set objectives of this experiment have been fulfilled
satisfactorily it can be said that the experiment was successful.
Reference(s):
[1] Experiment 1: Student’s Manual
[2] Sedra, A. S., & Smith, K. C. (2010). Microelectronic circuits. New York: Oxford University Press
[3] Classification of Amplifiers - Amplifiers - Basics Electronics." Source:
https://ecstudiosystems.com/discover/textbooks/basic-electronics/amplifiers/classification-of-
amplifiers/#:~:text=The%20three%20broad%20categories%20of,15%20Hz%20and%2020%20kHz.
[4] Digital Amp Vs. Analog Amp: Which Helps In Getting Better Sound?." Source:
https://audiocurious.com/digital-amp-vs-analog-amp/