Conditions of Arabia before the Advent of Islam

Introduction
The pre-Islamic period of history of Arabia is known as the period of jahiliyyah or the period of
ignorance. There were several reasons for this, as explained below:

Religious Conditions
The Arabs, before the advent of Islam were mostly idol worshippers, with the exception of the
Jews and the Christian every tribe had its own deity: there were about 360 idols in Ka'bah at the
time of the conquest of Makkah. People from different parts of Arabia used to come to pay their
homage to these idols; Al Habal was the chief of these deities, whereas Al Lat, Al Uzzah, and
Al Manat were female deities, and were referred to as the "Daughters of Allah".

There were hundreds of other idols; animals were sacrificed at their altar; and the blood of these
animals was presented as an offering to these deities. They considered angels to be daughters
of Allah, "Has then your Lord (O Pagans!) preferred for you sons and taken for Himself daughters
among the angels? Truly you utter a most dreadful saying"! [Isra 15:40]

Beside the idols, the Arabs worshipped elements in the nature the sun, the moon, and the
stars; they regarded trees, stones, caves and other objects of nature as holy.
Some believed ghosts and jinn, and were steeped in superstition; they resorted to the process
of divination through arrows, while others were devoted to fire-worship and they built altars and
shrines to fire.
During the period of Jahiliya, Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism were also practiced in
Arabia. The Christians and the Jews had distorted their religions. The Christians believed that
the Christ was the son of God, while the Jews believed that Ezra was the son of God. "The Jews
call Uzair a son of Allah and the Christians call Christ son of Allah." [at-Taubah 9:30] They had
distorted and modified their books to serve their purpose.

Social Conditions
The Arab society at the time of Jahiliya was morally corrupt. Arabs were superstitious,
uncivilized and barbarous. They indulged in all kind of evils; they were addicted to gambling,
drinking, and stealing; and practiced fornication, adultery and usury. Unfair trade practices
were widespread, 'Might is right’, was the order of the day.
Slavery was common and master enjoyed the right of life and death over his slaves. Injustice
and all kind of malpractices were rampant in the society. Raiding the trading caravans as well as
highway robbery was common.
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The position of women in the Arabian society was so low that they could be inherited like
property or animals; they were regarded as chattels; they had no right and no social standing. A
man could many as many women as he liked, and could divorce them any time he wished. The
birth of a daughter was regarded as a matter of shame to the family. Some tribes buried female
infants alive. "When the female (infant) Buried alive is questioned. For what crime she was
killed." (At-Takwir81:89) Children were murdered for fear of poverty that would come from
raising them.

Cultural Conditions

The Arabic language and poetry was fully developed and the Arabs excelled in poetry. Every year
a fare used to be held at Ukaz, where poetry contests were held and the best poems were written
in gold letter and hung on the Ka'bah.
The Arabs had excellent memories, and were proud of their fluency and regarded all other
people as dumb and mute.
They were brave people, loyalty to their tribe; courage, proof of the honour and glorification
of the tribes was regarded as virtues.
The Arabs were always ready to pick a fight, and did not hesitate to shed blood. A minor incident
would stir up a dispute which, would last for many years, and thousands of lives would be lost.

Political Conditions

The Arabs did not have an organized government. Most of them were nomads with no
settlements. They were scattered tribes who would settle where ever they found water and
pasture.
The chiefs of the tribes were chosen because of their bravery, wealth, and wisdom.
Tribal loyalties led to inter-tribal rivalry and jealousy Disputes among tribes arose over cattle
pastures, springs of water, horseracing and other minor matters. The dispute would stretch to
many years.
One such dispute harb-Al - Basus stretched to ten years, while battle of Dahis and Ghabra
started over horse racing and lasted for many decades. The tribe stood by its members and would
not rest till they avenged him in case of injury or murder.

Economic Condition

Economically, Jews were leaders of Arabia. They were owner of best arable land in Hijaz, best
farmers, good businessmen & industrialists.
Arabs were far behind than other nations in industry, would hire slaves and foreigners to work for
them so slaves were backbone of economy in Arabia. Arabs were mostly traders; Quraysh
tribe was among the leading traders.
Trading caravans were dispatched on yearly basis, one in winters to Yemen and one in summers
to as-Sham (Syria)
People visiting Kabbah for homage especially in hajj months was a great source of income for
Makkans.

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Life of Prophet (SAW) before prophethood

lineage

Prophet Mohammad (SAW) has a distinguish lineage. He was a descendent of Prophet Ismail
(AS), son of prophet Ibrahim (AS). He belongs to Banu Hashim, a sub clan of the Tribe Quraish
which was a famous branch of Ismailite Arabs. His family had custody of Ka’bah and responsibility
of taking care of pilgrims. His grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, was known in history for three things;
He restored the well of Zam’Zam, he had a dialogue with Abraha who came to destroy kabah and
he brought up his grandson Muhammad (SAW).

Infancy and Early Childhood– Age 0-8

He was born on 12th Rabi-ul-Awal, 570 A.D. this year is known as Aam ul Feel-Year of Elephant.
His father Abdullah died before birth. He was named ‘Muhammad’ (the praised one) by
Grandfather Abdul-Muttalib and ‘Ahmed’ (the one who praises) by Mother Amna bint Wahab.He
was nursed by Thaubiyah in early days after birth who was slave girl of uncle Abu Lahab. She
fostered Hamza (RA) also.

Later according to Arab’s custom, he was entrusted for upbringing to Halimah Saadiah of Banu
Sa’ad, which was famous for its fluency and eloquence in Arabic language.
Immediately after accepting him, she experienced good fortune and blessing came to her and
her family. She asked to keep the Prophet (SAW) for longer than the initial two-year period
because she felt a close bond to him.

Prophet (SAW) was 5 years old when Angel Jibreel (AS) visited him. He opened his chest, took
out his heart, removed clot of blood and washed his heart with Zam’zam then put it back
together.Halima Saadia was shaken by the story of the two angels who came to clean the
Prophet’s heart, after which she returned the Prophet (pbuh) to his mother.

He returned to his mother at the of age of 5. His mother (Amna) took him Madinah to visit the
grave of father at the age of 6. On return journey, she passed away at Abwa and buried there.
Umm Ayman, the slave girl brought him to his grandfather - Abdul Muttalib. Abdul Muttalib brought
him up with affection for two years. Prophet (SAW) was 8 years old, when his grandfather died
too. But before his death, he entrusted Prophet to his Uncle Abu Talib. Uncle Abu Talib loved him
deeply, a lifelong friend and helper. ‘’Did He not find you an orphan and give you shelter (and
care).’’ (Ad-Dhuha 93:6)

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Main Event of Prophet (SAW) till Youth

Journey to Syria- Age 12

Prophet (SAW) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade journey to Syria at the age of 12.
They met a Christian monk Bahirah, who asked Abu Talib to take special care of his nephew
after observing the signs of Prophethood.

Battle of Fujar- Age 15

A sacrilegious war broke out at the fair of Ukaaz between Quraysh & Huwazin during sacred
months. Muhammad (SAW) was present in this battle but he did not participate in actual
fighting.He helped his uncle by picking up arrows thrown by the enemy.

Truce of Fudul – Age 15

Leaders of Makkan formed an alliance due to effects of war. The main objective was to
maintain peace in region. The meeting held at house of Abdullah ibn Jad’an. This alliance was
called Truce of Fudul. Prophet (SAW) participated actively and took the oath. Later on, he
said, ‘’ I witnessed in the house of Abdullah bin Jad’an, a covenant which I would not exchange
for any number of fine camels; and if I were asked to take part in it during Islam I should do
so.’’ (Ibn Hisham). Prophet (SAW)’s presence was proof of his concern & interest in the well
fare activity.

Profession & Youth

Prophet (SAW) had excellent characteristics. He never indulged in evil activities nor
worshipped idols He was known as ‘Sadiq’ & ‘Amin’ - truthful & trustworthy He used to work
as shepherd and trader.

Marriage with Khadijah bint khuwalid (RA) – Age 25

Khadijah (RA) was a widow trader who requested Prophet (SAW) to take her merchandise to
Syria with her slave Maisara. She was impressed by his honesty and goodness; her marriage
proposal was accepted by prophet (SAW). They got married when Khadija was at the age of
40 and Prophet (SAW) was 25. They had 6 children 2 sons and 4 daughters. She was the first
person to accept Islam and supported Prophet (SAW) in his struggles.

Rebuilding Ka’abah & Arbitration Issue- Age 35

Quraish decided to rebuild Kabah which was damaged due to floods. They divided tasks
among chiefs of tribes and decided to spend halal income only. A dispute arose between
chieftains to take the honour of fixing the black stone. Abu Umayyah suggested to accept the
decision of the first person to enter the Ka’abah the following morning. Prophet (SAW)
happened to be the first person entered and he accepted to arbitrate. An explosive situation
was resolved peacefully by the wisdom of prophet (SAW).

Meditation in cave of Hira.

The marriage to Khadijah (RA) freed Prophet (SAW) from financial worries.
He started experiencing the signs of prophethood such as true dreams.
He used to spend his time in cave Hira in the mount of Nur till call to Prophethood at the age
of 40.

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Call of Prophethood – First Revelation

Prophet (SAW) never indulges in the corrupt Makkan society. His marriage to Khadijah
(RA) freed him from financial worries. He used to meditate in Cave of Hira, a cave in Jabal
Nur which is 2 miles from Makkah and ponder over the condition of his people.
As he approached the age of 40, he started observing sign of prophethood such as True
dreams and visions.His period of solitude in cave of Hira increased, so he would take
provisions with himself or Khadijah (RA) would provide him.
During the last days of Ramadan in 610 A.D, while prophet (SAW) was meditating in the
cave, an angel appeared before him in form of man. The angel said ‘’Read.’’ Prophet (SAW)
replied, ‘’I am not a reader.’’ At this angel hugged and squeezed him so hard that he thought
that he would die of suffocation. He was then released. The angel again said, ‘’Read.’’
Muhammad (SAW) again gave the same reply. The angel squeezed him harder and released
him. The angel asked him third time, ’Read.’’ Muhammad (SAW) repeated his reply, ‘’I am
not a reader.’’ The angel hugged him even harder for third time. Muhammad (SAW)’s fear of
suffocation increased, so he asked, ‘’what shall I read’’. The angel then released him saying
first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq.” Read! in the name of your Lord, Who created. Created
man out of a clot of congealed blood. Read! And your Lord is most bounteous, Who has
taught by the pen. Taught man what he did not know. He recited these verses after the angle
and felt as though the words were written on his heart. First 5 verses of Surah Alaq (96:1-5)
were the first revelation.
The Prophet (SAW) was greatly shocked by this strange experience and thought he was
possessed by an evil spirit. He (SAW) left the cave and proceeded to his house. On the way
down from the mountain, he heard Jibra’il (AS) saying, “O Muhammad! You are the
messenger of Allah and I am Jibra’il”. This time Jibra’il (AS) was in his true form, the
angel was as huge as filling the horizon.

Prophet (SAW) rushed home, trembling with fear; he asked his wife Khadijah (RA), to wrap
him in blanket and narrated the incident to her. Khadijah (RA) consoled him by saying: “Allah
will never disgrace you as you keep good relations with your family, speak the truth, help the
poor and the destitute, serve your guest generously and assist those who deserve help.”
Khadijah (RA) took him to her cousin, Warqah-bin-Naufil. Waraqa was a blind Christian
scholar with Knowledge of old scriptures of Torah & Gospel. When he heard what happened
in Hira, he confirmed that it was indeed Jibra’il (AS), the angel who brought revelations to all
the previous prophets. He also forewarned that Prophet (SAW) would be forced to leave
Makkah on account of his beliefs by his own people. He wished that he was young to live
and support him but Warqa died soon after that.

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Early Preaching of Islam in Makkah

First revelation in the cave of Hira marked the beginning of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)’s role as
Messenger of Allah. He told his wife Khadija and later her cousin Waraqa bin Nawfal about the
event. Khadija was the first to accept the message.
After the verses from surah Mudathir were revealed to Prophet (SAW), the revelation came
frequently and regularly. ‘’O you, who are wrapped in your mantle. Arise and warn. And
glorify your Lord. And purify your garments. And keep away from idols (Al Mudathir 74:1-5)
The Holy Prophet followed the divine call with full determination and courage and stood up to
inform the people about Allah's commandments so that they could be saved from the evil ways
of life. He started preaching secretly to people who were close to him, his relatives and friends.
Some of Prophet’s close relatives accepted Islam in secrect preaching which gave immense
support to Prophet PBUH.

▪ Hazrat Khadija (RA) was the first person, and the first woman who accepted Islam.
▪ Abu Bakr (RA) was first male adult to enter the folds of Islam.

▪ Ali ibn Abu Talib and the cousin of the Holy Prophet, was the first youth to accept Islam. At the
time of acceptance, he was only ten-years-old.
▪ Zaid bin Haritha (RA), the freed slave of the Holy Prophet, was the first slave to accept Islam.
▪ Umm-e-Ayman was the first slave girl to accept the Oneness of Allah.

In the early days, the Holy Prophet (SAW) preached Islam secretly. Some companions were
the first to accept Islam like; Ammar bin Yasir (RA), Khabbab bin Al-Arat (RA), Uthman bin
Affan(RA), Abdul Rahman bin Auf (RA), Saad bin Abi Waqas (RA), Talha, Arqam, Sa'id bin Zaid,
Abdullah bin Mas'ud, Uthman bin Mazun, Ubaidah (RA)and others. A number of them accepted
Islam at the hands of Abu Bakr (RA).This secret mission continued for about three years, during
which time 40 people embraced Islam.
The early Muslims were poor and a number of them were slaves. Thus, in the beginning, Islam
was spread through these poor (and common) people that Islam was established during its early
days. The main message at this point was to reject idols and believe in one God.

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First duty ordained in the beginning of mission was Salah twice a day and Wudu was made a
prerequisite of prayer. Makkan paid no attention to the new faith due to small number of his
followers. Then the verse of suarh Ash-Shu’raa revealed, ‘And admonish your nearest
kinsmen.’’ 26:214). To follow the orders, Prophet (SAW) invited some members of Banu
Hashim and Banu Muttalib to his home twice. He addressed them towards the message of
Allah, his prophethood and warned them abut hereafter. Their reaction was very rude especially
of Abu Lahab but Abu Talib promised to protect and help Prophet (SAW).

Soon Allah (SWT) directed to Prophet (SAW) to make his massage public by the verse of surah
Al-Hijr ‘’ Therefore, declare openly to them, what you are commanded, and turn away from
the pagan.’’ (Al-Hjir 15:94). Prophet (SAW) ascended the Mount of Safa and proclaimed ‘’Ya
Sabahah’’. A traditional way to warn the citizens.
Prophet (SAW) addressed to Quraish and asked them: "If I were to tell you that there were
some horsemen in the valley waiting to raid you, would you believe me?" The Quraish
replied: "Yes, we have always witnessed the truth from you". There then he (SAW) invited
them to Islam, asked them to worship One Allah and told them that he was the chosen man from
Allah and he is the Messenger of Allah. Abu Lahab interrupted first, he disgraced and cursed
Prophet Mohammad (SAW) and talked to him in a loud and rude manner. Similarly, others called
Mohammad (SAW) a liar and a mad man. Disappointed by the reaction of Abu Lahab, yet
determined Prophet (SAW) continued to invite the different clans one by one.
Despite the taunts of his tribesmen, he remained firm in his mission. He continued mission and
more people entered in the folds of Islam. This open preaching brought hostility and opposition
to the Prophet (SAW) and his companions.

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Persecution of the Quraish towards Prophet (SAW)

Background
When Prophet (PBUH) was given the command of preaching his religion openly, he went to
Mount Safa and invited people of Makkah to Islam. He began to approach all different clans of
Quraish and proclaim the message loudly in courtyard of Ka’bah. this resulted in more people
to enter the fold of Islam. Quraish felt threatened and held a meeting in Dar-ul-Nadwa.They
planned to persecute and torture the Holy prophet (SAW) and his followers as per their power.

Verbal Persecution towards Prophet (SAW)

Makkans launched a campaign against Prophet (SAW). They declared him a magician,
soothsayer and poet. Prophet (SAW) was mocked and called madman by them. They wrote
abusive poems to ridicule the Prophet (SAW). They began calling him Mudhammam which
means a condemned person instead of Muhammad, praiseworthy. During the time when there
was a gap between the revelations, Makkans used to mock the Prophet (SAW) that his God
has abandoned him. Quraish taunted him by calling ‘’al-abtar’’after the death of his son as
mentioned in surah Kawthar.The Insults, verbal abuses and whistling during the recitation of
Quran was a routine matter.
They plan strategies to divert people’s attention from his teachings and make his preaching
ineffective such as they used to raise their voices whenever they heard the Quran, and make
loud noises whenever they saw the Prophet (SAW) trying to call someone to Allah or trying to
recite Quran to him. Whenever they saw the Prophet (SAW), they used to look at him with anger
and infuriation, as Allah (Glorified is He) relates, And the disbelievers would almost trip you
up with their eyes when they hear the Message; and they say, ‘Surely, he is possessed!’
[Surah Al-Qalam: 51]

Mental pressures to Harass Prophet (SAW)

Temptations by Quraish
The pagans tempted him to quit his mission. Utbah bin Rabiah was sent on the behalf of all
Quraish leaders, who offered Prophet (SAW) great wealth or marriage to a woman of his
choice or kingship of Makkah to stop preaching his religion. Prophet (SAW) declined and
recited verses from the Quran. Utbah was greatly impressed and he asked Quraish to leave the
Prophet (SAW) alone.

Bargain offered by Quraish

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They offered the Holy Prophet (SAW) an agreement that they will follow Prophet’s (SAW)
religion if and only if Muhammad (SAW) and his follower will also worship idols with them. In
this way Gods of both parties will get satisfy with them. At that moment surah-al-Kafirun was
revealed, ‘’ To you be your religion, and to me mine." (Al-Kafiroon 109:6)

Pressure to his Family

Abu Lahab orders his sons to divorce their wives, who were Muhammad (SAW)’s daughters,
just to add to his worries. Quraish pressurized Abu Talib, either to stop his nephew from
preaching or be prepared for the consequences. But Abu Talib refused after prophet (SAW)
told him, “‘O my uncle, ‘even if they set against me the sun on my right and the moon on
my left, I will not abandon my purpose until Allah grants me success or until I die.’

Physical torture towards Prophet (SAW)

Quraish could not harm Prophet (SAW) physically, the way they mistreated other followers who
were slaves and poor, as he was under the protection of Abu Talib who was chief of his tribe.
Abu Jahl & Uqbah ibn Muayit, they placed dirty intestines of a camel on his back while
prostrating near kaba’h and Fatima (RA) removed the filth from Prophet’s back. Uqbah ibn
Muayit strangled Prophet (SAW)’s neck. Umm-e-Jamil (Wife of Abu lahab) used to throw
thorns and brambles in Prophet’s (SAW) path. A lady used to throw rubbish on the Prophet
(SAW). Prophet (SAW) was even pelted with stones during visit to Taif.

Severity of the Persecution faced by Prophet (SAW)

The socio-Economic Boycott, 7th – 10th year of Prophethood. Quraish Imposed a general
social boycott on Banu Hashim and Banu Abdul Muttalib that lasted for three years. During
these years, they had to suffer severe physical and financial troubles but Mohammad (saw) and
the companions remained steadfast and firm in their belief. His followers were also persecuted
which hurt the Prophet too. 10th year of Prophethood known as Year of grief due to the death
of Khadijah (RA) and Abu Talib. After abu Talib the new leader Abu Lahab increased tortures.
Prophet (SAW)’s visit to Taif and face extremely negative response. Quraysh plotted to
assassinate him but he migrated to Madinah by Allah (SWT)’s order.

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Persecution of the Quraish towards the followers

Background
After the revelation to preach relatives (Surah Shura 26:214) and Prophet (SAW)’s open call at
Mount Safa. Quraish rejected him and feeling threatened of new message began to persecute
the Muslims.Those who had no protection were easy targets and faced worst persecution.
Tribal heads began to torture tribesman.

Some of the early converts who faced hostility

Bilal ibn Rabah, an Abyssinian slave, was tortured by his master Ummaya Bin Khalaf. Ummaya
would tie a rope around Bilal’s neck and drag him on the streets. He would also make Bilal on
burning coal and place a stone on his chest so that he could not move. Yet, Bilal (RA) never
renounced his faith and remained steadfast. He was later freed by Abu Bakr (RA)

Ammar bin Yasir (RA), was from the tribe of Makhuzum. He and his parents suffered terribly at
the hands of the elite tribe of Makkah, the Quraish. His parents were made to lie on the burning
sand, both his parents were martyred. In fact, his mother Summayah (RA) was the first female
martyr of Islam.
The Makhzum clan used to take out Ammar ibn Yasir with his father and mother in the heat of
the day and expose them to the excessively-hot environment of Mecca and torture them in the
scorches of the open fire, and Muhammad used to pass by them and say, "Patience, O family
of Yasir! Your meeting-place will be Paradise" and "O fire! Be cool and harmless for
‘Ammar in the same manner in which you became cool and harmless for Ibrahim;”
consequently, Ammar had scars on his body from the torture for the rest of his life.

Uthman in Affan (RA), His uncle used to wrap him up in a mat made of palm leaves, and then
put a fire under it was wrapped in palm leaves and set fire to by his uncle. His uncle Al-Hakim
ibn Abu Al-Aas ibn Omayyah tied him up strongly and swore that he would not free him until he
left Islam. Therefore, Uthman swore that he would not leave Islam. When his uncle saw how
determined Uthman was in remaining a Muslim, he let him free.
Abu Bakr (RA) When Abu Bakr proclaimed the Unity of God in the courtyard of the Ka’aba
openly. The Quraish set upon him fiercely, and maltreated him so mercilessly that when his
fellow tribesmen intervened and carried him to his house, he was quite unconscious and his face
was swollen.

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Amr bin Fuhairah (RA) was as a slave who was tortured. Abu Bakr (RA) purchased his freedom
and he continued to work for him as a shepherd.
Talha and Zubair bin al Awwam (RA) were dragged on streets and suffocated
Abu Zarr Ghaffari (RA) was attacked by a crowd of non-believers. He fell down and became
senseless for sometimes.
Mus’ab ibn Umayr (RA) lived life of comfort and luxury but when accepted Islam was tortured
by mother’s relatives, till he escaped and migrated to Abyssinia.
Khabab bin Arat (RA) was put on heated stones and made to lie on burning coal with a rock on
his chest.
The weak and those held in bondage like slaves, were persecuted brutally and savagely.
Labeenah was a female slave of Banu Adi. She would be beaten up mercilessly.
Zinnira (RA) was a female slave belonged to the Makhzum clan. She was handed over to Abu
Jahl to be tortured. Deprived of sleep, food and water, she became blind as a result of the
malnourishment. Abu Jahl taunted her that that the idols Al-Lat and Al-Uzza had taken her sight
away. She responded that her Lord Allah had decided this and that he could return her eyesight.
Miraculously the next day, her eyesight was restored. Abu Bakr also purchased her freedom.

Severity of the persecutions

Prophet (SAW) told the believers to meet secretly at Dar al-Arqam, where they would learn
about their new faith.
Prophet (SAW) allowed some people to migrate to Abyssinia in 5th Year of Prophethood to
escape from the severity of persecution.
A social and economic boycott was imposed on the Muslims. They were to live in Shib-i- Abi
Talib, where they faced great hardships for three years.
The persecution was not only physical but also economic. The poor Muslims were not paid for
their hard work. The rich and settled Muslims like Abu Bakr (RA) had to face non-cooperation
in trade. For example, Makkans used to sell their goods in less than the purchase price in order
to hurt Muslim traders.
Later, they migrated to Madinah leaving their homeland for faith.

Reference:
• Cambridge O Level Islamiyat by Dr Saqib Muhammad khan and Dr Habib ur Rehman
• When the Moon Split by Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri

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 Life of Prophet (SAW) in Makkah

Life of Prophet (SAW) in Makkah

5th Year of Prophethood - Migration to Abyssinia

➢ Background of Migration
o In fifth year of Prophethood, Quraysh intensified their hostilities.
o Prophet (SAW) received a revelation that hinted at allowing the Muslims to migrate to a safer
place.
o ‘O My servants who have believed, fear your Lord. For those who do good in this world is
good, and the earth of Allah is spacious. Indeed, the patient will be given their reward
without account." (Al- Zumar- 39:10)
o Prophet (SAW) advised his followers to secretly prepare to migrate to Abyssinia as the king of
Abyssinia Ashamah, (Najashi/Negus) was known to be a just Christian ruler.
o The purpose of this first migration was to escape persecution and be able to practice Islam freely.
➢ First Batch Who Migrated to Abyssinia
o The First Batch migrated in the month of Rajab in 5th Year of Prophethood.
o It was consisted of 12 men and 4 women
o The first batch included Uthman (RA) (as leader) & his wife Ruqayya (Daughter of Prophet
(SAW)
o Prophet (SAW) said about them, “They are the first people to migrate in the cause of Allah
after Ibrahim and lut.’’
o The group sailed on boats, through port of ‘Shuaiba’ in Jeddah. Quraysh were unable to capture
them as they reached the coast too late.
o This was the first batch of the Muslims that migrated to Abyssinia for the cause of Islam and left
behind their belongings, relatives and business.
➢ Incident of Surah An-Najam
o Few months later, the first batch returned back to Makkah because of a rumor that Makkans had
embraced Islam.
o due to Prophet (SAW)’s recitation of Surah Najam near Kabah, the idolaters also prostrated with
ayat tul Sajdah as the effect of divine words, ‘Prostrate yourselves before Allah, and serve
Him. (53:62)
o after confirmation that the rumor was untrue, some returned to Abyssinia, other stayed back in
protection of influential people.
➢ Second batch who Migrated to Abyssinia
o The Second Batch was consisted of 82 men and 18 women.
o It was led by the Prophet’s cousin, Ja’far Ibn Abi Talib (RA) and this group too managed
to flee from Makkah without their enemies noticing.
➢ Quraish tried to extradite the Emigrants
o Quraish got worried of possible growth of Islam.
o They sent a delegation to Negus to get the Muslim Emigrants back.

o Quraysh delegation was consisted of ‘’Amr ibn Aas’’ and ‘’Abdullah ibn Abi Rabiah’’
o They bribed the bishop to get access to the King.
o After presenting gifts from Arabia, they requested to expel Muslims from Abyssinia as they
had abandoned the religion of their forefathers and their leader was preaching a different
religion which was neither theirs nor the religion of king Negus.

➢ Negus Interviews the Muslims

o Negus was a just ruler; he decided to hear both the sides; therefore, he summoned
influential Muslim personalities. Some of them were Jafar bin Abi Talib (RA), Usman bin
Affan (RA).
o Negus questioned them about their religion.

➢ Jaffer Abi Abu Talib’s Speech and Recitation

o Jaffar bin Abu Talib (RA) represented the Muslim.
o He gave a satisfactory speech in defence of Islam.
o He said, ‘O, King! We were ignorant people; we worshipped idols, ate carrion and
committed all sorts of injustices; brother wronged his brother and the strong
exploited the weak.’
o Jafar ibn Abi Talib (RA) further said that this was the time when a nobleman, Muhammad
(SAW), arose from amongst them. He ordered them to forsake idol worshipping and
shedding unnecessary blood and help the poor and the weak people.
o He recited some verses of Surah Maryam on Negus demand.
➢ Negus’s Response
o Negus overcame with emotions, tears rolled from his eyes.
o He said, “By God, these words and the words of the Bible are the rays of the same
light.’’
o Negus refused to hand over refugees to Quraysh.
o He ordered to return their gifts too so the two envoys left for Arabia in great shame.
o Negus granted full permission to the Muslims to live happily in his country.
o The Quraish wanted the Muslims to return back to Makkah but after the positive response
of Negus to the Muslims, the Quraish were dishearten. However, one negative effect is that
the Quraish became more hostile to Muslims.

➢ Outcomes
This event is very significant in the history of Islam for several reasons. Some of them are:
o After the migration, the Muslims were in a safe haven where they could live in peace and
harmony.
o This was the first success of the Muslims against the Quraish.
o The Muslims had a chance to spread their religion out of Arabia.
o This migration provided the idea of an even bigger migration, the migration to Madinah in
the future.

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 10th Year of Prophethood - Journey to Taif
➢ Background
o Preaching of Islam in Makkah wasn’t progressive and growing anymore.
o Quraish’s constant hostility for 10 years, three years of boycott and death of his two supporters
disheartened the Holy Prophet (SAW)
o due to lack of security, after Abu Talib’s death continuation of his mission in Makkah wasn’t safe.
➢ Prophet’s (SAW) Plan to visit Taif
o Prophet (SAW) looked out of Makkah to preach
o Taif, is a city, 60 miles from Makkah, populated by the Banu Thaqeef, the second largest tribe in
Arabia.
o Zaid bin Haritha (RA) accompanied him. They began this journey with full of hope.
➢ Rude Rejection of people of Taif and persecution
o Prophet (SAW) approached leaders of Taif. They were three brothers whose names were Habib,
Mas’ud and Abd Yalail, sons of Amr Bin Ummaya and invited them to Islam
o The three brothers refuse to accept his teachings and insulted him.
o Prophet (SAW) stayed in Taif for ten days and delivered the message of Islam to all of the noble
and common people, one after another, but all to no avail.
o The street hooligans and other residents hooted on Mohammad (SAW), tried to strangle him and
laughed at him.
o They also pelted stones on Prophet (SAW)'s feet; whenever he raised his feet, they stoned him
and forced him to flee from the city.
o His feet became so injured that his shoes got filled with blood, the Prophet (SAW) sat down due
to pain. The cursed hooligans forced him to stand back. Then just as Prophet (SAW) raised his
feet they pelted stones on him and laughed.
o Zaid bin Harith (RA) tried to shield Prophet (SAW) and came in front of him. He also got badly
hurt as his head was severely wounded.
o The mob continued to chase the Prophet (SAW) and his companion until they were driven to the
outskirts of the city.
➢ Refuge in an orchard
o Prophet (SAW) along with Zaid bin Haritha (RA), took shelter in a garden.
o There he prayed to Allah for help and support, using heart touching words known as Du’aa Al
Mustad.
o O, God! To you alone, I complain of my weakness, my insufficient ability and my
insignificance before the people. You are the most merciful and the Lord of the helpless
and the weak.

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o This orchard was a property of two brothers, Utbah and Shaybah, who were the sons of
Rabee'ah. Having compassion and mercy, Rabiah's two sons sent their Christian slave, Addas,
to him with a tray of grapes.
o The Christian boy belonged to Nineveh, the city of Yunus (AS). On hearing about Yunus (AS) from
Mohammad (SAW), Addas anxiously asked if Mohammad (SAW) knew anything about him. He
(SAW) remarked: "He is my brother. He was a Prophet & so am I".
o Thereafter, Addas paid homage to Prophet (SAW) and kissed his head, hands and feet.
o The two, Mohammad (SAW) and Zaid (RA), relaxed there and nursed their wounds.
➢ Journey Back to Makkah
The Prophet (SAW) and Zayd (RA) set out on the way back to Makkah.
➢ appearance of Angels at Qarn AI-Manaazil
o When he reached, Qarn Al- Manaazil, Angel Jabril appeared, with angel mountains and asked for
permission to bury the people of Taif as punishment.
o But Prophet (SAW) showed great model of mercy and forgave them.
o The kind-hearted Prophet (SAW) replied, “No, I hope Allah will bring forth from them those
who will worship Allah alone and will not associate anything with Him.”
➢ Incident of Waadee Nakhlah
o on the way back to Makkah, Prophet (SAW) halted to offer prayer at the valley of Nakhlah
o Due to his heart touching recitation of Quran, a group of Jinns embraced Islam. This incident is
mentioned in surah Al-Ahqaf.
➢ Seeking Protection and entrance in Makkah
o They stopped at Hira as it was not safe to enter Makkah defenceless.
o seeking their security & protection to enter in Makkah, Prophet (SAW) sent messenger to notable
members such as Akhtas bin Shariq & Suhail bin Amr but they refused
o Finally, Prophet (SAW) managed to enter in Makkah under the protection of Mut’im bin Adi and
his sons. He went home after visiting Kabah.
➢ Conclusion
o The Holy Prophet (SAW) never lost hope which serves as a lesson to Muslims that the help and
support of Allah comes after difficulties.
o Prophet (SAW) showed that Muslims should remain steadfast and they should always seek the
help and support of Allah as he himself demonstrated.

➢ Significance of Prophet’s (SAW) Journey to Taif

o The significance is that this journey encouraged the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to carry out his
mission of preaching Islam because the help of Allah by sending angel Jibrael (AS) was motivating.
o Prophet displayed the utmost degree of mercy and forgiveness which indicated the peace-loving
nature of the Prophet, proving that Islam is a religion of peace which encourages forgiveness.
o Prophet (SAW) came across the fact that he has to adopt a different strategy and therefore, he
turned his attention towards the pilgrims from Yathrib. This led to the great migration to Madinah
of the Muslims.
o This visit was also significant because Allah Almighty took the Holy Prophet (SAW) to the journey
of Isra and Mi’raj to encourage the Prophet to carry out his task.

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MIRACULOUS NIGHT JOURNEY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (SAW) –
ISRAA’ & MI’RAJ

Page 5 of 17
 10th Year of Prophethood – Isra and Miraj

➢ Back ground
o Isra’ and Mi’raj took place during a time when the Prophet (SAW) was facing intense
hardship and pain.
o Tenth year of prophet hood is known as Amm ul Huzn due the death of Khadijah (RA) & Abu
Talib.
o A Divine consolation after a sequence of hardships in Makkah and Taif.
o A miraculous experience which elevated Prophet (SAW) ‘s strength and encouraged to continue
his mission.
o The Night Journey and the Ascension were physical experiences, of both the body & the soul.
o Rajab 27th, tenth year of Prophethood (sources indicate different dates too)

➢ First Phase: Isra means night journey

o Isra means night journey which was from Kabah in Makkah to Bait Al-Maqdis in Jerusalem.

Verse of surah Al- Isra-17:1

o The Holy Quran states this event, ‘’Exalted is He who took His Servant by night from al-
Masjid al-haram to al-Masjid al- Aqsa, whose surroundings We have blessed, to show
him of Our signs, Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Seeing.’’ (Surah Isra -17:1)

Arrival of Jibrail (AS) and Shaq ul Sadar

o Prophet (SAW) was asleep in Hatim, Angel Jibrael (AS) descended on Kabah with a Buraq
o Prophet’s chest was opened, heart was washed with Zam Zam and filled with wisdom and
belief. This event is known as Shaq-ul-Sadar.

The Heavenly Animal - Buraq

o They travelled from kabah to Al-Aqsa, on a heavenly ride called Buraq which is an animal
bigger than a mule and smaller than donkey.
o Once there, He (SAW) tied the Buraq to ring at the door of Masjid Aqsa as practiced by past
Prophets.

Leading of Prayer in Masjid Al-Aqsa

o He found all the previous prophets assembled there and he led them in prayer of two rakahs.
Therefore Prophet (SAW) is known as Imam ul Anbiyah too.

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 Hospitality of Angel Jibrail (AS)
o Angel Jibrail (AS) brought two vessels one filled with milk and other with wine. He was asked
to choose between milk and wine, and he chose the milk, to which Jibrail said, “You have been
guided on the fitra (natural nature)” (Muslim)

➢ Second Phase: Miraj - Ascension to seven Heavens

o Miraj means Ascension to seven Heavens that was from Bait ul Muqadas in Jerusalem to
Heaven.

Meeting with previous Prophets on seven levels of Heaven

o Prophet (SAW) was taken to all the seven heavens one by one.
o At lowest heaven, the guardian angel asked Jibrail (AS) for identity.
o Every time they reached a heaven, Jibrail (AS) asked for the gate to be opened and so it
was. Each Prophet greeted him and expressed faith in his Prophethood.
o First level of Heaven met Adam (AS) sitting with large group of people on his both sides.
Adam (AS) looked towards the souls of his descendent on right side and laughed as they
were inhabitants of Paradise. He looked towards the souls on left side and wept as they
were inhabitants of Hell.
o Second level saw two cousins, Yahya bin Zakariya (AS) and Isa Ibn Maryam (AS).
o on third level met Yusuf (AS)
o on fourth level met Idrees (AS)
o on fifth level of Heaven met Haroon (AS)
o on sixth level Musa (AS) awaited the Prophet (SAW)

Bait tul Mamoor

o on seventh level met Ibrahim (AS) who was resting against Bait Al- Ma`moor.
o It is a house, which is located in the 7th heaven, directly above the Kaaba (Allah’s house).
70,000 angels visit this house daily and say their prayers as well as it will continue until the
o
day of Judgement. (Sahih al-Bukhari & Sahih Muslim)
Sidrat Al-Muntaha
o Prophet (SAW) led up to Sidrat – Al – Muntaha. It is a Lote tree and it is the end of the 7th
heaven.
o Jibrael (AS) stopped here as he could not go beyond this, Jibrael (AS) appeared to Prophet
(SAW) here in original form for 2nd time.

Honours and Gifts for Ummah in Divine Presence

o The Prophet (SAW) was presented to the Divine Presence (The Almighty Allah)
o Prophet (SAW) could not actually look upon Him.
o Allah SWT blessed Prophet (SAW) with three gifts,
1) last two verses of Surah Al Baqarah,
2) remission of Ummah’s sin if did not commit Shirk
3) Salah, 50 times a day.

Page 7 of 17
 Role of Musa (AS) for reduction in number of daily prayers.
o On his return, Prophet (SAW) met Musa (AS) and informed about fifty prayers a day who
advised him to have the prayers reduced.
o Prophet (SAW) went back until the fifity prayers reduced to five daily prayers. When Hazrat
Musa (AS) suggested him to get it reduced further, Prophet (SAW) said, “I have requested
so much of my Lord that I feel ashamed, but I am satisfied now and surrender to Allah's
Order.' Sahih al-Bukhari 3887
o Later, Jibrail (AS) taught the Prophet (SAW) to perform the five daily prayers.

o
o
o

o
o
o

Observation of Prophet (SAW) at Heaven

o Prophet (SAW) met the met angel Malik (As), the in charge of Hell who had a cheerless
face. Prophet (SAW) was shown Paradise, river of Kawthar and the Hell.
o He also saw the people in miserable condition for their misdeeds such as who use to take
property of orphans and Riba.

➢ Response of People of Makkah to the miraculous Night Journey

o Prophet (SAW) returned to Makkah before dawn, this all took place in one night, and when
the Prophet told the people, the Quraysh laughed at him.
o After his return to Makkah from the Miraj, the Prophet (SAW) described to the people what
had happened to him the previous night.
o There were many who doubted his journey thinking that it was an illusion or a dream.
o They mocked him, saying, "We need a month to get there and back, and you are claiming
to have done all this in one night?"

➢ Evidence of the Journey by Prophet (SAW)

o Prophet (SAW) described AI -Aqsa Mosque and its surroundings in great detail!
o He told them about two caravans, he had overtaken on the way Jerusalem and back and
said where they were and about when they might be expected to arrive in Makkah; and each
arrived as predicted, and the details were as he had described.
o He told them about a stray camel of some shepherds and how he had directed them to
where it was! When these shepherds came back, they told their people what happened to
them--precisely as the Prophet had already told them.

➢ Unwavering faith of Abu Bakr (RA)

o Quraysh said to Abu Bakr (RA), "Look at what your companion is saying. He says he went
to Jerusalem and came back in one night."
o Abu Bakr (RA) told them, "If he (Muhammad (SAW) said that, then he is speaking the
truth.
o Bakr (RA), was called "as-Siddique" because of how strongly he believed all what the
Prophet (SAW) said.
o The believers were very impressed and rejoiced. The wonderful event deepened their faith

Page 8 of 17
 Pledges of Aqabah

th th
11 to 13 Year of Prophethood

11th to 13th Year of Prophethood – Pledges of Aqabah

➢ Background
o Makkans had constant hostility against Islam.
o Prophet (SAW) was devastated after the experience of Taif but he did not lose hope.

➢ 11th Year of Prophethood, During Hajj Season

o Prophet preached Islam to the people who came for Hajj during 11th year of Prophethood.
o A group of Six men from khazraj (Yathrib) in Mina, embraced Islam.
o This proved to be a turning point in the history of Islam.
o The awareness about Islam begins to spread in Yathrib through the people who visited.
o People of Yathrib knew about upcoming prophet through Jews tribes. This was one of the
reasons for their positive response towards Prophet (SAW)’s call.
➢ The First Pledge of Aqabah
o In 12th year of Prophethood, a group of Twelve men arrived during Hajj season.
o There were 10 people from the Khazraj and 2 from the Aws tribe.
o Six were the same people who embraced Islam last year.
o They met Prophet (SAW) at Aqabah, a place in the valley of Mina.
o They took an oath at the hand of Prophet (SAW) which was called ‘The First Pledge of
Aqabah’

Terms of the First pledge are as follows:

▪ not to associate partners with Allah

▪ not to steal or commit adultery
▪ not to kill their children
▪ not to slander anyone in any way
▪ not to disobey the Prophet (SAW) in what is right

▪ It was a very significant development. People who took pledge were the influential men of
Madinah.
▪ The group of twelve men returned to Madinah.

Mus'ab ibn Umayr (RA), First Muslim Ambassador

▪ Prophet (SAW) sent Mus'ab ibn Umayr (RA) with them to teach people about Islam.
▪ His tactfulness, good manners, diplomacy and hard work won the allegiance of many leading
men of the Aws and the Khazraj. Finally, Islam entered in every family of Yathri

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➢ The Second Pledge of Aqabah

o 13th year of Prophethood, during Hajj season, seventy-five people, 73 men and 2
women from Yathrib came to visit Prophet (SAW).
o A secret meeting was held at night at the place called Al –Aqabah.
o Prophet (SAW) ‘s uncle Abbas ibn Al-Mutalib accompanied him in this pledge.
o The believers from Yathrib invited the Prophet (SAW) to migrate to their city as their
leader.

o AI-Abbas ibn Al Mutalib warned them of the consequences and he demanded an

unwavering pledge for the support & protection of the Prophet (SAW).
o AI-Baraa' ibn Ma'roor, the spokesman of the group promised to put their own lives
in danger to protect the Prophet (SAW)’s life.
o Ka’ab ibn Malik Al-Ansar (RA) narrated, The Prophet (SAW) reciting Quran, supplicating
Allah, encouraging the people to enter Islam, and then said,‘I will take a pledge from
you for you to protect me like you protect your women and children.’
o Then Al-Baraa ibn Maroor took the Prophet’s hand and said, ‘Yes, by Him Who sent you
with the truth (as a Prophet), we will protect you like we protect ourselves and
families.’
o Therefore, the Prophet (SAW) took his pledge. Al-Baraa continued, ‘By Allah, we are sons
of war, and the weapons of war are like toys in our hands; we have inherited this from
our forefathers.’

Prophet (SAW)’s assurance of lifelong stay in Yathrib

o Abul Haitham At-Taihan said: "O Prophet of Allah! Between us and the Jews, there are
agreements which we would then break. If Allah grants you power and victory, should we
expect that you would not leave us and join the ranks of your people (meaning Quraish)?"
o The Prophet smiled and assured his stay with people of Yathrib by saying,
“Nay, it would never be; your blood will be my blood. In life and death, I will be with
you and you with me. I will fight whom you fight and I will make peace with those
with whom you make peace."

o All the people pledged at the hand of Prophet (SAW) which was called ‘The Second
Pledge of Aqabah’

Terms of the Second Pledge are as follows

▪ to listen and obey in all sets of circumstances

▪ to spend in times of ease and hardships
▪ to enjoin good and forbid evil
▪ to serve the cause of Allah in all circumstances without fearing the blame of
anyone
▪ to support and protect Prophet (SAW) against whatever they would protect
themselves, their spouses and children.

Page 10 of 17
Appointment of Twelve Chiefs and their responsibilities

o Twelve Chiefs, nine from the Khazraj & three from the Aws were appointed by Prophet
(SAW)
o Following were the responsibilities of the chiefs.
1. They were supposed to promote Islam in their respective areas.
2. They were responsible to deal the affairs of community.
3. The duty of the deputy was manifold: he would be the leader of the prayer, the teacher of
the Qur'an, the arbiter in disputes, the adviser and commander on the battleground.

Conclusion
o Prophet (SAW) directed his companions to migrate to Yathrib even those who were in
Abyssinia.
o The pledges of Al Aqabah gave hope to the Muslims and the prophet to migrate as they
found support and protection from a different but willing source.

Page 11 of 17
 Migration to Madinah

➢ Back ground
o Muslims were not safe due to the constant hostility of Makkan.
o After the invitation of the people of Yathrib during the second Pledges of Aqabah, The Prophet
allowed his followers to migrate to Yathrib. Makkan Muslims started migrating individually and in
small groups.
o Abu bakr (RA), Ali (RA) stayed for Prophet (SAW) who was waiting for Allah’s order.
o When the Quraish got to know, they gathered at Dar-un-Nadwa and unanimously decided to
assassinate the Prophet.

➢ Prophet (SAW) leaves his house in night

o Allah (SWT) informed the prophet (SAW) about this plot through a revelation and permitted him to
leave.
o And [remember, O Muhammad], when those who disbelieved plotted against you to restrain
you or kill you or evict you [from Makkah]. But they plan, and Allah plans. And Allah is the
best of planners. (Surah Al-Anfal- 8:30)
o Prophet (SAW) asked Ali to sleep in his bed to deceive the Quraish and also to return the valuable
people had kept with the Prophet.
o By that time the band of eleven assassins had already gathered at the Prophet’s door.
o Fully relying upon Allah (SWT), the Messenger of Allah left his house with his hands full of soil and
he sprinkled the soil over the heads of the conspirators while reciting verses from Surah Ya-seen.
“We have made before them a barrier and a barrier behind them, so We have covered them
over so that they cannot see.” (Surah Yaseen-36:9)
o Miraculously unseen by the Band of eleven assassins, he left for Abu Bakr (RA)’s house.

➢ Abu Bakr's preparations

o Abu Bakr (RA) who stayed behind for the sake of the Prophet (SAW) was overjoyed to accompany
him in this sacred journey so that he could accompany him.
o He had bought two she-camels, and made other preparations for the journey already such as hired
a trustworthy guide, Abdullah bin Uryqat to take them from usual route for safety.
o Prophet (SAW) paid and took one she-camel, Al Qaswa.

Page 12 of 17
 ➢ Three Days and Nights stay in the Cave
o At night in the cover of darkness, the Holy Prophet and Abu Bakr left Makkah, but they did not take
the road to Yathrib. They moved in the opposite direction, and took refuge in a cave in Mount Thaur,
which is about five miles away in south of Makkah.
o Abu Bakr (RA) entered in the cave first, cleaned the place and stuffed the holes.
o Prophet (SAW) slept with his head on Abu Bakr (RA)’s lap.

➢ Abu Baker (RA) and his whole family’ supported during stay in cave.
o During the day, Abdullah the son of Abu Bakr would listen to the plans and talks of the Quraish, and
at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave.
o Asma the daughter of Abu Bakr brought them meals every day.
o Aamir ibn Fuhayrah, a servant of Abu Bakr would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave
every night to graze the family flock around the cave with the purpose to provide fresh eve’s milk
and to remove the footprints made by Abdullah and Asma (RA).

➢ Quraish announcement
o When the Quraish came to know that the Holy Prophet had left Makkah they were much disturbed.
They offered a reward of a hundred she camels to anyone who found the Holy Prophet and brought
him back to Makkah.

➢ Divine protection in cave

o Abu Bakr (RA) was tense when a band of Makkans reached close to the cave.
o Allah's Messenger (SAW) consoled him, and said, "Fear not, for Allah is with us.”
o This event is referred to in the Holy Quran in the following terms: "He being the second of the two
o When they were in the cave, and when Muhammad said to his companion, 'Grieve not, surely
God is with us'. Then God came to their help. And protected them with an army Which they
saw not." {9:40}
o Allah ordered a tree to grow at the mouth of the cave to cover it.
o Two wild pigeons were ordered to sit in front of the cave one of which laid eggs.
o A spider was inspired to weave a web at the mouth of the cave.
o When the men of Quraysh came holding their staffs and swords, they stood by the cave and looked
around and they saw the pigeons with their eggs and the spider web.
o They figured that if the Prophet and his companion had entered the cave, they would have destroyed
the eggs and the web, so they turned back and left defeated.

➢ Journey to Yath'rib– Third Night

o Third night, the guide Abdullah bin Uraiqat joined them.
o Abu Bakr (RA)’s slave Amir bin Fuhayra brought the she camels.
o The party consisting of the Holy Prophet, Abu Bakr, a servant Amir bin Fuhayra, and a guide set
of by a indirect route to Yathrib by way of Tihama on the coast of the Red Sea.

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➢ Rest at the tents of Umm Ma’bad on the outskirts of Qadid
o On their way, they passed by Umm Ma’bad’s tent.
o They wanted to refresh themselves with some food and milk.
o The lady apologized for lack of hospitality due to a severe drought.
o With her permission, Prophet (SAW) milked the only goat in her camp.
o Miraculously, milk poured out in copious flow, from which the migrating party and Umm Ma’bad
refreshed.
(She is noted in history of Islam for providing a physical description of Prophet (SAW) in the most
eloquent, precise and befitting manner)
➢ Met Buraidah bin al Husaib (RA), who embraced Islam with 80 his tribesmen.

➢ The Story of Suraaqah ibn Maalik

o He tracked them and began to pursue them in hope of reward.
o But he had to abandon this chase, as his horse stumbled and fell down thrice and realized that
prophet (SAW) and his party is protected from him by Divine Power.
o He called out loudly, swearing that he intended no harm.
o He pledged that he would not disclose their whereabouts to the Quraysh.

(The Prophet (SAW) forgave him and confirmed this with a token written on a piece of parchment.
Suraaqah used the document as a token at the time of the conquest of Makkah to gain access to the
Prophet (SAW) and declare his acceptance of Islam)

o Prophet (SAW) spent about eleven days on his journey to the city.
o Three concealed in the cave and eight on the little-used road.

➢ Arrival at Quba- The first Masjid of Islam

o It was almost midday when the Prophet (SAW) & Abu Bakr (RA) reached Qubaa on the outskirts
of the city.
o People of Madinah had been waiting patiently.
o A Jew happened to see the them arriving from distance (Fulfilling the prophecy in Torah). He
called out the people of Yathrib.
o People rushed to greet Prophet (SAW) enthusiastically.
o He stayed at Qubaa for fourteen days where he laid the foundation of Qubaa, the first Mosque
on earth.
o Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) caught up with the Prophet (SAW) in Qubaa'
➢ The First Friday Prayer & Sermon
o On his way, he offered the first Friday prayer in the valley of Bani Salim, leading about a hundred
Muslims.
➢ Prophet (SAW) enters Madinah
o Prophet (SAW) received a warm reception by people of Yathrib.
o For Seven months prophet (SAW) stayed in the house of Abu Ayyub Ansari till the building of
Masjid ul Nabvi & his own apartments.

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 Prophet (SAW)’s experiences in cave of Hira & Thawr

➢ Introduction
▪ General introduction of both caves

The Cave of Hira

➢ Location and Significance of the Cave of Hira
➢ Background of the Event occurred in the Cave of Hira

➢ Main Event (Call of Prophethood) in the Cave of Hira

• Three commandments & Prophet (SAW)’s response
• Revelation of first five verses of Surah Al Alaq

➢ Conclusion/ Importance

The Cave of Thawr

➢ Location and Significant of the Cave of Thawr→ Quranic reference

➢ Background of the Event occurred in the Cave of Thawr

➢ Main Event (Divine Help) in the Cave of Thawr

Divine help through spider’s web and bird’s nest
Caves security paved the way of smooth migration

➢ Conclusion/ Importance

Page 15 of 17
 Prophet (SAW)’s experience of caves

Answer must begin with the general introduction and details about each event as mentioned in the outline.

➢ General Introduction of both Caves

In the life of Prophet SAW, the two of the caves, cave of Hira and cave of Thawr hold a
significance importance due the momentous event that occurred in them. These are the
landmarks where Prophets SAW major turning points occurred in his life, such as the beginning
of Islam from the cave of Hira and support of divine help in the cave of Thawr when his life in
danger.
The Cave of Hira

➢ Location and Significance of the Cave of Hira

The cave of Hira is located outside the Makkah, in the Jabal Al-Nour Mountain which is also known
as “Mountain of Light”. The cave is situated on the top of the mountain which has a height of 634
meters. It is 4 km away from the Holy Kaaba. This was the place where prophet (SAW) used to
meditate before his prophethood and where he received the first five verses of surah Alaq as a
divine revelation in the month of Ramadan, at the night of power called ‘laylatul Qadr’.
➢ Background of the Event occurred in the Cave of Hira
In year 610, when Prophet SAW was 40 years old, when the period of solitude increased in the cave,
Prophet SAW received the first divine revelation in the cave of Hira. It was the month of Ramadan
and the night of power as mentioned in the Quran, “Indeed, ˹it is˺ We ˹Who˺ sent this ˹Quran˺
down on the Night of Glory.” (97:1).

➢ Main Event (Call of Prophethood) in the Cave of Hira

o One night when the Prophet was in deep meditation in the Cave of Hira, Hazrat Jibreel visited him
in the form of man and asked him to “Read!” to which the Prophet said, “I cannot read!” At this
angel hugged and squeezed him so hard that he thought that he would die of suffocation. He was
then released.
o The angel again said, ‘’Read.’’ Muhammad (SAW) again gave the same reply. The
angel squeezed him harder and released him.

o The angel asked him third time, ’Read.’’ Muhammad (SAW) repeated his reply, ‘’I am
not a reader.’’ The angel hugged him even harder for third time. Prophet (SAW)’s fear of
suffocation increased, so he asked, ‘’what shall I read’’. The angel then released him saying
first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq.

1. Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of congealed
blood: 3. Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5.
Taught man what he did not know. He recited these verses after the angle and felt as though
the words were written on his heart.

➢ Conclusion/ Importance
In the cave of Hira, prophet SAW did not just receive the first revelation but he also met angel Jibril
for the first time. He also saw the real appearance of angel Jibril outside the cave when he rushed
back home. The beginning of Islam and prophethood started from the cave of Hira which makes the
cave a significant land mark for the Muslims.

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 The cave of Thawr

➢ Location and Significant of the Cave of Thawr

o The cave of Thawr is located in the lower part of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, in the south of Misfalah
district. The cave of Thawr is known for the awe-inspiring miracles that happened during Prophet
Muhammad (SAW)’s Hijrah – migration from Makkah to Madinah.
o Describing this scene Allah (SWT) mentions in Surah Taubah:
o “If ye help not (your leader), (it is no matter): for Allah did indeed help him, when the
Unbelievers drove him out: he had no more than one companion; they two were in the
cave, and he said to his companion, “Have no fear, for Allah is with us”: then Allah sent
down His peace upon him, and strengthened him with forces which they saw not, and
humbled to the depths the word of the Unbelievers. But the word of Allah is exalted to the
heights: for Allah is Exalted in might, Wise. “[9:40]
➢ Background of the Event occurred in the Cave of Thawr
o In year 622, When Prophet (SAW) was 52 years old, they decided to migrate to Yathrib.
o When the Prophet was about to migrate with his companion Abu Bakr, he was fiercely chased by
Quraish troops. The idolaters of Makkah had declared a reward on the Prophet’s head and
promised reward to anyone who caught him dead or alive.
o It was at this time when the Prophet was being surrounded by soldiers from all directions, he took
refuge in the Cave of Thawr.
Main Event (Divine Help) in the Cave of Thawr
o Abu Bakr (RA) entered in the cave first, cleaned the place, stuffed the holes. While Prophet (SAW)
was with his head on Abu Bakr (RA)’s lap, Abu Bakr was bitten by a scorpion or snake but did not
cry out, fearing he would wake Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. Pain was so intense that tears began to run down his
cheeks and on to the Prophet’s face. Prophet (SAW) woke up and applied his spittle on the injury
and pain disappeared. They remained hidden in the cave for three consecutive nights.
o Abu Baker (RA) and his family’ support during stay in cave.
o His son, Abdullah bin Abu Baker, bring them news of the Quraysh, his daughter, Asma provide
fresh provisions and his slave, Amir ibn Fuhayrah to graze the family flock around the cave to
provide fresh eve’s milk and to remove the footprints made by Abdullah and Asmaa (RA)
➢ Divine protection in cave of Thawr
o In order to safeguard His beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and follower Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA),
Allah SWT ordered a spider to spin a web at the entrance of Ghar Thawr and a pair of doves to
make a nest and lay some eggs between the spider and tree. In short, miraculously, Allah SWT
made the cave seem like no one had entered it for days.
o Abu Bakr (RA) was tense when a band of Makkans reached close to the cave
o Allah's Messenger (SAW) said, “What do you think of the two with whom Allah is the third?”
o The Quraysh, on seeing the dove’s nest and spider’s web, concluded that no one could have
entered the cave, and so they went back.
o They left cave of thawr third night and made their way towards Yathrib, escorted by a trustworthy
guide, Abdullah bin Uryqat.

➢ Conclusion/ Importance
o Stay in the cave of Thawr, provided a chance of safe migration. If Mohammad (SAW) had failed
in escaping from Makkah, Islam could not survive. He could not establish a model Islamic state
in Madinah without this migration.

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