Cardiovascular System Pericardium

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory • A sac that enclosed the heart
• Pericardium has three layers:
The Heart o _____________ pericardium
▪ protects and anchors the heart
o _____________ pericardium
▪ lines the fibrous pericardium
▪ part of serous membrane pair
o _____________ pericardium
▪ lines surface of heart
▪ also called epicardium
▪ part of serous membrane pair

Walls of the Heart

• _____________________
o Also called visceral pericardium
• Approximately the _____________________ • _____________________
• Hollow, cone-shaped heart weighs less than a o Consists of thick bundles of cardiac
pound. muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike
• Located in the ________________ of the thorax arrangements
• Flanked laterally by the lungs and enclosed in a o It is the layer that actually contracts
multilayered ____________________. • ______________________
• Its pointed _________ is directed toward the o Is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium
_________ and rests on the _________, that lines the heart chambers
approximately at the level of the o It is continuous with the linings of the
_________________. blood vessels leaving and entering the
• Its broad posterosuperior aspect, or ______, heart
from which the great vessels of the body
emerge, points toward the ____________ and
lies beneath the ______________

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

4 Chambers of The Heart
The heart is divided longitudinally by a septum:
• _________________ Septum
o where it divides the atria
• __________________ Septum
o where it divides the ventricles
The heart has four hollow cavities, or chambers:
• Upper chambers
o _____________________________
• Lower Chambers
o _____________________________

Heart Valves
Prevent _________________ of blood in the heart
• Atrioventricular (AV) valves:
o Prevent backflow into the ________
when the __________ are contracting
1. Bicuspid Valve (_________________)
o Between ____ atrium and ____ ventricle
2. Tricuspid Valve
o Between ____ atrium and ____ ventricle
Major Arteries and Veins in the Heart
• _____________________ - anchor the cusps to
• Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava the walls of the ventricles
o Return blood from the __________ to
the __________________.
• Pulmonary trunk
o Splits into the right and left pulmonary
arteries
o ______________ Artery – only Artery
that caries _________________ blood
o Blood from _____________ drains
• Aorta
o Blood from _______________ drains
• Pulmonary veins
o Return blood from the ________ to the
______________.

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

 Blood Flow Through the Heart

• Semilunar (SL) valves

o Prevent backflow into the __________when
the heart is relaxing
1. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
o Between ____ ventricle and
______________________________
2. Aortic Semilunar Valve
o Between ____ ventricle and _______

Valves open and close in response to pressure changes

in the heart

____________________ Arteries
• Branch from the base of the aorta and encircle
the heart in the coronary sulcus (Atrioventricular
Groove)

Major Branches:
1. Anterior Interventricular Artery
2. Circumflex Artery On The Left
3. Posterior Interventricular Artery
4. Marginal Artery On The Right

• Coronary Sinus
o Blood from ______________ is drained
• Cardiac Veins
o enlarged vessel on the heart
o empties into the _______________.

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

 ________________ - is a rapid heart rate (over 100
beats per minute)
________________ - is a heart rate that is substantially
slower than normal (less than 60 beats per minute)

Conduction system of the Heart

1. ___________________ node
o Located in the right atrium
o _________________ of the heart
o Sets a heart rate of about ____ beats per
minute
2. ___________________ node
o Led at the ___________ of the atria and
ventricles
3. ___________________ bundle
o AKA _______________________
o Right and left bundle branches
o Located in the ____________________
4. ________________ Fibers
o Spread within the myocardium of the
ventricle walls.

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

Heart Sounds
• Result from the closing of the valves (Lub-Dub)
o _______ of the ____________________
produces the first heart sound. “Lub”
o _______ of the ____________________
produces the second heart sound.
“Dub”
• Faulty valves reduce the efficiency of the heart
as a pump and result in abnormal heart sounds
(heart murmurs)

Blood Vessels
Tunica Media
Vascular System • Middle layer
• Consist of:
• Arteries o Smooth muscles
o transport blood away from the heart ▪ Arranged circularly around the
o Arterioles – Small Arteries blood vessel.
▪ The amount of blood flowing
• Veins
through a blood vessel can be
o carry blood back to the heart
regulated by contraction or
o Venules – Small Veins
relaxation of the smooth muscle
• Capillaries
in the tunica media.
o are exchange vessels
▪ Vasoconstriction
o Capillary Beds – Clusters of Capillaries
• Contraction of muscles
3 Tunics or Layers • Will result into decrease
1. Tunica Intima in blood flow
2. Tunica Media ▪ Vasodilation
3. Tunica Externa/Adventitia • Relaxation of muscles
• Will result to increase
in blood flow
o External elastic membrane
▪ Separates the tunica media from
the tunica intima/adventitia

Tunica Externa/Adventitia
• Protective, outermost connective tissue layer
• Is composed of connective tissue
Tunica Intima
• Endothelium; reduces friction
• Lamina propria
o Thin layer of connective tissue
• Internal elastic membrane
o A fenestrated layer of elastic fibers
o Separates the tunica intima from the
next layer

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

Types of Arteries Types of Veins

Capillary

• A terminal arteriole that branches into

capillaries; drain into a postcapillary venule

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

Skeletal Muscle Pump Structural differences among Blood vessels
1. When skeletal muscles contract and press (Summary)
against the flexible veins
2. Valves proximal to the area of contraction are
forced open.
3. Blood is squeezed toward the heart like
toothpaste from a tube
4. The valves distal to the point of contraction are
closed by the backflowing blood.
5. Allows venous return

Major Arteries of The Body

Arterial Branches of the Aortic Arch

• Brachiocephalic Trunk
o the _______ branch off the aortic arch
o Splits into:
1. ________ Common Carotid A.
o Further branches into the R. Internal and
R. External carotid arteries
2. ________ Subclavian A.
Further Branches into: all are (___)
o Axillary artery
o Brachial artery
o Radial artery
o Ulnar artery
o Deep palmar arch
o Superficial palmar arch
o Digital arteries

• ________ Common Carotid Artery

o ____________ branch off the aortic arch
Divides to form:
1. _______ Internal Carotid
o which serves the __________
2. _______ External Carotid
o which serves the skin and muscles of the
head and neck

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

 Arterial Branches of The Thoracic Aorta

• Located just above the __________________

1. _______________ Arteries (10 Pairs)
o Supply the muscles of the thorax wall.
2. _______________ Arteries
o Supply the lungs
3. _______________ Arteries
o Supplies the esophagus
4. _______________ Arteries
o Supplies he diaphragm

• _______ Subclavian Artery

o third branch of the aortic arch
1. Vertebral Artery
o serves part of the brain.
Further Branches into: all are ______ Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
• Axillary artery
• Brachial artery – Supplies the Arm • _______________ Trunk
• Radial artery – Lateral Forearm o _______ branch of the abdominal aorta
Has Three Branches:
• Ulnar artery – Medial Forearm
1. ______________ Artery
• Deep palmar arch – Dorsum of the Hand
▪ Supplies the stomach
• Superficial palmar arch – Palmar side of the 2. ______________ Artery
Hand ▪ Which supplies the spleen
• Digital arteries – Supplies the Digits 3. ______________ Artery
▪ Which supplies the liver.

• _______________________Artery (Unpaired)
Supplies:
o Most of the __________________
o The _________ half of the large
intestine, or colon
• ______________________ Artery (Unpaired)
o Supplying the __________ half of the
large intestine.
• _____________ Arteries (L) & (R)
o Serve the kidneys
• _____________ Arteries (L) & (R)
o Supply the gonads:
▪ ___________ Arteries in
females (serving the ovaries)
▪ ___________ Arteries in males
(serving the testes).

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

Arteries That Supply the Lower Limb Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
• __________________ Artery (R.) & (L.) • Superior Vena Cava
o ______ branches of the abdominal aorta o Where blood from _____ and _____empty
• __________________ Artery • Inferior Vena Cava
o supplies the pelvic organs (bladder, o Where blood from ____________ empties
rectum, and so on)
• __________________ Artery Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cava
o __________ Artery – Supplies the thigh
o __________ Artery • _________ Vein and _________ Vein
splits into: o deep veins draining the _________.
1. __________________ Artery • They unite to form the ________________Vein
▪ Dorsalis Pedis Artery o which drains the arm and empties into
▪ Arcuate Artery the axillary vein in the axillary region
• supplies the dorsum of • _____________ Vein
the foot. o provides for the superficial drainage of
2. __________________ Artery the ______________ aspect of the arm
▪ Supplies posterior leg o empties into the axillary vein
• ______________Vein
o is a superficial vein drains the
_______________ aspect of the arm
• empties into the _____________vein proximally

Basilic and Cephalic Veins are joined at the __________

aspect of the elbow by the ___________________ Vein.
(Usually the site of blood extraction for testing)

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

 • _____________________ Vein
o Receives venous blood from
o Arm through the Axillary Vein
o From the skin and muscles of the head
through the External Jugular Vein.
• The _____________________ Vein
o Drains the posterior part of the head
• The _____________________ Vein
o Drains the dural sinuses of the brain.
• The ___________________ Veins (R) and (L)
o Are large veins that receive venous
drainage from the Subclavian, Vertebral,
And Internal Jugular Veins
o The Brachiocephalic Veins join to form
the Superior Vena Cava, which enters
the heart

•____________________ Vein (R) and (L)

formed by the union of:
o ____________________ Vein
o ____________________ Vein
▪ which drains the pelvis
Veins Draining into the Inferior Vena Cava Common Iliac Veins join to form the inferior vena cava
• _______________ Vein, _____________ Vein
and The _________________ Vein
o drain the leg (calf and foot)
The posterior tibial vein becomes:
• the _____________ Vein at the knee
• the _____________ Vein in the thigh.

The Femoral Vein becomes:

• the ______________ Vein as it enters the pelvis.

• _______________________ Veins
o ___________veins in the body.
o receive the superficial drainage of the
leg.
o from dorsal venous arch in the foot and
travel up the __________ aspect of the
leg to empty into the femoral vein in the
thigh

Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)

 • (R) __________________ Vein
o drains the right ovary in females and the
right testicle in males.
o The (L) gonadal vein empties into the
left renal vein superiorly
• _______________ Veins (R) and (L)
o drain the kidneys
• _________________________ Vein
o It is a single vein that drains the
digestive tract organs and carries this
blood through the liver before it enters
the systemic circulation
• __________________ Veins (R) And (L)
o drain the liver.

References
Essentials Of Human Anatomy & Physiology; E. Marieb & S. Keller 13th Edition
Seeley’s Anatomy And Physiology; Vanputt, Regan, Russo 10th Edition
Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology; G. Tortora & B. Derrickson

Circle of Willis
• Provides alternate routes for blood flow in case
of a blockage in the brain’s arterial supply
• AKA __________________________________
• Brain is supplied by two pairs of arteries, the
______________________ Arteries and the
______________________ Arteries

Branches
• Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA) From Common
Carotid Artery
• Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA)
• Anterior Cerebral Arteries (ACA)
• Anterior Communicating Artery (ACom.A)
• Posterior Communicating Artery (Pcom.A)
• Vertebral Arteries (VA)
• Posterior Cerebral Arteries (PCA)
• Basilar Artery (BA)
Prepared by: Vaughn Andrew A. Faustino, PTRP, MSPT (C)