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Assignment 3

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Abhinav Banswal
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3 views

Assignment 3

Uploaded by

Abhinav Banswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment-3

QUE-1. What are full forms of IPv6 and IPv4?


ANS:- The full forms of IPv6 and IPv4 are:
• IPv6: Internet Protocol version 6
• IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4
Both IPv6 and IPv4 are versions of the Internet Protocol (IP) used for addressing
and routing packets of data across the internet or other computer networks.
IPv6 is the newer version designed to address the limitations of IPv4, including
its address space.

QUE-2. What is network congestion?


ANS:- Network congestion occurs when the demand for network resources
exceeds the available capacity, leading to a degradation in the quality of service
(QoS). This situation results in slower data transmission speeds, higher latency,
and packet loss. It can affect both wired and wireless networks, including local
area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet.
Causes of Network Congestion:
1. High Traffic Volume: When many devices or users are transmitting large
amounts of data simultaneously, such as during peak usage times, it can
overwhelm the network's capacity.
2. Limited Bandwidth: Networks have a finite amount of bandwidth (data
transfer capacity). If the total data being sent exceeds this capacity,
congestion occurs.
Symptoms of Network Congestion:
• Slow Network Speed: Data transfer rates decrease, making it difficult to
stream, download, or upload data efficiently.
• High Latency: There is a noticeable delay in data transmission, such as
lag in online games or delayed video calls.
Network congestion can be a significant issue, especially for high-
demand applications like video streaming, online gaming, or cloud-based
services, but with proper management and infrastructure, it can be
alleviated.

QUE-3. What is data compression?


ANS:- Data compression is the process of reducing the size of data files or
streams to save storage space or reduce transmission time. It involves encoding
information using fewer bits than the original representation, thereby making
the data more compact. Data compression can be applied to various types of
data, including text, images, audio, video, and other digital content.
Types of Data Compression:
Data compression can be classified into two main categories:
1. Lossless Compression:
o Definition: In lossless compression, the original data can be
perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. No information
is lost during the compression process.
o Use Cases: Lossless compression is typically used for text, code
files, or any data where precision is crucial (e.g., software files,
documents, and database files).
o Examples:
▪ ZIP: A file format used for compressing multiple files into
one archive.
▪ PNG: A lossless image format.
▪ FLAC: A lossless audio compression format.
▪ GIF: A lossless image format (with some color limitations).
2. Lossy Compression:
o Definition: In lossy compression, some of the original data is lost
during the compression process. This results in a reduction in file
size, but it may cause a loss in quality, which might not be
noticeable in certain contexts.
o Use Cases: Lossy compression is generally used for multimedia
files like images, audio, and video, where a slight loss in quality
may not be perceptible to the human senses.
o Examples:
▪ JPEG: A widely used lossy image compression format.
▪ MP3: A common lossy audio compression format.
▪ MPEG, H.264: Common lossy video compression formats.

QUE-4. What do you understand with DNS system and DNS server?
ANS:- DNS System (Domain Name System)
The DNS (Domain Name System) is a hierarchical system that translates human-
readable domain names (like www.example.com) into machine-readable IP
addresses (like 192.168.1.1). This system is essential for navigating the internet,
as computers and networks communicate using IP addresses, but humans
typically use domain names to make browsing easier.
• Purpose: The main function of DNS is to make the process of finding
websites and services more user-friendly by translating domain names
into their corresponding IP addresses.
• How It Works: When a user types a domain name in a browser, a DNS
query is sent to find the corresponding IP address. Once the IP address is
found, the browser can connect to the web server hosting the website.
DNS Server
A DNS server is a specialized server responsible for handling DNS queries. It
acts like a "phonebook" of the internet, maintaining a record of domain names
and their corresponding IP addresses.
• Types of DNS Servers:
1. Recursive DNS Server: This server receives DNS queries from
clients (such as browsers) and resolves them by querying other
DNS servers if needed until it finds the answer.
2. Authoritative DNS Server: This server holds the actual records for a
domain and provides authoritative answers to DNS queries about
that domain.
3. Caching DNS Server: This server stores previously resolved queries
to improve performance by quickly responding to repeat requests
without needing to query other servers.
In short:
• DNS is the system that translates domain names to IP addresses.
• A DNS server is the server that handles these translations, making it
possible for users to access websites using easy-to-remember domain
names instead of complex IP addresses.

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