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Unit 5 Distributions Systems

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Unit 5 Distributions Systems

Uploaded by

2023ee0732
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Single line diagram

General
1.Generating Station
2.Primary transmission
3.Secondary transmission
4.Primary Distribution
5.Secondary Distribution
Generating Station:
•The place where electric power produced by parallel connected three phase
alternators/generators is called Generating Station.
•The Ordinary generating voltage may be 11kV, 11.5 kV 12kV or 13kV. But
economically, it is good to step up the produced voltage from (11kV, 11.5kV Or
12 kV) to 132kV, 220kV or 500kV or greater (in some countries, up to 1500kV)
by Step up transformer (power Transformer).
Primary Transmission:
•The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 500kV or greater) is transmit to load
center by three phase three wire overhead transmission system.
General
Secondary transmission:
• Area far from city (outskirts) which have connected with receiving
station by line is called Secondary transmission.
• At receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down
transformers up to 132kV, 66 or 33 kV, and Electric power is
transmit by three phase three wire overhead system to different
sub stations.
• So this is a Secondary Transmission.
Primary Distribution:
• At a sub station, the level of secondary transmission voltage
(132kV, 66 or 33 kV) reduced to 11kV by step down transformers.
• Electric supply is given to those heavy consumer which demands is
11 kV, from these lines which caries 11 kV ( in three phase three
wire overhead system) and they make a separate sub station to
control and utilize this power.
General
• for heavier consumer (at large scale) their demand is about 132 kV or 33
kV.
• They take electric supply from secondary transmission or primary
distribution ( in 132 kV, 66kV or 33kV) and then step down the level of
voltage by step-down transformers in their own sub station for utilization
( i.e. for electric traction etc).
Secondary Distribution:
• Electric power is given by (from Primary distribution line i.e.11kV) to
distribution sub station. This sub station is located near by consumers
areas where the level of voltage reduced by step down transformers
440V by Step down transformers.
• These transformers called Distribution transformers, (three phase four
wire system). So there is 400 Volts (Three Phase Supply System) between
any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase Supply) between a neutral
and phase (live) wires.
• Residential load (i.e. Fans, Lights, and TV etc) may be connected between
any one phase and neutral wires, while three phase load may be
connected directly to the three phase lines.
Distribution system
• Part of power system that distributes electric
power for local use.
• Electrical system between substation fed by
transmission system and the consumer meters.
Elements of Distribution System
Secondary distribution may be divided into three parts
• Feeders
• Distributors
• Service Lines or Service Mains
Feeders:
• A Feeder is a conductor which connect Generating station (power
station) or Sub Station to distributors are called feeders.

• No tappings are taken from the feeder,so that current in the


feeder remain same throughout the conductor.

• The mail consideration in the design of feeder is the current


carrying capacity.
Distributors:
• A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to
the consumer.
• AB,BC,CD,DA are distributors.
• Current through distributor is not constant because of tappings at various
places along its length.
• The voltage drop along its length is the main consideration in the design
of distributors.
• Voltage variations is at the consumer terminals.

Service Mains:
• The small cable which is connected between Distributors and Consumer
load terminal called Service Mains.
Classification of distribution system
(1) Based on Nature of current
(i) AC distribution system
(ii)DC distribution system.
(2) Based on construction
(i) Over head system
(ii) Underground system
(3) Scheme of connection
(i) Radial distribution system
(ii) Ring main distribution system
(iii) Interconnected system
Primary Distribution
Secondary distribution
Connection Scheme
• Radial system
Radial system
• Separate feeders radiate from a single substation
and feed the distributors at one end only.
• Radial system is employed only when power
generated at low voltage and substation is located
at the center of the load.
Ring main system
Interconnected system
Requirements of a good distribution systems
• Continuity in the power supply must be ensured. Thus system
should be reliable
• Consumer voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.
• Efficiency of the lines must be as high as possible.
• System should be safe from consumer point of view. There should
not be leakage.
• Lines should not be over loaded.
• Layout should not affect the appearance of the site.
• System should be economical.
AC distribution calculation

• Power factor referred to Receiving end.


Power factor referred to respective load voltages

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