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java ™
Third Edition
S O F T WA R E S T R U C T U R E S
Designing and Using Data Structures
This page intentionally left blank
java ™

S O F T WA R E S T R U C T U R E S
Third Edition

Designing and Using Data Structures

JOHN LEWIS
V i r g i n i a Te c h

JOSEPH CHASE
Radford University

Addison-Wesley
New York Boston San Francisco
London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid
Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal
 Editor-in-Chief Michael Hirsch
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Managing Editor Jeffrey Holcomb
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Text Design, Nesbitt Graphics, Inc. Jerilyn Bockorick, Alisha Webber
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The programs and applications presented in this book have been included for their instructional value. They have been tested
with care, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties or representations,
nor does it accept any liabilities with respect to the programs or applications.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lewis, John, 1963-
Java software structures : designing and using data structures / John
Lewis, Joseph Chase. -- 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-13-607858-6 (alk. paper)
1. Java (Computer program language) 2. Data structures (Computer science)
3. Computer software--Development. I. Chase, Joseph. II. Title.
QA76.73.J38L493 2009
005.13'3--dc22
2009000302

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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Addison Wesley
is an imprint of
ISBN-13: 978-013-607858-6
ISBN-10: 0-13-607858-3

www.pearsonhighered.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10–EB–13 12 11 10 09
 To my wife Sharon and my kids:
Justin, Kayla, Nathan, and Samantha
–J. L.

To my loving wife Melissa for her support and encouragement

and to our families, friends, colleagues, and students who have provided
so much support and inspiration through the years.
–J. C.
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
This book is designed to serve as a text for a course on data structures and algo-
rithms. This course is typically referred to as the CS2 course because it is often
taken as the second course in a computing curriculum. We have designed this
book to embrace the tenets of Computing Curricula 2001 (CC2001).
Pedagogically, this book follows the style and approach of the leading CS1
book Java Software Solutions: Foundations of Program Design, by John Lewis
and William Loftus. Our book uses many of the highly regarded features of that
book, such as the Key Concept boxes and complete code examples. Together,
these two books support a solid and consistent approach to either a two-course
or three-course introductory sequence for computing students. That said, this
book does not assume that students have used Java Software Solutions in a previ-
ous course.
Material that might be presented in either course (such as recursion or sorting)
is presented in this book as well. We also include strong reference material pro-
viding an overview of object-oriented concepts and how they are realized in Java.
We understand the crucial role that the data structures and algorithms course
plays in a curriculum and we think this book serves the needs of that course well.

The Third Edition

We have made some key modifications in this third edition to enhance its peda-
gogy. The most important change is a fundamental reorganization of material that
is designed to create a cleaner flow of topics. Instead of having an early, large
chapter to review object-oriented concepts, we’ve included that material as an
appendix for reference. Then we review concepts as needed and appropriate in the
context of the implementation strategies discussed throughout the book and cite
the appropriate reference material. This not only links the topics in a timely fash-
ion but also demonstrates the usefulness of particular language constructs.
We’ve expanded the discussion of Analysis of Algorithms, and given it its own
chapter. The discussion, however, stays at an appropriately moderate level. Our
strategy is to motivate the concepts involved in the analysis of algorithms, laying
a solid foundation, rather than get embroiled in too much formality.
Another key organizational change is that the introduction to collections uses
a stack as the primary example. In previous editions of this book we went out of
vii
viii PREFA C E

our way to introduce collections in an abstract way that separated it from the core
data structures, using examples such as a bag or set collection. This new approach
capitalizes on the fact that a stack is conceptually about as straightforward as it
gets. Using it as a first example enhances the understanding of collections as a
whole.
The previous edition of the book had several chapters that focused on larger
case studies that made use of collections to solve non-trivial problems. While
many instructors found these useful, they also seemed to interrupt the flow of cov-
erage of core topics. Therefore we have taken the case study chapters out of the
book and put them on the web as supplementary resources. We encourage all
instructors to download and use these resources as they see fit.
Finally, for this edition we’ve reviewed and improved the discussions through-
out the book. We’ve expanded the discussion of graphs and reversed the order of
the graphs and hashing chapters to make a cleaner flow. And we’ve added a chap-
ter that specifically covers sets and maps.
We think these modifications build upon the strong pedagogy established by
previous editions and give instructors more opportunity and flexibility to cover
topics as they choose.

Our Approach
Books of this type vary greatly in their overall approach. Our approach is founded
on a few important principles that we fervently embraced. First, we present the
various collections explored in the book in a consistent manner. Second, we
emphasize the importance of sound software design techniques. Third, we organ-
ized the book to support and reinforce the big picture: the study of data structures
and algorithms. Let’s examine these principles further.

Consistent Presentation
When exploring a particular type of collection, we carefully address each of the
following issues in order:
1. Concept: We discuss the collection conceptually, establishing the services it
provides (its interface).
2. Use: We explore examples that illustrate how the particular nature of the
collection, no matter how it’s implemented, can be useful when solving
problems.
3. Implementation: We explore various implementation options for the
collection.
4. Analysis: We compare and contrast the implementations.
 P REFA C E ix

The Java Collections API is included in the discussion as appropriate. If there

is support for a particular collection type in the API, we discuss it and its imple-
mentation. Thus we embrace the API, but are not completely tied to it. And we
are not hesitant to point out its shortcomings.
The analysis is kept at a high level. We establish the concept of Big-Oh nota-
tion in Chapter 2 and use it throughout the book, but the analysis is more intu-
itive than it is mathematical.

Sound Program Design

Throughout the book, we keep sound software engineering practices a high pri-
ority. Our design of collection implementations and the programs that use them
follow consistent and appropriate standards.
Of primary importance is the separation of a collection’s interface from its under-
lying implementation. The services that a collection provides are always formally
defined in a Java interface. The interface name is used as the type designation of the
collection whenever appropriate to reinforce the collection as an abstraction.
In addition to practicing solid design principles, we stress them in the discus-
sion throughout the text. We attempt to teach both by example and by continual
reinforcement.

Clean Organization
The contents of the book have been carefully organized to minimize distracting
tangents and to reinforce the overall purpose of the book. The organization sup-
ports the book in its role as a pedagogical exploration of data structures and algo-
rithms as well as its role as a valuable reference.
The book can be divided into numerous parts: Part I consists of the first two
chapters and provides an introduction to the concept of a collection and analysis
of algorithms. Part II includes the next four chapters, which cover introductory
and underlying issues that affect all aspects of data structures and algorithms as
well as linear collections (stacks, queues, and lists). Part III covers the concepts of
recursion, sorting, and searching. Part IV covers the nonlinear collections (trees,
heaps, hashing, and graphs). Each type of collection, with the exception of trees,
is covered in its own chapter. Trees are covered in a series of chapters that explore
their various aspects and purposes.

Chapter Breakdown
Chapter 1 (Introduction) discusses various aspects of software quality and pro-
vides an overview of software development issues. It is designed to establish the
x PREFA C E

appropriate mindset before embarking on the details of data structure and algo-
rithm design.
Chapter 2 (Analysis of Algorithms) lays the foundation for determining the
efficiency of an algorithm and explains the important criteria that allow a devel-
oper to compare one algorithm to another in proper ways. Our emphasis in this
chapter is understanding the important concepts more than getting mired in heavy
math or formality.
Chapter 3 (Collections) establishes the concept of a collection, stressing the
need to separate the interface from the implementation. It also conceptually intro-
duces a stack, then explores an array-based implementation of a stack.
Chapter 4 (Linked Structures) discusses the use of references to create linked
data structures. It explores the basic issues regarding the management of linked
lists, and then defines an alternative implementation of a stack (introduced in
Chapter 3) using an underlying linked data structure.
Chapter 5 (Queues) explores the concept and implementation of a first-in, first-
out queue. Radix sort is discussed as an example of using queues effectively. The
implementation options covered include an underlying linked list as well as both
fixed and circular arrays.
Chapter 6 (Lists) covers three types of lists: ordered, unordered, and indexed.
These three types of lists are compared and contrasted, with discussion of the
operations that they share and those that are unique to each type. Inheritance is
used appropriately in the design of the various types of lists, which are imple-
mented using both array-based and linked representations.
Chapter 7 (Recursion) is a general introduction to the concept of recursion and
how recursive solutions can be elegant. It explores the implementation details of
recursion and discusses the basic idea of analyzing recursive algorithms.
Chapter 8 (Sorting and Searching) discusses the linear and binary search algo-
rithms, as well as the algorithms for several sorts: selection sort, insertion sort,
bubble sort, quick sort, and merge sort. Programming issues related to searching
and sorting, such as using the Comparable interface as the basis of comparing
objects, are stressed in this chapter. Searching and sorting that are based in par-
ticular data structures (such as heap sort) are covered in the appropriate chapter
later in the book.
Chapter 9 (Trees) provides an overview of trees, establishing key terminology
and concepts. It discusses various implementation approaches and uses a binary
tree to represent and evaluate an arithmetic expression.
Chapter 10 (Binary Search Trees) builds off of the basic concepts established in
Chapter 9 to define a classic binary search tree. A linked implementation of a
binary search tree is examined, followed by a discussion of how the balance in the
 P REFA C E xi

tree nodes is key to its performance. That leads to exploring AVL and red/black
implementations of binary search trees.
Chapter 11 (Priority Queues and Heaps) explores the concept, use, and imple-
mentations of heaps and specifically their relationship to priority queues. A heap
sort is used as an example of its usefulness as well. Both linked and array-based
implementations are explored.
Chapter 12 (Multi-way Search Trees) is a natural extension of the discussion of
the previous chapters. The concepts of 2-3 trees, 2-4 trees, and general B-trees are
examined and implementation options are discussed.
Chapter 13 (Graphs) explores the concept of undirected and directed graphs
and establishes important terminology. It examines several common graph algo-
rithms and discusses implementation options, including adjacency matrices.
Chapter 14 (Hashing) covers the concept of hashing and related issues, such as
hash functions and collisions. Various Java Collections API options for hashing
are discussed.
Chapter 15 (Sets and Maps) explores these two types of collections and their
importance to the Java Collections API.
Appendix A (UML) provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling
Language as a reference. UML is the de facto standard notation for representing
object-oriented systems.
Appendix B (Object-Oriented Design) is a reference for anyone needing a
review of fundamental object-oriented concepts and how they are accomplished
in Java. Included are the concepts of abstraction, classes, encapsulation, inheri-
tance, and polymorphism, as well as many related Java language constructs such
as interfaces.

Supplements
The following supplements are available to all readers of this book at www.aw
.com/cssupport.
■ Source Code for all programs presented in the book
■ Full case studies of programs that illustrate concepts from the text, includ-
ing a Black Jack Game, a Calculator, a Family Tree Program, and a Web
Crawler
The following instructor supplements are only available to qualified in-
structors at Pearson Education’s Instructor Resource Center, http://www
.pearsonhighered.com/irc. Please visit the Web site, contact your local Pearson
Education Sales Representative, or send an e-mail to [email protected],
for information about how to access them.
xii PREFA C E

■ Solutions for selected exercises and programming projects in the book

■ Test Bank, containing questions that can be used for exams
■ PowerPoint® Slides for the presentation of the book content

Acknowledgements
First and most importantly we want to thank our students for whom this book is
written and without whom it never could have been. Your feedback helps us
become better educators and writers. Please continue to keep us on our toes.
We would like to thank all of the reviewers listed below who took the time to
share their insight on the content and presentation of the material in this book and
its previous editions. Your input was invaluable.
Mary P. Boelk, Marquette University
Robert Burton, Brigham Young University
Gerald Cohen, St. Joseph’s College
Robert Cohen, University of Massachusetts–Boston
Jack Davis, Radford University
Bob Holloway, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Nisar Hundewale, Georgia State University
Chung Lee, California State Polytechnic University
Mark C. Lewis, Trinity University
Mark J. Llewellyn, University of Central Florida
Ronald Marsh, University of North Dakota
Eli C. Minkoff, Bates College; University of Maine–Augusta
Ned Okie, Radford University
Manuel A. Perez-Quinones, Virginia Tech
Moshe Rosenfeld University of Washington
Salam Salloum, California State Polytechnic University–Pomona
Don Slater, Carnegie Mellon University
Ashish Soni, University of Southern California
Carola Wenk, University of Texas–San Antonio

The folks at Addison-Wesley have gone to great lengths to support and

develop this book along with us. It is a true team effort. Editor-in-Chief Michael
Hirsch and his assistant Stephanie Sellinger have always been there to help.
Marketing Manager Erin Davis, her assistant Kathryn Ferranti, and the entire
Addison-Wesley sales force work tirelessly to make sure that instructors under-
stand the goals and benefits of the book. Heather McNally flawlessly handled
the production of the book, and Elena Sidorova is to be credited for the won-
derful cover design. They are supported by Kathy Smith and Harry Druding at
Nesbitt Graphics. Carol Melville always finds a way to get us time on press so
 P REFA C E xiii

that our book makes it into your hands in time to use it in class. Thank you all
very much for all your hard work and dedication to this book.
We’d be remiss if we didn’t acknowledge the wonderful contributions of the
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education. Its publications and
conferences are crucial to anyone who takes the pedagogy of computing seriously.
If you’re not part of this group, you’re missing out.
Finally, we want to thank our families, who support and encourage us in what-
ever projects we find ourselves diving into. Ultimately, you are the reason we do
what we do.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Software Quality 2
Correctness 3
Reliability 3
Robustness 4
Usability 4
Maintainability 5
Reusability 5
Portability 6
Efficiency 6
Quality Issues 6

1.2 Data Structures 7

A Physical Example 7
Containers as Objects 10

Chapter 2 Analysis of Algorithms 13

2.1 Algorithm Efficiency 14

2.2 Growth Functions and Big-OH Notation 15

2.3 Comparing Growth Functions 17

2.4 Determining Time Complexity 19

Analyzing Loop Execution 19
Nested Loops 20
Method Calls 21

Chapter 3 Collections 27
3.1 Introduction to Collections 28
Abstract Data Types 29
The Java Collections API 31
xv
xvi CONTENTS

3.2 A Stack Collection 31

3.3 Crucial OO Concepts 33

Inheritance 34
Class Hierarchies 36
The Object Class 37
Polymorphism 38
References and Class Hierarchies 38
Generics 40

3.4 A Stack ADT 41

Interfaces 41

3.5 Using Stacks: Evaluating Postfix Expressions 44

3.6 Exceptions 51
Exception Messages 52
The try Statement 53
Exception Propagation 54

3.7 Implementing a Stack: With Arrays 55

Managing Capacity 56

3.8 The ArrayStack Class 57

The Constructors 58
The push Operation 59
The pop Operation 61
The peek Operation 62
Other Operations 63

Chapter 4 Linked Structures 71

4.1 References as Links 72

4.2 Managing Linked Lists 74

Accessing Elements 74
Inserting Nodes 75
Deleting Nodes 76
Sentinel Nodes 77

4.3 Elements Without Links 78

Doubly Linked Lists 78

4.4 Implementing a Stack: With Links 79

The LinkedStack Class 79
 CONTENTS xvii

The push Operation 83

The pop Operation 85
Other Operations 86

4.5 Using Stacks: Traversing a Maze 86

4.6 Implementing Stacks:

The java.util.Stack Class 93
Unique Operations 93
Inheritance and Implementation 94

Chapter 5 Queues 99
5.1 A Queue ADT 100

5.2 Using Queues: Code Keys 103

5.3 Using Queues: Ticket Counter Simulation 107

5.4 Implementing Queues: With Links 112

The enque Operation 114
The dequeue Operation 115
Other Operations 117

5.5 Implementing Queues: With Arrays 117

The enqueue Operation 123
The dequeue Operation 124
Other Operations 125

Chapter 6 Lists 131

6.1 A List ADT 132
Iterators 134
Adding Elements to a List 135
Interfaces and Polymorphism 137

6.2 Using Ordered Lists: Tournament Maker 140

6.3 Using Indexed Lists: The Josephus Problem 150

6.4 Implementing Lists: With Arrays 152

The remove Operation 155
The contains Operation 157
The iterator Operation 158
The add Operation for an Ordered List 158
xviii CONTENTS

Operations Particular to Unordered Lists 161

The addAfter Operation for an Unordered List 162
6.5 Implementing Lists: With Links 163
The remove Operation 163
Doubly Linked Lists 165
The iterator Operation 168
6.6 Lists in the Java Collections API 171
Cloneable 172
Serializable 172
RandomAccess 172
Java.util.Vector 173
Java.util.ArrayList 173
Java.util.LinkedList 176

Chapter 7 Recursion 185

7.1 Recursive Thinking 186
Infinite Recursion 186
Recursion in Math 187
7.2 Recursive Programming 188
Recursion versus Iteration 190
Direct versus Indirect Recursion 191
7.3 Using Recursion 192
Traversing a Maze 192
The Towers of Hanoi 197
7.4 Analyzing Recursive Algorithms 201

Chapter 8 Sorting and Searching 209

8.1 Searching 210
Static Methods 211
Generic Methods 211
Linear Search 212
Binary Search 213
Comparing Search Algorithms 216
8.2 Sorting 217
Selection Sort 220
Insertion Sort 222
 CONTENTS xix

Bubble Sort 224

Quick Sort 226
Merge Sort 229

8.3 Radix Sort 231

Chapter 9 Trees 241

9.1 Trees 242
Tree Classifications 243

9.2 Strategies for Implementing Trees 245

Computational Strategy for
Array Implementation of Trees 245
Simulated Link Strategy for
Array Implementation of Trees 246
Analtsis of Trees 247

9.3 Tree Traversals 248

Preorder Traversal 248
Inorder Traversal 249
Postorder Traversal 249
Level-Order Traversal 250

9.4 A Binary Tree ADT 251

9.5 Using Binary Trees: Expression Trees 255

9.6 Implementing Binary Trees with Links 262

The find Method 269
The iteratorInOrder Method 270

9.7 Implementing Binary Trees with Arrays 271

The find Method 273
The iteratorInOrder Method 274

Chapter 10 Binary Search Trees 281

10.1 A Binary Search Tree 282

10.2 Implementing Binary Search Trees:

With Links 284
The addElement Operation 286
The removeElement Operation 288
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
exclusion of Keels, Barges, Boats, Lighters and other open vessels,
whereby many of the latter, left exposed to the violence of the flood
and ebb tides were damaged or lost.—the mayor, aldermen, and
common council, on the 29th. of January this year, ordered that no
person thenceforth do lay, or suffer to be laid, any vessel of the
burden of 20 tons or upwards, in any of those Fleets, otherwise than
ancient and accustomed ship seats, &c. under the penalty of 3s. 4d.
for every tide they did as offend—the mayor reserving the power of
permission on extraordinary occasions.—4th. June, Meter’s pay fixed
at one penny each chalder of coals of freemen, and two pence of
strangers; and on tonnage goods, a pence a ton of freemen, and 4
pence of strangers.
1695. March 11. The Hall signed an address to his majesty, in the
feature of an association, to stand by and assist him against all his
enemies.
1696. Outgoings or expences in maintaining the water-works for the
last ten years exceeded the income by 288l. 13s. 6d.—The
expenditure being 1427l. 7s. 8d. and income 1338l. 14s. 2d.
200 sail of Colliers and coasters, in running for Lynn deeps in a
storm, were all wrecked, and near 1000 persons perished. (Norfolk
Remem.) Scarcity of coals, and price greatly advanced.
1697. The Hall gained a cause in a trial with Leonard Hutton, before
Lord Chief Justice Holt.—They also petition parliament for the
removal of the dam and sluice near Salter’s Load, and preserving of
navigation.—The Bagges, Brownes, and Scarlets, now begin to make
some figure here.
1698. Pictures of Edward VI. and James I. presented to the Hall by
alderman Robinson.—Juggard succeeds Haslewood as Lecturer.
1699. John Cary succeeds, Osborne as writing master, and is to
teach 6 poor boys gratis, and to instruct all the children in the
Church Catechism.—This is the first prominence of the Carys.—A ship
now sent to Norway for pump-wood, or timber for water-pipes, at
the adventure and charge of the mayor and burgesses.
1709. Another ship freighted to Norway for pump-wood for the
water-works.
1701. The Head Porters and Meters being convicted of bribery and
defrauding the king of his dues, were all discharged; but about a
month after some of them were restored, by giving bond with one
security in 20l.—August 29. the elder Pyle appointed Lecturer.—Nov.
24. Noblemen, knights, esquires, and clergymen exempted from tolls
here.
1702. Dr. Little succeeds Mr. Fysh as minister of St. Margaret’s.
1703. Sept. 24. The Boale, or World’s End, with the houses thereon,
and the rights and duties attached to the same, bought of Robert
Elsden, by the corporation, for 130l. and 20l. more at the end of five
years from that date, (see p. 873)—Towards the latter end of
November this year, happened that dreadful national calamity
commonly distinguished by the name of the great storm, of whose
effects here, see p. 874.
1704. The gloom of the former year succeeded and dissipated by
the triumphs of Marlborough at Blenheim, which occasioned great
rejoicings throughout the kingdom, of which Lynn largely
participated, as appears by its address to the throne, see p. 874.
1705. The gentlemen of the counties of Bedford and Huntingdon
prefer a serious charge of arbitrary and exorbitant exactions, or
extortion against this corporation, see p. 879.
1708. Lynn harbour said to be now in a most wretched and
alarming state, see 888.—In the course of this year also, according
to one of our MS. accounts, two children were hanged here for
felony, one eleven, and the other only seven years of age.
1714. Dr. Thurlin’s library deposited in St. Margaret’s church, in a
commodious place fitted up for its reception, to which the old church
library was at the same time removed: a faculty being obtained from
the bishop.—The same year the first commemoration sermon for
Framingham was preached at St. Nicholas’s, by Mr. Pyle, for which
he had 20s. and 10s. more for reading the Will—which, are still
continued.
1715. The first rebellion in behalf of the Pretender broke out. See
p. 894.
1719. January 26. Ordered that none be admitted into Gaywood
Hospital under 60 years old.
1720. John Cary junior (father of our late alderman of that name)
elected master of the Writing-School—the aldermen Berney and
Scarlet being then Governors and Inspectors of the same.
1721. Our corporation now, apprehensive of losing the navigation of
the Cambridge river, (from the representation of a Mr. Stafford of
Denver,) which they thought proper to communicate to the
corporation of Adventurers. The result not stated.
1723. Two new galleries erected in St. Margaret’s church, on the
sides of the organ loft; with projections for two particular families.—
This year (or during the mayoralty of William Allen, which
commenced at Michaelmas,) Thomas German (says one MS.) was
hanged here for burglary, on the gallows out of the South Gates—
Cooper’s MS. calls him Jarmey, in a memorandum which reads thus
—“1723: A night watch set up for all the year, and the king’s watch
dropt here, being one Jarmey, who broke into several houses, and
was hanged for the same out of the South Gates.”—The same MS.
referring to the same year, has this passage—“A great fleet of ships
lost on Christmas day; Mr. Vinkerson’s ship right against West Lynn
church, laden with coals.”—Dr. Browne this year gave great offence
to the Hall and especially the mayor—of which see p. 900.
1724. The chapel chimes, which formerly played but one tune, were
this year altered, and made to play several tunes.
1725. Ever since 1682 it was customary for each alderman upon his
election to give 10l. and each common-council-man 6l. 13s. 6d.
towards the Workhouse: but this year Mr. Thomas Allen, being
chosen alderman, refused to comply with this custom, and thereby
occasioned the cessation of those laudable donations. (Cooper’s
MS.)—From the book of Extracts it seems it was in 1726 Mr. T. A.
became an alderman.—The harbour now in a most wretched state,
see p. 901.—And this year 1725 (if we are not mistaken, for the last
figure is not very plain) Cooper’s MS. mentions a great tide, which
happened on the 8th. of March, and came into a Warehouse in
Puddin Lane, where was a quantity of unslaked lime, which being
wetted became so hot as to set some deals that lay there on fire, so
as to endanger the firing of the town. He seems indeed to say that
it was a piece of iron heated by the quick lime which set the deals
on fire.
1726. Henry Southwell, a freeman, charged by the corporation
(unjustly it seems) with having violated his oath of freedom, and
threatened with disfranchisement.
1727. The mayor, Mr. Thomas Allen issued an order to the barbers,
to prohibit them to shave on Sundays—of which see p. 910.—
February 3rd. this year the above Henry Southwell was
disfranchised.
1728. The decree of disfranchisement against Mr. Southwell was
rescinded On the 29th. of April this year; of which see further at p.
902, and 3.—Of this year’s mayor, Goodwin, and his successor
Taylor, see pages 910 and 11.
1730. April 6. Our corporation made a remonstrance to the
corporation of the Bedford Level against repairing Denver Sluice:
which was probably very right.
1731. Great complaints of the decrease of trade &c. here this year.
But among the occurrences of this period the most deplorable and
shocking was the murder of Ann Wright, a publican, by one George
Smith, who had been let into the house in the dead of the night by
the servant, Mary Taylor, for which she was burnt at a stake in the
Tuesday market-place, and the man was hanged on a gallows, 17
yards distant, on Thursday the 1st. of April, see p. 912 and 914.
1738. Law-suit between the corporation and alderman Thomas
Allen, who was charged with attempting to evade the customary
payment of 1d. per quarter for corn sold by him to unfreemen. See
p. 918.
1741. On the 9th of September a violent hurricane which blew
down the spires of St. Margaret’s and St. Nicholas’s and did immense
damage all about the country.—St. Margaret’s spire falling on the
body of the church demolished a great part of it—the rebuilding
began in 1742, and was completed in 1747.—see pp. 919, 20, 21.
1742. State of the harbour growing still worse, an application to
parliament on that occasion was made the latter part of this year:
see p. 922, &c.
1745. The second rebellion in behalf of the Pretender commenced:
of its effects at Lynn, see p. 926, &c. also pp. 1073, and 4.
1747. A contested Election this year between Turner and Folkes;
and the most violent perhaps ever witnessed in Lynn: for the
particulars see p. 947 to 952.—A great many here now made free
gratis, see p. 931.
1749. Charles Holditch executed for burglary, see the page last
referred to.
1751. William Chaplain, for the murder of Mary Gafferson, was
hanged in chains on a gibbet upon South Lynn Common, see p. 932.
1753. The New Walks laid out and the trees planted.—Also the
Tuesday Market-place new paved.—One Jumper condemned for the
murder of Jones, was afterwards reprieved and transported for life.
1754. One Elizabeth Neivel stood in the pillory.—Also one Hannah
Clark ducked for scolding.
1755. Certain profitable appointments attached to our Recordership,
and the mayor’s annual salary settled at 100l.—see 933, and 4.
1759. The West Norfolk militia reviewed on Sayer’s Marsh, by the
Earl of Orford, previous to their being called out on actual service.
1760. Mayor secured from any charges incurred through neglects of
gaoler and serjeants.—October 29. the king died in his 77th. year.
In his reign Methodism sprung up in these kingdoms.—see p. 934, 5,
etc.—The present inglorious era and disastrous reign now
commenced.
1761. The tower of All Saints or South Lynn church fell down, to rise
no more. See p. 943.—About the same time a large whale was
taken here near Darsingham, 56 feet 9 inches long, and 34 feet 4
inches in girth, see p. 944.—A man and his wife transported, he for
7, she for 14 years, the cause not noted.
1763. December 2. A dreadful high wind and tide here, which did
great damage among the shipping, many of which were wrecked on
the coast: cattle and sheep also in vast numbers were drowned in
Marshland, and about Snettisham, &c.
1764. The town served a vile trick by the mayor, which they seem
to have submitted to very tamely, see 945.
1765. A shocking murder committed here by one Rudderham.—See
945, and 6.
1766. January 27. Rudderham hanged here for the above murder of
Leonard Wilson, near the Rope Walk.
1768. A great contested election here between Turner and
Molineux. See 946.
1769. The corporation had a great law-suit with Mr. Carr, about the
fleet on both sides of Littleport-bridge. Of this affair see p. 952.—
Two men in a boat carried away by the strong current of a land-flood
on the 10th of April to sea, and picked up there and brought home
on 19th.
1770. Our corporation suddenly became mighty patriots and violent
lovers of liberty.—see 953.—Pilling hanged here for a rape.
1771. Wilkes visited Lynn, to the no small joy of our patriotic
corporation, who entertained him sumptuously and conferred on him
the freedom of this ancient borough. See 954.—Different temper of
the town when Thelwall, another great patriot, visited it above 20
years after. Ibid.
1772. St. Margaret’s church damaged by a thunder storm.
1779. On new-years day there was a strong gale and a very
extraordinary tide, the highest known here in the memory of man;
which overflowed and demolished the sea banks in many places, and
did vast damage in and about this town.—The Lynn armed
association was also formed in the course of this year, under the
command of Captain Thames Day—and continued embodied till
1785. See 958.
1782. A woman, named Howard, stood here in the pillory—we know
not for what crime.—Towards the close of this year Beeton robbed
the mail; and he was executed the 17th of the following February.
See 960.
1783. Isaac Levi, a Jew lad, robbed, by one Robert Fox, on the road
between Lynn and West Winch, and left apparently dead; for which
Fox was hanged, 7th. of September, on Hardwick common.
1784. Another contested election here, when Mr. Fountaine was one
of the candidates, but was unsuccessful.—See 961.
1785. November 5. the Recorder being ill, the mayor, William
Bagge, sat as sole judge at our sessions, and upon the conviction of
John Bradley and another person, his said worship passed on them
the sentence of transportation:—but with what solemnity, if any, we
have not learnt.—So late at the 24th of November this year, a Mr.
Berry brought to town some young rooks from Mr. Fisher’s Carr at
Tilney.
1788. On the 5th of November the centenary of the revolution was
here kept by a select party. The same was then done at Holkham
and other places . . . see 965, and 1083. About nine days after, it
was also kept here at the Hall, by the corporation, with no small
parade, and thought by some to rival if not excel the Holkham Fete.
—A strange report of an extraordinary adventure of one of our
Greenland captains this year—see p. 964.—The autumn and winter
of this year were distinguished by the king’s memorable illness,
which almost broke the hearts of half his subjects, and overwhelmed
the whole nation with grief and dismay. In this affliction Lynn,
without doubt, shared largely:—but it happily proved not of long
duration.
1789. On the 12th of February his majesty was pronounced to be in
a state of progressive amendment; and by the 18th of March he was
deemed fit to resume the royal functions. The joy and exultation of
the public now equalled their former grief and dismay, and they
might be said to have gone from one extreme to the other. On the
evening of the day last mentioned this town was most splendidly
illuminated, and exhibited the most unequivocal tokens of its joy,
and demonstrations of its loyalty.—See p. 969.—The 23rd of April
was observed as a day of thanksgiving for the king’s recovery.—See
p. 970.
1791. The law-suit between this corporation and that of London was
determined in favour of the Dentons and other London freemen.—
See p. 970.
1792. Effects of the royal proclamation against tumultuous meetings
and seditious writings, and of Reeves’s Crown and anchor
association manifested here.—See p. 973.
1794. In consequence of great complaints of the defective and
decayed state of the Fen Drainage, the Eau-brink Cut was proposed
and approved of as a remedy. Our trained bands or armed
association again revived—and the Lynn Volunteers, infantry and
cavalry, landsmen and marines, blunt-shooters and sharp-shooters,
made their appearance among us. They consisted of different corps,
but the most numerous was commanded by Colonel Everard, which
was about three years after disbanded:—most of the others still
remain, see 977, &c.—A violent thunderstorm happened this year,
when a young girl was killed here by the lightening.
1796. February 23. Eleven persons lost their lives in attempting to
cross the river in the Ferry-Boat—see 978.—The preceding day a
Marshland man, of the name of Fuller, going to see the wild beasts,
and putting his hand to a Lion’s mouth, narrowly escaped being torn
to pieces by him.—April 25. The Free-masons, went in procession,
from the Maid’s Head Inn to St. Margaret’s church, where a sermon
was preached to them by Dr. Lloyd, the present Hebrew Professor at
Cambridge; all this preparatory or introductory to the instituting and
consecrating a new lodge of Lynn Free Masons: see p. 1120, &c.
1797. A whale, measuring 44 feet, caught in Lynn channel.—An
improved method of cleaning Wheat seed discovered by some of our
farmers: see p. 979.—The subscription Library established this year;
of which see p. 1176.—In April this year, prince William (now duke)
of Gloucester visited Lynn, and, after reviewing the Volunteers and
dining with the mayor, was admitted to the freedom of this borough.
1798. Lynn and Freebridge Yeomanry Cavalry, under Colonel Taylor,
embodied. Divers other such corps in our vicinity sprung up about
the same time—the martial ardour of the time extended even to the
priesthood.—On 29 Dec. this year the Thermometer said to be at 3
below 0: see p. 981.
1799. The Lynn and Wisbeach Packet, and also the inglorious
Income Tax commenced their progress and operations: the former
with far less success than the latter.—A great controversy soon after
arose here about the termination of the century; one party placing it
at the close of this, and the other at the close of the following year:
so that the controversy rested on this curious ground, whether or
not 99 was equal to 100.
1800. St. Catherine’s Gates, commonly called East Gates, taken
down after having stood above 700 years.—Sept. 3. The dearness of
provisions caused here a considerable commotion among the
common people; and Mr. Forster, a flour merchant, was very roughly
treated by some of them.—The attempt of Hadfield upon the king’s
life, at the theatre, this summer, caused no small agitation here and
throughout the nation: two very loyal addresses were now presented
to his majesty, by our corporation and the inhabitants.
1801. The old building or tower, called the Black Mount, on the
town walls, fell this year without doing much damage, as the ropers
had just left it, being their dinner time.—816l. 9s. subscribed here
this year, to furnish the poor with pease-soup, which was served out
to them from the Town Hall thrice a week, by reason of the extreme
dearness of provisions.—Also one Peter Donahue executed here for
forgery.—The Peace of Amiens excited no small joy here, and the
town was illuminated on the occasion.
1802. A grand Fete given at Refley Spring, when a whole sheep,
roasted (says one account,) was served up at dinner, as a peace-
offering to the friends of Refley [which friends of Refley, we may
suppose, were the gods worshipped there that day.]
1803. The first act for paving and improving the town was now
obtained.—The new-road, from the South gate to St. James’s End,
was also made this year.—Also the new Burying ground and Chapel
consecrated, by the then bishop of Norwich, Dec. 14.
1806. In the course of this year there was a very high tide which
demolished the remaining ruins of our Lady’s Chapel on the Bridge.
—St. Nicholas’s Chapel this same year thoroughly repaired and
greatly improved at a considerable expense.
1807. His royal highness the duke of Clarence, attended by Earl
Cholmondeley visited Lynn, (13. October,) and they were both
presented with the freedom of this borough.
1808. The names of many of the Streets of the town were this year
most capriciously, childishly, and confoundingly changed; and the
rage for changing names appeared now so predominant, that some
began to expect no less than that the town itself was to receive a
new name.
In the summer of this year the Lancasterian School was established
here, of which see page 1145.
1809. In the month of October this year, the memorable Jubilee
took place, which was kept and solemnized here with the greatest
hilarity and exultation, as if the commencement of the present reign
had been the introduction of the very millennium itself. It was a
political manœuvre; and not the first to which the British public have
been the dupes.
1810. This year a negotiation took place, and was carried on for
some months, between Mr. William Corston of Ludgate Hill, London,
and the Lynn Court of Guardians, in consequence of a proposal from
the former, to furnish employment for the female children of the
Lynn poor, in plaiting of straw and knitting of hats, on certain terms
and conditions: viz. To be provided with a proper house for the
manufactory, and a dwelling for the superintendents, together with
the loan of a large sum of money, on proper security, for seven
years, without interest.—This notable treaty was opened in March,
and after a number of Letters had passed between the parties, it
was closed by a Letter from the Registrar to Mr. Corston, dated Sept.
15. of which the following is a copy—

“Sir, I was duly favoured with your Letter of the 20th. of August,
inclosing answers to my questions respecting your plan for
employing the female poor of this borough, which, with the
sketch of the proposed building, &c. transmitted to Mr. Dixon, I
 laid before the Court of Guardians at their meeting, holden on
Thursday last; who after having given the matter their most
mature consideration, instruct me to inform you, that they
entirely decline acceding to your propositions. I therefore
return you the several papers, requesting you will be pleased to
accept the thanks of the Court for the trouble you have had in
the business. I am, &c. J. Smeatham.”

So the affair ended; happily or otherwise, we take not upon us to

say.
1811. St. Margaret’s church thoroughly cleaned, white washed, and
beautified, at considerable expense.—A new place of worship, called
Salem Chapel erected—and premises Purchased, in Tower Street, for
the erection of the splendid Methodist minster.—Those premises cost
between 8 and 900l. and the subsequent erection will cost between
4 and 5000l. more.—In the early part of this year, if we are not
mistaken, Mr. Allen, one of our common—brewers, relinquished his
memorable attempt to dig a well, after having sunk to the vast depth
of 560 feet and spent a large sum of money without success; so that
it seems now that though Lynn is situated in a bog, the ground
below is as destitute of water as any spot in the kingdom can well
be. Some praise however seems to be due to Mr. A. for having so
long persevered in this arduous undertaking, attended as it was with
so much expense and discouragement. Some curious fossils, and
even bones; were said to be discovered there at a great depth.
On Saturday evening, Oct. 5, one of the ferry-men in a small boat,
which they use only occasionally, attempting to bring over from
West-Lynn too many passengers, the boat suddenly went down and
every soul perished: They were 9 if not more beside the ferry-man;
and the boat was capable of carrying safely not above half that
number. This fatal disaster was imputed to the perverse temerity of
the boatman.
The last month of this year was rendered memorable by the death of
the most singular and excentric character in the whole town, and
probably in the whole county. His name was Robert Pursglove: he
was descended from very worthy and reputable parents, who
belonged to the respectable society of Friends or Quakers. With that
society he himself was also generally classed, although for many
years past almost every shade of resemblance between his character
and theirs had disappeared. His parents left him in possession of
good property, which he managed most strangely and in a manner
peculiar to himself. He had a Ship, which he might have sold for a
good sum of money; but he had it laid up, till it rotted all to pieces—
a number of hay-stacks he also had, which he might have sold and
turned to good account, but he would hear nothing of that, and they
were left, year after year, till they were quite spoilt and good for
nothing.—He had kine and other cattle, which were of course
neglected and mismanaged—he lived in a large house, which he had
purchased, where formerly had resided one of our first families; but
he suffered every thing there to go to decay and utter ruin, till
doors, windows, floors, stair-cases, roofs, and every thing became
perfect pictures of desolation—his dogs, and even his swine and kine
occupied some of its best apartments, all ill-fed and half starved.—In
this dreary mansion of desolation he was himself at last found, in the
agonies of death, resulting from an apoplectic attack, and beyond
the possibility of deriving any relief from medical skill. He is said to
have often wanted food, though he left behind him property to the
amount, as it is reported, of near if not quite 10,000l.—This sketch
might be greatly enlarged, but this will serve to give the reader
some idea of the eccentricities and peculiarities of this extraordinary
person.
1812. This year has been yet distinguished by nothing more than a
miserable stagnation of trade, and a probability of the bread and
beer and other necessaries of life being dearer than ever. Nothing,
in short, appears to be going on here now with vigour or spirit, but
the methodist erection above mentioned and taxgathering; so that
were we required to name whatever is here at present in a very
thriving state, or rapidly on the increase, we should be able to
mention scarce any thing besides these two articles, taxation and
methodism.—As to the much talked of Evening Lecture at the
Church, it will seemingly be given up at last; our churchmen not
having zeal enough to effect its accomplishment.—As to the
Dispensary, its prospect of success is far more flattering, and there
can be little doubt now of its speedy establishment: large sums have
been already subscribed, a house has been purchased, or is about to
be purchased, and every thing fairly promises the sure completion of
the undertaking, and the full application of its benefits to those
classes of the inhabitants for whose behoof or relief the institution is
intended. That it has succeeded better than the proposed Lecture,
will perhaps be considered by some people as an indication, that our
wealthy churchmen are more ready to provide for the corporeal than
for the spiritual accommodation of their neighbours.—Of the notable
plan of economy, so laudably adopted, and so steadily pursued
during the present mayoralty, to save certain expenses usually
attached to that important office, some account has been given at
pages 1087, and 1154.—Of the present state of the Workhouse, and
the prospect in regard to the future management of it, and of the
poor-rates, some further observations, in this latter part of the work,
were intended; but our information is too imperfect to admit of our
resuming these subjects at present: we can therefore only say, that
it is to be feared our sanguine hopes of being greatly benefited by
the new plan, or lately adopted system, will, after all, terminate in
useless regret and vexatious disappointment. Whatever they may
do on the other side, it seems now pretty clear that our managers
are not likely very soon to fall into the sin of being too frugal or
economical in the application of the public money. [1215]—Among the
extraordinary and memorable events of this year, the tragical exit or
assassination of our late premier will be expected, perhaps, to be
here noticed: and much as we do deplore that shocking catastrophe,
we would fain hope it will operate as a warning to all future
ministers, not to trifle with the serious complaints and sufferings of
their fellow subjects. What may be the results of that fatal and
melancholy occurrence, and the subsequent changes, it is impossible
yet to say. They seem to have already produced the rescinding of
the vile and pernicious orders of council, which had reduced almost
half the nation to distress and beggary, and proved how easily the
Americans can cramp our manufactories. Should they also produce
a redress of the grievances complained of by the Catholics and other
Dissenters, together with a thorough parliamentary reform, and a
general peace, we may still escape national perdition, and even hope
yet to see brighter and happier days.—The convulsion and expulsion
lately experienced at the Independent, or rather Presbyterian chapel,
may be also placed among the remarkable occurrences of this year.
That congregation, it is hoped, (and all our other congregations) will
no longer tolerate priestcraft, or submit to be priest-ridden.
Whatever may be said of their successors who denominate
themselves Independents, our Presbyterian ministers, we believe,
were never chargeable with priestly domination.
FINIS.
 ERRATA. [1216]

Page 638, last word of the contents of section III, for ineffetual r.
ineffectual.—p. 638, l. 8, for fovourite r. favourite—p. 735, l. 9, after
them a comma.—p. 773, l. 2, after conscience a semicolon.—p. 782,
last line but one, after absentees, a comma. —p. 794, l. 4, for
rejected, r. ejected—p. 800, l. 5, after stand, r. by.—p. 803, l. 21,
after rubbish, a comma—p. 821, l. 9, for Guyborn, r. Guybon.—same
page, l. 19, after even r. the.—p. 835, l. 21, for Assesiation r.
Association—p. 847, Note, l. 19, for proceeding r. preceding.—p. 959,
last line but one, for egregiously r. eggregiously—p. 1027, note, l.
24, for pastime r. patience.—p. 1087, l. 14, for exegencies r.
exigences.—p. 1106 l. 1, comma after here—p. 1127, note, l. 5, for
townsnen r. townsmen.—p. 1140, last l. for 1570 r. 1590—p. 1142,
note, l. 8, after could r. not. —p. 1147, note, l. 2, after much r. to
his.
Whittingham, Printer, Lynn.
 FOOTNOTES.

[625a] Such as the lawfulness of suppressing reputed error by

violence, or of contending for the faith and extirpating heresy by fire
and sword.
[625b] For instance, translating the scriptures into the vulgar
tongue, and putting them into the hands of the common people,
that they might examine and judge for themselves.
[626a] Bucer owns, as will be seen further on, that their converts
considered this doctrine as favourable to their licentious
propensities.
[626b] “I say, (says Calvin,) that by the ordination and will of God
Adam fell. God would have man fall. Man is blinded by the will and
commandment of God. We refer the causes of hardening to God.
The highest and remote cause of hardening is the will of God. It
followeth that the hidden counsel of God is the cause of hardening.”
[See Barclay’s Apology, Edit. 1703, p. 113, where reference is made
to those places in Calvin’s Works where these expressions are
found.] Those who are acquainted with this reformer’s Institution,
must know that many passages to the same purpose, and equally
strong, occur there.—Others of the reformers come not a whit
behind Calvin in the boldness of their language on this topic.—“God
(says Beza) hath predestinated, not only unto damnation, but also
unto the causes of it, whomsoever he saw meet. The decree of God
cannot be excluded from the causes of corruption.”—“It is certain
(says Zanchius) that God is the first cause of obduration.
Reprobates are held so fast under God’s almighty decree, that they
cannot but sin and perish.”—“God (says Peter Martyr) doth incline
and force the wills of wicked men into great sins.”—“God, (says
Zuinglius) moveth the robber to kill. He Killeth, God forcing him
thereunto.” [See Barclay, as before.]
[628a] Luth. Serm. in Postill. Evang. 1. Adv.
[628b] Luth. Serm. Dom. 26, post Trin.
[628c] Luth. in Serm. conviv.
[628d] Bucer de regn. Christ. 1, i. c, 4.
[628e] See Milner’s Letters to Sturges, 3d. Ed. p. 170, 171, &c. a
work that contains a great deal of very curious matter on these
subjects, and on most of the great points at issue between the
catholics and their opponents.
[629a] Calv. 1. vi. de scand. quoted by Milner, as before.
[629b] Erasm. Ep. 1. vi. 4.—It appears by the mode of expression
here used, that notwithstanding all the unfavourable and
unchristian-like effects of their ministry, they actually did, like some
modern, labourers in the same vineyard, boldly arrogate to
themselves the exclusive name of evangelical ministers, or
propagators of the genuine and pure gospel.
[630] Erasm ad. Frat. Infer. Germ, quoted by Milner, as before, p.
172.
[632] Mosheim, iii, 313.
[634] See Milner, as before: 182.—Carlostadius was Luther’s first
disciple of any considerable note: and he co-operated with, and
supported him with great firmness and ability. But having ventured
to alter the mass, during Luther’s absence in the year 1521, and to
deny the real presence, the latter commenced a furious war against
him and his followers, and condemned them in terms of the utmost
rancor and bitterness. Melancthon too (misnamed the mild) now
calls him “a brutal ignorant man, void of piety and humanity, one
more a Jew than a christian.”—a rare specimen of mildness and
meekness!
[636a] See Milner as before, 188.—It is not said how Henry brooked
all this; but it was well for Luther that he was not within his reach.
The most curious circumstance is that “Luther, in giving an account
of his book, reproaches himself with having been too mild in it
towards the king, saying that he did so at the request of his friends,
in hopes that his sweetness would gain Henry.”—If such was Luther’s
sweetness, what could his sourness, or his bitterness be?
[636b] Milner, 181.
[636c] Ibid, 132.—No wonder he should behave as he did to
Cariostadius, whose chief crime seems to be his having acted
without his authority, though in conjunction with Bugenhagius,
Melanancthon, Jonas, &c. He continued afterwards to persecute him
with unrelenting virulence, and nothing would satisfy him short of
absolute submission to his sovereign will and pontifical mandates.
His banishment ensued. He appears to have been one of the best
men among the reformers. It seems, however, that Luther was at
last convinced of his misconduct in this affair, and obtained
permission for his return from exile. See Mosheim, IV. 30.
[637] See Milner, 123.
[638] See Milner, 185, 186, where the authorities are referred to.
[642] Their blindness generally proceeded from a fallacious kind of
reasoning, which is still very common among their orthodox
descendants or successors, but which, like a two-edged sword, cuts
both ways. They plead that they are the people of God, and are in
the right way, so that their cause is the cause of God and truth, and
therefore the papists are cruel persecutors when they deprive them
of their lives or liberties. When they are reminded of having
themselves before now deprived the papists and other christian
sects of their liberties and lives, they answer, that that was done
very justly, as those sufferers were either seditious persons or
heretics, and what they did to them was in the way of suppressing
sedition or restraining heresy. When they are told that the papists
excuse and justify their own violent proceedings against the
protestants much in the same way and with equal plausibility, they
will answer, that what the papists assert is not true. When they are
further told that the papists insist upon the truth of their allegations
and the falshood of those of the protestants, they will reply that the
papists belonging to a false church and influenced by a lying spirit,
are not to be credited, but as for them, being the people of God and
followers of the truth, their testimony ought to be received without
hesitation.—Thus their reasoning ends just where it began—We are
God’s people, and therefore our proceedings are not to be
impeached! No better reasoning can be expected in defence of
injustice and persecution.
[644] Robinson’s Pref. to 3d. vol. of Saurin, p. xii.
[645] The French protestants, or Gallic Calvinists were no less
bigoted and intolerant than their brethren elsewhere. Their
ministers, in 1563, requested that in order to prevent the
propagation of heresy and monstrous opinions, the king would be
pleased to receive into his royal protection their confession of faith
tendered to him in 1561, and the profession of it; and to provide
that atheists, libertines, anabaptists, and Servetists should be
severely punished. See Priestley’s Ecclesiastical History, 6, 135.
[646] See p. 636.
[649] “He was called up to the cardinal (Wolsey) for heresie, where
he was content to subscribe and graunte unto such articles as they
propounded unto him.” Fox A. and M. p. 1736. This happened in
1529. In 1531 he was cited before the archbishop of Canterbury,
Wareham, on fresh charges of heresy, and forced to sign an
abjuration of them—see Fox, p. 4738. The third time he was called
upon, with certain others, to give an account of his opinions, by
Henry himself, on which occasion he escaped by an absolute
submission of himself to his supreme head in spiritual matters. His
fourth and last recantation was when he was deprived of his
bishopric, and committed prisoner to the Tower, where he lay till the
end of Henry’s reign, on suspicion of heresy, and for violating the
fast and abstinence of Good Friday.—It has been suggested that
imprisonment did not constitute the whole of his correction or
chastisement on this occasion, as Shaxton bishop of Salisbury was
forced to recant his Lutheran opinions, and carry a faggot at the
burning of four other protestants, in 1546; and it is not likely that
Henry would have been content with less from Shaxton’s fellow
prisoner, Latimer, than a solemn abjuration of his doctrine.—See
Milner, as before, page, 196.
[650] See Milner, p. 196.—Latimer’s name is to the sentence of Joan
of Kent, who was burnt in 1549. See Burnet’s Hist. Ref. part ii. b. i.
rec. 35. It also appears from Collier and Fox that he was one of the
leading bishops who sat at the trial of Lambert the martyr.—See
Milner, as before.
[651] See his signature to the sentence against Van Parre; in
Burnet’s H. Ref. as before.
[652a] See Milner, 194.
[652b] Fox A. and M.
[652c] Collier vol. ii. rec. 22.
[653a] Heylin Hist. Eliz. p. 89.
[653b] Collier vol. ii. rec. 24.
[653c] Collier, as before.
[653d] Burnet, Collect b. ii. n. 47.
[654a] The royal pair were married by Dr. Rowland Lee, in the
presence of Cranmer, the duke of Norfolk, &c. Nov. 14, 1532. Heylin
Hist. Eliz. p. 89. Stow fixes the marriage two months later, viz. Jan.
25, 1533. Elizabeth was born September 7. 1583.
[654b] The prevailing notion seems to be, that Henry’s wish for a
divorce arose from his attachment to Ann Boleyn; but from a paper
in the 3rd. volume of the Harieian Miscellany it appears to be
unfounded. We learn from that paper that archbishop Warham was
from the first averse to Henry’s marriage with his brother’s widow,
but that Fox bishop of Winchester inclined Henry VII. to be for it, as
a dispensation from the pope would remove all difficulties. It
appears further that the king (Henry VII.) afterwards thought with
Warham: and the day the prince came of age he by his father’s
order protested against it as null and void. His father also with his
dying breath persisted in charging him to break it off. The king
continued to have scruples, and at last sent Cardinal Wolsey to
France to negotiate a match between him and the duchess of
Alencon about August 1527. After that Lord Rochford came over
from France with the picture of the duchess. His daughter Ann
Boleyn, who was in the duchess’ service, came over probably at the
same time; and then it was that Henry set his affection upon her.—
There can be no truth therefore in the report that she was the cause
of alienating the king’s affections from Catherine, and his scrupling
the marriage. The Cardinal returned from France September 30,
1527; and it was not till afterwards that the king expressed to him
his attachment to Ann Boleyn. Harl. Misc. vol. 3. p. 43.
[655a] See letter in Burnet History Ref. b. iii. p. 200.
[655b] Burnet, p. 203.
[655c] The two sentences, the one of attainder for adultery, the
other of a divorce because of precontract, did so contradict one
another, that one if not both must be unjust. Burnet.
[655d] Heylin, Edw. p. 28.
[656a] Collier, vol. p. 218. Burnet.
[656b] See Milner’s 5th Letter to Sturges, whence the above
passages or quotations are taken, mostly verbatim.
[657a] Fuller says: “It cannot be denied that he had a hand in the
execution of Lambert, Frith, and other godly martyrs,” adding that
he would leave him to sink or swim by himself where he is guilty.
Ch. Hist. b. 5. sec. 2. He elsewhere accuses Cranmer of arguing
against the aforesaid Lambert contrary to his own private judgment;
and remarks that “as the latter was burnt for denying the corporal
presence, so Cranmer himself was afterwards condemned and died
at Oxford for maintaining the same opinion,” b. 5. sec. 6.
[657b] She is also called Joan Butcher and Joan of Kent—“When he
(Cranmer) was on the point of passing sentence upon her, . . . she
reproached him for passing the like sentence upon another woman,
Ann Askew, for denying the carnal presence of Christ in the
sacrament; telling him that he had condemned the said Ann Askew
not long before for a piece of bread, and was then ready to
condemn her for a piece of flesh.” Heylin, Edw. vi, p. 89.—As three
other protestants, Lassels, Otterden, and Adams were burnt with
Askew for the selfsame cause, there is every appearance that
Cranmer was as instrumental in their punishment as he was in that
of Askew. (Milner, 207.)
[657c] See the process of their condemnation in Burnet’s Collect. of
Rec. part ii, b. 1, n. 35.
[658a] In 1538 a special commission was granted to Cranmer, with
two other bishops and six other persons, to try summaris el de
plano, even though they had not been denounced or detected, all
Anabaptists, &c. and to deliver them over to the secular arm. Collier
vol. 2. sec. 46.—Within a month from the date of this commission,
viz. Nov. 24. I find two Anabaptists burnt, and four bearing faggots.
Stow.—About a year after this, by virtue of a special commission,
Cranmer with certain other bishops tried Alexander Seaton for
protestant opinions, and condemned him to bear a faggot and
recant at St. Paul’s Cross, which he did accordingly. Collier, vol. 2 p.
184. The same year three other Anabaptists were burnt by virtue of
the former commission. Stow—In Edward’s reign certain chiefs (of
the Gospellers and Anabaptists) were condemned April 12, 1549,
before the archbishop (Cranmer), the bishop of Westminster, and
Drs. Cox, May, Cole, and Smith. Being convicted, some of them
were dismissed only with an admonition, some sentenced to a
recantation, and others condemned to bear their faggots at St.
Paul’s. Heylin, p. 73. About the same time John Champneys of
Stratford was convented before Cranmer, Latimer, and two other
doctors, at which time he was forced to recant upon oath certain
“heretical and damnable opinions” concerning regeneration, &c. as
also to carry a faggot. In like manner John Ashton, priest, being
convented before Cranmer, abjured his heresies, &c. and took an
oath to submit to whatever penance was enjoined. Ex. Regist.
Cranm. Collier part ii. b. i, rec. 35.
[658b] Milnes, as before, p. 208.
[659a] Perhaps she meant no more than that he was born free from
that natural pollution or hereditary depravity implied in the orthodox
doctrine of original sin.
[659b] Burnet, past ii p, 111, 112. Milner, p. 208, 209.
[660a] The two first of these retractions are without date. The third
appears to have been signed Feb. 14. The fourth is dated Feb. 16;
and the last is dated March 13. See Strype’s Mem. Ecc. vol. iii, p.
134. Cranmer retracted his recantations and was executed March
21.
[660b] Milner, as before, 210.
[661] Stow’s Annals, an. 1546. Milner, p. 173.
[662a] Hist. Ref. part ii. p. 226.
[662b] Heylin’s Hist. Ref. Edward IV, 1550. Milner, 174.
[662c] Strype’s Mem. Eccl. p. 440.
[663a] Strype’s Mem. Eccl. B. 11. c. xxiii.
[663b] Camden, Appar. ad Annal Eliz.—Milner 175.
[664] The unfavourable and ill effects of the reformation on the
manners, and morals of the people, both at home and abroad, must
be chiefly ascribed to some of the great defects of the system—
some of its most prominent features or distinguishing doctrines, as
was before suggested—such as justification by faith without works,
predestination to perdition as well as to salvation, or election and
reprobation representing all human characters and actions (even the
most horrid crimes), as emanating or resulting from the decrees of
Heaven, or will of God—doctrines which certainly cannot be said to
be favourable to practical holiness or virtuous living. Yet they form a
main part of what has been called evangelical religion ever since. As
to their licentious tendency, Luther is known to have gone very far,
and expressed himself very strongly on the above doctrine of
justification; even so as to speak very slightly of the Epistle of
James, calling it “dry, chaffy, and unworthy the apostolic spirit,” for
no other reason than its manifest opposition to his views of this
doctrine. He probably deemed that Epistle far inferior to his own
writings when he called himself the second Elias and the Chariot of
Israel, and said in his book against the king of England, “My ministry
and calling are of that excellency that it is in vain for princes or any
persons on earth to expect submission or forbearance from me.” Be
this as it may, it is evident, from Bucer’s testimony, (see p. 628) that
the reformed converts made a great handle of that doctrine, and
considered it as excusing and encouraging their licentiousness: and
Bucer was a witness of the effects of the reformation in England as
well as on the continent.—As to those reformed doctrines relating to
the Divine Decrees, or predestination to perdition as well as to
salvation, and which are commonly comprehended under the terms
Election and Reprobation, their loose and licentious tendency, must
be obvious to every unbiassed mind, seeing they place good and
evil, virtue and vice, truth and error, right and wrong, as it were
upon a level, and in effect annihilate all the distinctions between
them, making the worst as well as the best of human actions to be
agreeable to the will of God and the offspring of his eternal counsel
or purpose. Where such doctrines prevail it may be expected that
moral restraints will be soon overpowered.
[668] So far they were evidently of use, and their suppression was
a real and public loss, in that view and as things then stood.
[672] In the days of Wickliff, and for a good while after, there was
among the common people a spirit of revolt against papal tyranny
and corruption; but that spirit had been suppressed and
extinguished before Henry had begun his work of reformation.
Between his work and that of Wickliff there was a wide and striking
difference—the former originated with the court, the latter with
some thinking men at Oxford; the former was carried on by royal
caprice, orders of council, and acts of parliament, the latter by the
diligent and persevering exertions and eloquence of private
individuals of integrity and learning, who were convinced of its
importance, and who travelled on foot about the country to instruct
and enlighten the people, in order to improve their manners, their
morals and their religious principles.
[673] This might be the reason why so many places of worship
besides the convents, and which had no connection with them, were
here laid by and demolished at that time—such as the church or
chapel of St. James, those of St. John, and of St. Catherine, &c. the
demolition of which, except for the reason now suggested, must
appear exceedingly unaccountable.—As to the church or chapel of
St. Catherine, of whose site the author expressed much uncertainty
at p. 559, he now begs leave to inform the reader that he has been
since led to conclude, from some old MSS. that it stood in that small
field without the East gate, on the left hand as we go out of the
town, and which is now enclosed from the road by a brick wall. It
appears that it retained the name of St. Catherine’s ground long
after the church had disappeared.
[674] Many of them could hardly read; and as to preaching, it was
what few of them were capable of. To supply that deficiency the
Book of Homilies was provided, and the reading of those homilies,
for a while, appears to have supplied the place of preaching. But
the plan was ill calculated to instruct and enlighten the common
people, though it might be of use to their superiors.
[675a] Hist. Ref. 1. 317.
[675b] Hist. Ref. as before.
[676] Burnet Hist. Ref. as before.
[678] Of the prodigious popularity and reputation of the friars, see
above at page 495.
[680] The following is thought a pretty correct statement of the
numbers of worshipers that might be accommodated in each and all
our present places of worship—In St. Margaret’s church; 1322; in St.
Nicholas’ chapel 1066; in All Saints, or South Lynn church, 388: in
the Methodist chapel, 500; in the Independent chapel 450; in the
Baptist chapel 500; and in that of the Friends or Quakers 100.—Thus
all the churches might admit 2776; and all the Dissenting chapels
about 1500, or 1550—in all 4326. But it is well known that the
number of those that do actually attend falls greatly short of 4326,
and we may very safely venture to affirm that they do not exceed
3000: so that there must be here between 7 and 8000 people whose
minds are strangers to religious impressions, and whose conduct is
very little regulated or affected by any sound moral principles.
Would it not therefore be very desirable to increase among us the
means of religious and moral instruction? Some more new chapels,
under proper direction, might prove of no small benefit to the town,
and help to bring from darkness to light another third part of its
population. This hint deserves consideration.
[682] For an account of the Lynn Gilds, see above, Part iii. ch. v. p.
403.
[684a] Thus in the old ballad of Truth and Ignorance, the latter,
who is represented as a rustic, says,

Che’ll tell thee what, good fellowe,

Before the vriars went hence,
A bushel of the best wheate,
Was zold for vourteen pence:
And vorty egges a penny,
That were both good and newe;
And this, che say, myselfe have seen,
And yet I am no Jewe.
(Andrews, 2. 282.)

These lines were quoted before imperfectly. They are now given
correctly in the original orthography.
[684b] We allude principally to the poor-rates and paving-tax, which
are certainly most severely felt, and likely to be still more so. The
former by frugal and wise management might, doubtless, be greatly
reduced, without any material detriment to the poor: and the latter
ought never to have existed till the times proved more favourable.
When the project was brought forward it was firmly opposed by a
large body of the householders: but it was carried against them,
very wrongfully. They were told that the work would be completed
at the expence of about 13,000l. and it has already far exceeded, if
not doubled, that sum: yet the work is not finished. Thousands
have been lavished, merely to suit the convenience, or gratify the
caprice of a few opulent families, without being of the least use or
benefit to the town at large; which must have been exceedingly
disingenuous and dishonourable. So great was the liberality which
the paviers experienced at Lynn, that they are reported to be
satisfied to do their work at Norwich and Yarmouth, 25 per cent.
under what they had here.—In short, the managers, or rather the
mis-managers of this concern, went on lavishly and blunderingly, till
they could go no further. They were aground for sometime this last
autumn, and had probably remained so over the winter, and the
summer too, and thrown the whole town into the utmost confusion,
but for the timely assistance of a certain individual, who on this
critical occasion stood in the place and acted the part of that good
man noticed in holy writ, who by his wisdom delivered the city. Eccl.
ix. 15.
[687] See Martin’s History of Thetford chap. xiii. p. 170.
[688] The Surrenders seem to have been all much of the same cast
and tenor, and so were probably the confessions which accompanied
them, a copy of one of these is given by Burnet, and is as follows—

“Forasmuch as we Richard Green, abbot of our monastery of

our blessed lady St. Mary of Betlesden, and the convent of the
said monastery, do profoundly consider, that the whole manner
and trade of living, which we and our pretensed religion have
practised and used many days, does most principally consist in
certain dumb ceremonies, and other certain constitutions of the
bishops of Rome, and other forinsecal potentates, as the abbot
of Cistins, and therein only noseled and not taught in the true
knowledge of God’s laws, procuring always exemptions of the
bishops of Rome from our ordinaries and diocesans: submitting
ourselves principally to forinsecal potentates and powers, which
never came here to reform such disorders of living and abases
as now have been found to have reigned amongst us. And
therefore now assuredly knowing, that the most perfect way of
living is most principally and sufficiently declared unto us by our
Master Christ, his Evangelists and Apostles, and that it is most
expedient for us to be governed and ordered by our supreme
Head, under God, the king’s most noble Grace, with our mutual
assent and consent, submit ourselves and every one of us, to
the most benign mercy of the king’s majesty; and by these
presents do surrender &c.”

The Surrender follows in common form, Signed by the abbot,

subprior, and nine monks, 15th Sept. 30th year of that reign.—From
these samples one may from an idea of the tenour of the surrenders
and confessions which went from Lyon. See Burnet, vol. I. Col. rec.
p. 150.
[689] There were then dissolved 645 monasteries, 90 Colleges,
2374 Chauntrys, and 110 hospitals. The yearly revenue of the whole
amounted then to 161,100l. a sum equal perhaps, to 3 or 4 millions
of our money, which must be far less than the present ecclesiastical
revenue of England and Ireland. From a part of the above fund the
universities were indulged with some additional colleges and
professorships; and six new bishoprics were erected. An immense
sum too accrued to the king from the furniture, clocks, bells, lead,
&c. of these edifices; and even from bullion, 5000 marks of which
were found in one abbey. See Andrews, 2. 282.
[699] These have long been deemed here among the chief of
sinners, as tippling and other vices are supposed to have abounded
through their patronage or connivance.
[702a] Mr. Man was minister of South Lynn till 1646, when he was
succeeded by the worthy and learned John Horne, who was not
likely to restrain his parishioners from eating meat in Lent, or require
the sick to take out licences on that occasion. Of this memorable
person we shall have occasion to say more hereafter.
[702b] This Thomas Lilly was a respectable ancestor of our present
representative in parliament, Sir Martin Browne Folkes, and original
proprietor, it is supposed, of that gentleman’s valuable possessions in
South Lynn. His daughter and sole heiress married Sir William Hovel
of Hillington, and was grandmother of Martin Folkes Esquire,
president of the Royal Society, and of William Folkes Esquire, the
father of Sir Martin.
[704] Those Licences and Dispensations seem to have been no
longer at the disposal or option of the parish ministers, for there was
an office in London opened expressly for that purpose, as we find by
an advertisement which appeared in the said Mercurius Publicus of