AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Faculty of Engineering
Laboratory Report Cover Sheet

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Laboratory Title: Study of op-amp amplifiers and analyze the frequency response of an
ddddddddddddddddinverting amplifier.

Experiment Number: 03 Due Date: 02 October 2022 Semester: Fall 2022-23

Subject Code: EEE2210 Subject Name: Analog Electronics Lab Section: A

Course Instructor: Raja Rashidul Hasan Degree Program: EEE

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2. This report is my/our original work and no part of it has been copied from any other student’s work or from
any other source except where due acknowledgement is made.
3. No part of this report has been written for me/us by any other person except where such collaboration has been
authorized by the lecturer/teacher concerned and is clearly acknowledged in the report.
I/we understand that
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Group Number (if applicable): 01 Group Submission

No. Student Name Student ID Student Signature Date

Submitted by:
1 MD. Nakib Shahria 20-44098-2

Group Members:

2 S M Nahidul Islam 20-42768-2

3 MD. Abid Morshed 20-42786-2
4 MD. Shoaib Khan Chowdhury 20-43731-2

Total Marks: Marks Obtained:

Faculty comments
Introduction:
An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers an undistorted larger version of the
signal at its output. It receives an input signal and increases the magnitude of the output. It is desired to
have the output with no distortion and the increase in magnitude to be constant for the expected range of
frequencies. In this experiment the op-amp is used as one of its important applications-making an amplifier.
All circuits in this experiment have an external feedback resistor is connected between the output terminal
and (-) input terminal. This type of circuit is called a negative feedback circuit.

Theory and Methodology:

An amplifier is a circuit that receives a signal at its input and delivers an undistorted larger version of the
signal at its output. While designing inverting and non-inverting amplifier, an external feedback resistor is
connected between the output terminal and (-) input terminal. The closed loop amplifier gain depends on
external resistors only.

An inverting amplifier inverts and scales the input signal. As long as the op-amp gain is very large, the
amplifier gain is determined by two stable external resistors (the feedback resistor RF and the input
resistor Rin) and not by op-amp parameters which are highly temperature dependent. The operational
amplifier is in a negative-feedback configuration, its internal high gain effectively fixes the inverting (i.e.,
−) input at the same 0 V (ground) voltage of the non-inverting (i.e.,+) input. Relative differences between
the Rin and RF resistors allow small voltages on one side of the network to generate large voltages (with
opposite sign) on the other side of the network. Thus, the device amplifies (and inverts) the input voltage.
The output voltage of the device is as follows:

RF
Vout = − Vin
Rin

Figure-1: Inverting amplifier and its output

The input impedance of the non-inverting amplifier circuit is infinite since no current flows into the
inverting input. Output impedance is zero since output voltage is ideally independent of output current.
Closed loop gain can be any desired value above unity. Such circuits are widely used in control and
instrumentation where non-inverting gain is required.
  R 
Vout = 1 + 2 Vin
 R1 

Figure-2: Non-inverting amplifier and its output

Frequency Response Curve

The frequency response curve is a visual representation of the quality of the amplitude of a system or device
over the frequency, and is used to characterize the dynamics of the system. The response graph depicts such
curve which will have a vertical axis labeled as amplitude or gain in decibels (dB) and a horizontal axis
labeled as frequency in hertz (Hz). A frequency response curve for a low-pass filter is shown in Figure [9.1]
to understand different terms which are used in a response curve. The range of low frequencies passed by
a low-pass filter within a specified limit is called the passband of the filter. And the range of frequencies
which are blocked by the system is called stop band. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that can be
1
amplified to more than 2 (70%) of the maximum value.
√

The corner frequency, fc, as illustrated in Fig. 1 is the point from where the slope of the curve starts and
also at which the output voltage is 70.7% of the maximum. It is also called the cutoff frequency, break
frequency, critical frequency or – 3 dB frequency because the output voltage is down 3 dB from its
maximum at this frequency. Slope/Roll-off is a term, refers to how sharply the frequencies are cut when
filtering. A sharper or steeper slope or roll-off means that frequencies are cut very close to the set cut-off
value while a ‘smoother’ slope means that some of the frequencies before or after the cut-off frequencies
(depending on the bandform(low-pass or high-pass)) will still be existed.

Figure-3: Frequency response of a low-pass filter.

The main function of an operational amplifier is to amplify the input signal. When there is no feedback
between input and output then it is called open loop operation. The gain of the op-amp device under this
condition is defined as the open loop gain and for an ideal op-amp it is infinite but typical real values range
from about 20,000 to 200,000. Hence an op-amp is almost never used in this way, because an open loop
gain is too high to be useful.

b)

Figure-4: Frequency response of an inverting amplifier

Therefore feedbacks are used to adjust the gain of an amplifier. An inverting amplifier uses a negative
feedback where a fraction of output signal is feed back through feedback resistor RF to the input connected
at the negative input terminal, shown in figure [9.2(a)]. The effect produces a closed loop circuit where the
𝑅𝑓
gain is called closed loop gain (gain=− 𝑅𝑖𝑛). For negative feedback, the fed-back voltage is in "anti-phase"
to the input voltage which causes reduction in the overall gain of the amplifier. By changing the value of
RF it is possible to control the overall gain of the inverting amplifier, illustrated in figure [9.2 (b)]. Positive
feedback is also used but in non-inverting amplifier where overall gain of the system is increased.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure-5: Inverting Amplifier.

 Figure-6: Non-inverting Amplifier.

Figure-7: Circuit during the experiment.

Apparatus:
1. IC µA741 – (quantity: 1)
2. Resistor 3.3 kΩ, 10K, 47 kΩ, 100 kΩ – (quantity :1each)
3. DC power supply– ±30 V (quantity :1)
4. Function generator- 25 Vp-p, 1 MHz (quantity: 1)
5. Oscilloscope- 20MHz/100MHz, 2 Ch, 400 Vp-p (quantity: 1)
6. Connecting wire
7. Multimeter-( quantity: 1)

Data Tables:
Table-1: Gain of an op-amp with different RF for both inverting and non-inverting configuration.
Configuration
RF Gain, ACL = Gain, ACL =
Vin (V) Vout (V) Comment
(kΩ) (-RF/Ri) Vout/Vin

10 496.903 mV 1.519 V - 3.030 3.062 We are getting the input

value of 496.903 mV and
output of 1.519 V.
Inverting
47 494.336 mV 7.059 V - 14.242 14.280 We are getting the input
value of 494.336 mV and
output of 7.059 V.

Gain, ACL =
(1+RF/Ri)

10 491.037 mV 1.989 V 4.030 4.051 We are getting the input

value of 491.037 mV and
output of 1.989 V.
Non-inverting
47 492.677 mV 7.526 V 15.242 15.296 We are getting the input
value of 492.677 mV and
output of 7.526 V.
 Table-2: Gain of an op-amp with different value of frequencies (non-inverting).
Frequency (Hz) Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)

10 494.401 mV 1.989 V 4.023 12.091

100 497.736 mV 2.011 V 4.040 12.128

1K 491.037 mV 1.989 V 4.051 12.151

10 K 492.460 mV 1.979 V 4.019 12.082

100 K 492.332 mV 1.111 V 2.257 7.071

1M 491.120 mV 173.576 mV 0.353 - 9.045

Table-3: Gain of an op-amp with different value of frequencies (inverting).

Frequency (Hz) Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)

10 492.228 mV 1.490 V 3.027 9.62

Simulation & Results:

Simulation-1: Inverting Amplifier for RF = 10 kΩ

Simulation-2: Inverting Amplifier for RF = 47kΩ

Simulation-3: Non-inverting Amplifier for RF = 10 kΩ

Simulation-4: Non-inverting Amplifier for RF = 47 kΩ

Discussion and Conclusion:
In this experiment, we compared the theoretical gain of individual amplifier setup with observed gain
and comment. By doing this experiment we were able to explain the characteristic of the circuit based
on their frequency response curves. Also, we learned about designing inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers. This experiment was conducted with a simulation service called ‘Ni Multisim 14.0.’ It is a
very user-friendly application, and we conducted the experiment smoothly with it. While conducting
the experiment some difficulties were faced. Sometimes we faced problems to find the components
and place them. The bread board wasn’t working properly as a result some components were failed to
respond. On the other hand, the simulation didn’t give us the proper result due to wrong placement of
the wires. The result and our understanding would have been better if we could do this experiment
practically.

References:

[1] Robert F. Coughlin, Frederick F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits”,
PrenticeHall, 1982, 2nd Edition, The University of Michigan, 10 Dec 2007.
[2] Lab class.
[3] Lab manual.