INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME MOHAMMED MOHAIMIN KHABIR

ROLL NUMBER 2314105592

PROGRAM BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)

SEMESTER Batch 5 Semester 1

COURSE NAME UNDERSTANDING PC & TROUBLESHOOTING

COURSE CODE DCA1104

SESSION MARCH 2023

 SET-1

Q. (1.a):- Explain CPU and its essentials using a diagram.

Ans: - A CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the primary component of a computer system
responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It is often referred to as
the "brain" of the computer because it performs the majority of the processing tasks.

CPU
INPUT OUTPUT
CONTROL ALU
UNIT UNIT

UNIT (Arithmetic Logic

Unit)

REGISTERS

CACHE

MEMORY
Now let's go through the essential components of a CPU:

1. Control Unit: The control unit is responsible for managing and coordinating the
activities of the CPU. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and controls
the execution of these instructions.

2. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations
on data. It can perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, AND, OR, etc.

3. Registers: Registers are small, high-speed memory units located within the CPU.
They are used to store data and instructions that are currently being processed.
Registers have various purposes, including holding temporary values, storing memory
addresses, and storing the results of calculations performed by the ALU.

4. Cache: Cache is a small but extremely fast memory located within the CPU. It acts as
a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. The cache stores frequently used
data and instructions, allowing the CPU to access them quickly and reduce the
latency associated with accessing the main memory.

5. Memory: Memory refers to the main memory of a computer system, which holds
instructions and data. While not strictly part of the CPU itself, the CPU interacts
closely with the memory, retrieving instructions and data from it.

These essentials work together to execute instructions and perform computations.

Q. (1.b):- Discuss various modern CPU concepts.

Ans: - There are various modern CPU concepts that have emerged in recent years,
including:

1. Multicore processing: This involves incorporating multiple processing cores into a

single CPU chip. Multicore CPUs can perform multiple tasks simultaneously, which
improves overall system performance.

2. Hyper-threading: Hyper-threading is a technology that allows a single physical core

to execute multiple software threads simultaneously. This increases CPU utilization
and improves performance.

3. Cache memory: Cache memory is a small amount of high-speed memory that stores
frequently accessed data, so that it can be quickly accessed by the CPU. This reduces
the time needed to access data from slower main memory, which improves overall
system performance.

4. SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data): SIMD is a CPU architecture that allows a
single instruction to be executed on multiple pieces of data at the same time. This
improves the performance of tasks that involve processing large amounts of data,
such as multimedia applications.
 5. Branch prediction: Branch prediction is a technique used to improve CPU
performance by predicting which branch of an instruction will be executed next. This
allows the CPU to begin executing the next instruction before the current one is
complete, which reduces the time required to execute the program.

6. Power management: Power management is an important concept in modern CPUs,

as it allows the CPU to reduce its power consumption when it is not being used. This
can be achieved through techniques such as clock throttling, where the CPU reduces
its clock speed when it is not being fully utilized.

7. Virtualization: Virtualization involves creating multiple virtual machines on a single

physical machine. This allows multiple operating systems to run on the same
hardware, which improves overall system utilization.

Overall, these modern CPU concepts have played a significant role in improving the
performance, power efficiency, and versatility of modern CPUs.

Q. (2.):- Discuss in detail various components of motherboard.

Ans: - The motherboard, also known as the mainboard or system board, is a crucial
component of a computer that connects and allows communication between various
hardware components. It provides a platform for these components to interact and work
together efficiently. Let's discuss the various components of a motherboard:

1. CPU Socket: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) socket is a slot on the motherboard
that holds the processor. The socket type determines the compatibility of the CPU,
and different processors require specific socket types.

2. Chipset: The chipset is a collection of integrated circuits (ICs) that manage data flow
between the CPU, memory, storage devices, and other peripherals. It consists of two
main components: the Northbridge and the Southbridge. The Northbridge handles
tasks like memory, graphics, and high-speed communication, while the Southbridge
manages slower peripherals like USB ports, SATA ports, and audio.

3. Memory Slots: These are slots where the Random Access Memory (RAM) modules
are installed. The number of memory slots varies depending on the motherboard
model. The type and speed of RAM supported by the motherboard are specified in its
documentation.

4. Expansion Slots: Expansion slots allow you to install additional expansion cards to
enhance the functionality of your computer. The most common types of expansion
slots are PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) and PCIe (Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express). These slots are used to connect devices such as graphics
cards, sound cards, network cards, and Wi-Fi adapters.
 5. BIOS/UEFI: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface (UEFI) is a firmware embedded in the motherboard that initializes and
configures hardware components during the boot process. It also provides a user
interface to configure system settings, such as boot order and overclocking.

6. CMOS Battery: The Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) battery

powers the CMOS chip, which stores the motherboard's BIOS/UEFI settings. It
ensures that the settings are retained even when the computer is powered off. If the
CMOS battery is depleted or fails, the system may lose its BIOS/UEFI settings.

7. Power Connectors: The motherboard requires power to function properly. It has two
main power connectors: the main ATX power connector, typically a 24-pin connector,
and the CPU power connector, which supplies power to the CPU, usually a 4-pin or
8-pin connector.

8. SATA and IDE Connectors: SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) and
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) connectors provide interfaces for connecting
storage devices such as hard drives and solid-state drives (SSDs). SATA is the newer
and faster standard, while IDE is the older and slower one.

9. USB Headers: USB headers are internal connectors on the motherboard that allow
you to connect USB ports on the front or top of the computer case. They provide
additional USB connectivity options.

10. Audio Headers: These headers enable the connection of audio jacks on the front or
top of the computer case to the motherboard. They provide audio input and output
capabilities.

11. Networking: Many motherboards include onboard Ethernet networking capabilities,

which provide a built-in network interface for connecting to a local area network or
the internet.

12. Graphics Ports: Motherboards often have video ports such as VGA, DVI, HDMI, or
Display Port. These ports allow you to connect a monitor directly to the motherboard
if it has integrated graphics capabilities.

These are the main components you would find on a typical motherboard.

Q. (3.a):-Explain password trouble shooting in CMOS.

Ans: - CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a technology used in

computer systems to store essential configuration settings, including the password for
accessing the system's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). If you encounter password troubles
in CMOS, it typically means you are having difficulties accessing or modifying the BIOS
settings due to a forgotten or unknown password.
Here are a few troubleshooting steps you can take:

1. Clear CMOS: Most motherboards have a CMOS clearing mechanism, such as a

jumper or a button, to reset the CMOS settings to their default values. By clearing the
CMOS, you can remove any password set in the BIOS. Consult your motherboard's
manual or manufacturer's website to locate the CMOS clearing method specific to
your system.

2. Remove the CMOS battery: The CMOS battery powers the CMOS chip that stores the
BIOS settings. By removing the battery for a few minutes and then reinserting it, you
can reset the CMOS and potentially clear any password. However, keep in mind that
removing the battery will also reset other settings, such as date and time, so you
might need to reconfigure those afterward.

3. Use a BIOS backdoor password: Some BIOS manufacturers set up backdoor

passwords that can be used to access the BIOS when the primary password is
forgotten. These passwords are specific to each manufacturer and BIOS version. You
can search for a list of known backdoor passwords online but note that they may not
work on newer systems or if the manufacturer has removed the backdoor password
feature.

4. Contact the manufacturer: If none of the above methods work, you may need to
contact the manufacturer's customer support for further assistance. They might be
able to provide you with a solution or guide you through a password recovery process
specific to your system.

It's important to note that password troubleshooting in CMOS should only be performed on
systems you own or have explicit permission to modify. Unauthorized access to someone
else's computer system is a violation of privacy and may be illegal.

Q. (3.b):-Discuss briefly features of BIOS.

Ans: - BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a firmware interface that initializes and tests
hardware components during the boot process of a computer. Some of the features of BIOS
include:

1. Power-On Self-Test (POST): This is the first step in the boot process, and it checks
the hardware components to ensure they are functioning properly. If there are any
issues, the POST will report error codes or messages.

2. Boot sequence: BIOS determines the order in which the computer searches for an
operating system to boot from. This can be changed in the BIOS settings.

3. System settings: BIOS allows users to configure system settings, such as the date and
time, boot device priority, and various hardware settings.

4. Security features: BIOS can also provide security features such as password
protection and secure boot.
 5. Upgrading BIOS: BIOS can be updated to fix bugs or add new features.

Overall, BIOS plays a crucial role in the boot process and provides users with the ability to
configure and manage various system settings.

SET-2
Q. (4.):-Describe construction of a hard drive with diagram.

Ans: - A hard drive, also known as a hard disk drive (HDD), is a data storage device
commonly used in computers and other electronic devices. It consists of several components
that work together to store and retrieve data.

Here is a general description of the construction of a hard drive with diagram:

Mechanical components of a hard disk drive

1. Platters: The platters are the circular, flat disks that serve as the main storage
medium in a hard drive. They are typically made of glass or aluminum and coated
 with a thin layer of magnetic material. Platters are stacked on a spindle and rotate at
high speeds (typically between 5,400 and 15,000 revolutions per minute) while the
hard drive is in operation.

2. Read/Write Heads: Each platter has two read/write heads—one for reading data and
another for writing data. The heads are positioned on both sides of the platters and
are attached to an actuator arm assembly. The heads float just above the platter
surface on a thin cushion of air created by the rotation of the platters. The read/write
heads are responsible for reading data from and writing data to the magnetic surface
of the platters.

3. Actuator Arm Assembly: The actuator arm assembly is responsible for controlling
the movement of the read/write heads. It consists of an actuator arm and a voice coil
motor. The voice coil motor moves the actuator arm back and forth, positioning the
read/write heads precisely over the desired location on the platters to read or write
data.

4. Spindle Motor: The spindle motor is responsible for spinning the platters at a
constant high speed. It is typically a brushless motor mounted at the center of the
hard drive and connected to the spindle that holds the platters.

5. Head Stack Assembly: The actuator arm and read/write heads together form the head
stack assembly. It maintains a small gap between the heads and the surface of the
spinning platters, allowing precise reading and writing of data.

6. Enclosure: The hard drive is housed within a sturdy metal or plastic enclosure. This
enclosure protects the internal components from physical damage and helps dissipate
heat.

7. Interface: The hard drive has an interface, such as SATA (Serial ATA) or PATA
(Parallel ATA), which allows it to connect to the computer's motherboard and
communicate with the rest of the system.

8. Cache Memory: To enhance performance, modern hard drives often include a small
amount of cache memory. This memory acts as a temporary storage buffer, allowing
faster access to frequently accessed data.

Overall, the construction of a hard drive is a complex process that involves precise
engineering and manufacturing techniques. The components must work together seamlessly
to ensure reliable storage and retrieval of digital data.

Q. (5.):-Discuss maintenance and troubleshooting of a keyboard.

Ans: - Maintenance and troubleshooting of a keyboard are essential to keep it functioning

properly and extend its lifespan. Here are some tips for maintaining and troubleshooting a
keyboard:
Maintenance:

1. Regular cleaning: Dust, dirt, and debris can accumulate between the keys and affect
the keyboard's performance. Use compressed air or a small vacuum cleaner to
remove any particles. You can also turn the keyboard upside down and gently tap it to
dislodge loose debris.

2. Wiping the keys: Use a soft, lint-free cloth slightly dampened with water or a mild
cleaning solution to clean the keys. Be cautious not to get excess liquid on the
keyboard, as it can damage the electronics.

3. Avoid spills: Keep liquids away from the keyboard to prevent accidental spills. If a
spill occurs, immediately turn off the keyboard, disconnect it from the computer, and
clean it thoroughly. Allow it to dry completely before reconnecting.

4. Protect from dust: When the keyboard is not in use, cover it with a keyboard cover or
place it in a clean and dust-free environment to prevent dust buildup.

Troubleshooting:

1. Unresponsive keys: If certain keys are unresponsive, check for debris or dust that
may be obstructing them. Gently clean the affected keys using compressed air or a
cleaning solution.

2. Sticky keys: Sticky keys are often caused by spills or dirt buildup. Clean the affected
keys thoroughly, and if the issue persists, you may need to remove and clean the
keycaps individually.

3. Random keystrokes or ghosting: Ghosting occurs when multiple keys are registered
when you press a single key. This can be caused by a keyboard's limitations or an
issue with the keyboard's matrix. Test your keyboard with an online keyboard tester to
identify any ghosting issues.

4. Connectivity issues: If the keyboard is not connecting to the computer or if some keys
are not working, check the cable connection. Ensure that it is securely plugged into
the appropriate port. You may also try using a different USB port or connecting the
keyboard to another computer to determine if the issue is with the keyboard or the
computer.

5. Software conflicts: Sometimes, keyboard issues can be caused by software conflicts

or outdated drivers. Ensure that your operating system and keyboard drivers are up
to date. Consider reinstalling or updating the keyboard drivers if necessary.

6. Mechanical issues: Mechanical keyboards may have unique troubleshooting steps. If

you have a mechanical keyboard, consult the manufacturer's documentation or
support for specific troubleshooting advice.
If the issues persist or if your keyboard is under warranty, contact the manufacturer's
customer support for further assistance or consider getting a professional repair if it's
feasible.

Remember, prevention is key to maintaining a keyboard's longevity. Regular maintenance,

gentle cleaning, and cautious usage can help avoid many common issues.

Q. (6.):-Discuss functioning of Compatibility mode, Nibble mode and EPP mode in parallel
port.

Ans: - Parallel ports were commonly used in older computer systems to connect peripheral
devices such as printers, scanners, and external storage devices. They featured several
operating modes, including Compatibility mode, Nibble mode, and EPP mode, which
provided different levels of functionality and data transfer capabilities.

Let's discuss each mode:

1. Compatibility Mode: Compatibility mode, also known as standard or SPP (Standard

Parallel Port) mode, is the default mode of operation for parallel ports. In this mode,
data is transferred one byte (8 bits) at a time, using a combination of data lines,
control lines, and status lines. The data lines transmit the actual data, while control
lines handle handshaking and control signals.

Compatibility mode uses a simple and straightforward data transfer method, where data is
written to or read from the parallel port by sequentially sending each byte. However, this
mode is relatively slow compared to other modes, as it doesn't utilize the full capabilities of
the parallel port.

2. Nibble mode: Nibble mode enhances the capabilities of the parallel port by adding
bidirectional communication. In this mode, the parallel port can both send and
receive data in 4-bit nibbles (half a byte) to and from the peripheral device. It
achieves bidirectional communication by utilizing some of the status lines of the
parallel port as data lines, effectively doubling the number of available data lines.

The data transfer rate in Nibble mode is faster than Compatibility mode due to the reduced
data width, but it is still relatively slow compared to modern data transfer standards.

3. EPP mode (Enhanced Parallel Port): EPP mode is an advanced operating mode of
the parallel port that provides higher data transfer rates and more advanced features.
It supports both bidirectional communication and the ability to transfer larger chunks
of data in a single transaction.

EPP mode uses a series of handshake signals and control lines to establish a communication
protocol between the parallel port and the peripheral device. It allows for full-duplex
communication, meaning data can be sent and received simultaneously.
The data transfer rate in EPP mode is significantly faster than in Compatibility mode or
Nibble mode, making it suitable for applications that require higher throughput, such as
high-speed printing or data acquisition.

It's important to note that the availability and functionality of these modes may vary
depending on the specific parallel port implementation and the device connected to it.
Additionally, with the advent of USB and other modern interfaces, parallel ports have
become less common in modern computer systems.

THE END