Mid Term
Mid Term
Module 1
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What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data. It works through programs and combines hardware
(physical components) and software to solve different problems.
1. Input: Data and instructions are entered using devices like keyboards, mice, and microphones.
2. Processing: The CPU processes the data, performing calculations or logical operations.
3. Storage: Data is saved either during or after processing.
• Primary storage: Temporary (RAM) for fast access for the CPU to data and instructions while the computer is running.
• Secondary storage: Long-term (hard drives, SSDs).
4. Output: The results are shown on devices like monitors, printers, or speakers.
Data vs Information:
Measurement Units:
System Numbering:
• Decimal: Base-10 system we use (numbers 0-9), is used because it's easier for people, while computers work with binary
• Hexadecimal (Hex): Base-16 system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F, is used in computing for its concise binary representation and
easy conversion to and from binary.
Colors in websites are often represented using Hexadecimal & Decimal codes:
colors are defined by three components:
Red(R), Green(G), Blue(B) Each of these components can have a value ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal.
Encoding Systems:
ASCII (7-bit encoding): Represents 128 characters including English letters, numbers, and control characters.
Unicode (UTF-16): Uses 1 or 2 16-bit units to support more characters, including symbols and emojis.
Types of Computers:
Module 2
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Computer:
• A computer is made up of hardware (physical parts) and software (programs). Both are essential for its operation.
• Hardware: The "body" that runs the system.
• Software: The "soul" that provides instructions to make the hardware functional and interactive.
• Motherboard
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Storage Devices (HDD, SSD)
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
• Input and Output Devices
Motherboard:
• Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all computer parts, letting them communicate.
• Bus: Transfers data between computer components.
• CPU Socket: Where the CPU is placed.
• RAM Slots: Where memory modules are inserted.
• BIOS/UEFI Chip: Firmware that starts up the system.
• Expansion Slots: For adding extra cards like graphics or sound cards.
• I/O Panel: Ports for connecting external devices (USB, audio, etc.).
• Serial Port: Used for connecting older devices like modems and printers.
• Parallel Port: Also used for connecting older devices, especially printers.
• CMOS: Stores BIOS settings like system time, date. Powered by a small battery to retain these settings when the computer is off.
• The PSU converts alternating current (AC) from the wall into direct current (DC).
• The CPU executes instructions and performs basic arithmetic, logic, and input/output operations.
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles arithmetic and logic operations.
• Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations of the processor.
• Registers: Small, fast storage areas in the CPU that hold data currently being processed or about to be processed.
• Cache Memory: High-speed memory that helps the CPU access frequently used data faster It’s divided into L1, L2, L3 caches.
• Clock Speed: How fast the CPU runs, measured in GHz.
• Multi-Core: CPU with multiple cores two (dual-core), four (quad-core), six (hexa-core) for better performance.
• Cache Size: Small memory inside the CPU for quick access to frequently used data.
• RAM is volatile memory, which means data in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
• RAM Speed: Measured in MHz. The faster the RAM, the quicker the computer can access data.
• RAM Capacity: Measured in GB. More RAM allows the computer to run more programs at once.
Types of RAM:
Storage Devices:
• Storage Devices is non-volatile, which means Store data even when the computer is turned off.
• HDD: Uses spinning disks to store data.
• SSD: Uses flash memory, faster than HDD.
• Hybrid Drives (SSHD): Combine SSD and HDD technologies.
• The GPU accelerates image and video processing using parallel processing units and VRAM for data storage.
• It has its own CPU and memory, reducing the load on the system's CPU and RAM, but it can't fully replace them.
Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ادعولي
Module 3
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• Input Devices: Devices that let you send data to a computer, like keyboards and mice.
• Output Devices: Devices that show you the computer's results, like monitors and printers.
Input Devices:
1. Keyboard: Lets you type letters, numbers, and symbols. There are different types:
• Standard Keyboard: Common for desktops.
• Wireless Keyboard: Connects without cables.
• Virtual Keyboard: On-screen keyboard used on touchscreens.
• Components and Layout:
• Alphanumeric Keys: Include letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9).
• Function Keys: Located at the top of the keyboard (F1-F12).
• Special Keys: Include Shift, Ctrl, Alt, and Windows key.
• Navigation Keys: Include arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, and Down.
• Modifier Keys: Include Shift, Ctrl, Alt, which modify the function of other keys when pressed simultaneously.
Output Devices:
3. Speakers: Converts digital audio from the computer into an analog signal using a DAC.
• Modem: Allows computers to send and receive data over networks by converting signals.
• Network Card: Connects your computer to a network, both sending and receiving data.
• Touchscreen Monitor: Works as both an input (when you touch it) and output (displaying visuals).
Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ادعولي
Module 4
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Computer Software:
• Software: A program that tells the computer what tasks to do and how to do them. It connects the user with the computer's
hardware.
System Software:
• System Software: Includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs. It provides a platform for other software to run.
• The most important system software. It manages hardware and provides services for other programs.
• Main Functions:
• Process Management: The OS handles creating, scheduling, and ending processes.
• Memory Management: Manages RAM and cache memory.
• File System Management: Organizes files on storage devices.
• Device Management: Manages communication between devices.
• Security: Protects the system from unauthorized access and malware.
• User Interface: Allows users to interact with the computer, either through a graphical interface (GUI) or a text-based one (CLI).
Utility Software:
Module 5
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Application Software:
• Definition: Programs designed for specific tasks like writing, playing games, or managing finances.
• Examples:
• Spreadsheet Software: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets.
• Word Processing Software: Microsoft Word, Google Docs.
• Presentation Software: Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides.
• Vertical: Made for specific industries or businesses (e.g., medical billing software).
• Horizontal: General-purpose software used by many people and businesses (e.g., Microsoft Office).
Software Documentation:
Application Licenses:
Web Applications:
• Definition: Software that runs through a web browser, no need to install (e.g., Google Docs, Gmail).
• Advantages: Accessible from any device, often cheaper, auto-updates.
• Disadvantages: Requires internet connection, potential security risks, limited offline use.
• The space where users interact with software, ensuring ease and user-friendliness.
• Main Window: Primary screen of the application.
• Dialog Box: Secondary window for input or notifications.
• Main Menu: Provides access to key functions.
• Dropdown Menu: Selects options from a list.
• Fields: Input text.
• Labels: Descriptive text for UI elements.
• Checkboxes: Select multiple options.
• Radio Buttons: Select one option.
Beta Versions:
• Purpose: Released before final versions to test features and find bugs.
• Helps developers improve the software before public release.