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Lecture 24

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Hydrology (CIVL:3750)

Lecture 24
Groundwater – Flows

Winnipeg, MB - 2024
Hydrology (CIVL:3750)

Learning Objectives
After this session, students should be able to:
• List differences between aquifers and aquicludes
• Define the concept of Transmissivity (T)
• Define the concept of Storativity (S)
• Describe the relation between equipotential pressure lines and
groundwater flows
• Illustrate and explain the major features of the hydrogeology of
Manitoba
• Describe major groundwater flow systems in Manitoba
• Associate regional groundwater flows with surface-subsurface flow
interactions
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater Age

Shallow Groundwater
Once again Basic Definitions
Aquifer: A lithological unit(s) capable of yielding water to pumped wells or springs

Aquiclude: Same as confining bed


Aquifuge: Zero permeability confining bed
Aquitard: Very Low permeability confining bed
Aquifer Characterization
… when a pump is turned on in a well the water level in the well
casing (and the hydraulic head) is reduced, causing ground water
to flow from the aquifer into the well.

Aquifers are characterized in


relation to:

1) Their ability to store water

2) Their ability to transmit


water to a nearby well
Aquifer Characterization
… from our previous lecture
Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of a material's capacity to transmit water. It is defined as a constant
of proportionality relating the specific discharge of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient in
Darcy's law:

q=−Ki

where q is specific discharge [L/T], K is hydraulic conductivity [L/T] and i is hydraulic gradient
[dimensionless]. Coefficient of permeability is another term for hydraulic conductivity.

Now, a more useful description of the aquifer ability to yield water

Transmissivity is the rate of flow under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit width of aquifer of given
saturated thickness. The transmissivity of an aquifer is related to its hydraulic conductivity as follows:

T=Kb

where T is transmissivity [L2/T] and b is aquifer thickness [L].


Aquifer Characterization
Transmissivity is a measure of the ease with which an aquifer transmits water
Aquifer Characterization
Transmissivity is a measure of the ease with which an aquifer transmits water
Aquifer Characterization
How much of the water flows out?
The storativity of an aquifer is defined as the volume of water released from storage per unit surface
area of a confined aquifer (or aquitard) per unit decline in hydraulic head. Storativity is also known by
the terms coefficient of storage and storage coefficient.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAQtkXKjwzw
Aquifer Characterization

Specific Yield of Major aquifers


Groundwater Basin
Tridimensional control volume bounded by
topography controlled flow lines and geological formations

Hubbert (1940)
Darcy’s Law

𝑑ℎ

𝑑𝑙
Darcy’s Law

𝑑ℎ

𝑑𝑙
Groundwater Basin
Under high-recharge conditions, groundwater is subdued replica of topography
Groundwater Basin
Basin extent is also controlled by recharge discharge zones
Groundwater Basin
… and depth of bedrock
Stratigraphy of Manitoba
Stratigraphy of Manitoba

https://www.manitoba.ca/iem/geo/field/roa09pdfs/GS-21.pdf
Stratigraphy of Manitoba

https://www.manitoba.ca/iem/geo/field/roa09pdfs/GS-21.pdf
Stratigraphy of Manitoba

https://www.manitoba.ca/iem/geo/field/roa09pdfs/GS-21.pdf
Stratigraphy of Manitoba
Stratigraphy of Manitoba
Groundwater Flows of Manitoba
Groundwater Flows of Manitoba
Groundwater Flows of Manitoba
Groundwater Flows of Manitoba
Hydrology (CIVL:3750)

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