DitterentialCalculus 161

MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF AFUNCTION OF TWO

VARIABLES
Ifnition. Conside.a function . v)ol two variables and yand a point (a, b) and the neiphbourhood
A) The value Ao, b)is said to be maximun it (o, b) >/fln + h, h + h) and the value
Ais said o minmwmi/(a, b)<(a+h, b+k)
Theoren . The Iecessary conditions for a, b) to be an extreme value of fare that
and , a, b) 0
1he int (d. ) iN called a stationarv point and the value o. b) is called 'Stationary Value'
Theorn 2. The sutlicient conditios for the stationary value fla, b) to be an extrerme value as

f, (a, b) A. f, (a, b) =B. , (a, b) =C

tA-B >0 and A< 0, theh a, b) is a maximum value
R0 and A >0, then Aa. b) is amninimum value
) lf AC-B<0, then a, b) is neither maximum nor minimnum value.
(i) lf AC -B=0 then no conclusion can be drawn about maximum or minimum and further
investigation is needed.
Note. Every extreme value is a stationary value but the converse is not true.
Example 1. Obtain the maximum and minimum values of
fx, y) =x+y +3xy.
For stationary points, =0 and f,=0
3r+3y =0 and 3y² + 3x= 0
F+y=0 ...) and y' + x=0 ...(i)
From (iü), y =-x, so that from (i) we have y + y= 0
L.e.
y(y +1) =c, y(y +1)(²-y+ I) =0 ie, y=0, or y=- 1.
(: y'- y+ 1has complex roots ).
Consequently x =0 and x=- 1.
i: Stationary Points are (0, 0) and (- 1, - 1).
Si= 6x, f, = 6y.f, =3
For stationary point (0, 0),
A
=f, (0, 0) = 0
C=f, (0, 0) = 0
B=f, (0, 0) = 3
AC- B=-9<0
So the point (0, 0) is neither a point of maximum nor a point of minimum.
For stationary point
(1,-)
A=f-I, - I) =-6
C=f, (-I, - I) =-6
B=f, (-1, - 1) =3
 value where Consider
LAGRANGE from ) so 162
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Let Example Textbook
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height ? box Mathematics 27
stationary
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 Dilforontial Calculus 163
onsideration of the problem Other methods are beyond to the sCope of this text. llowever Hessian
gIven as a note at the end of example 3.
Matris test is
When there is more than one relations say. ),(, v. z) m ), ,x,. y. ) 0 , the Layranye function
follows
will be taken as
multiplies.
ahene A,. À, are iwo Lagrange
In this case also, we take for extreme values of Fx, v z),.
F =0, F =0, F, =(0 and , =(0, 0, =0
x, v and .
ixr finding the stationary value
Example 2 can also be solved by this nethod.
Example 3. Find the pont upon the plane ax + by +cz=pat which the function fu. y, z) = x* +
!.has a minimum value and find this minimum value of fx, , z).
Here O(. ; ) = ar+ by +cz-p=0
Fx. y ¿. ) = (a+ +)- ar +by +cz -p)
For extreme value,
a
F=0 i.e., 2x- a). =0 i.e. x= ...(1)

F,=0 i.e., 2y bà =0 i.e., y= ...(2)

2

F=0 i.e., 2z-ch =0 i.e., z= ...(3)

2
From Ox, y z) =0

We ger

2p
*a+b' +e
ap bp ...(4)
+b + ? + } + : = a+b' +?
.. At this extreme point,

Note. Hessian matrix test for extreme values.

|2 0 0|
Construct H) =|y Sy J 0 2 0 (From Example 3)

If the sign of all the leading principal minors are positive then the stationary point gives minimum
value.
 12. 5 4 3. 2 1 13. 12. 11. 10. 9 6
stationary 164
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