would use database programs such as Microsoft Access, LibreOffice

Chapter 8 Introduction to DBMS Base, OpenOffice.org Base, and MySQL, to organize the data as per

Notes: Important Points your business need.

July 5, 2024 by csiplearninghub Data and Information

Chapter 8 Introduction to DBMS Notes: Important Points The raw facts and figures is called data. The facts may be related to
any person, place, activity or things. The examples of data are
marks scored by the students, numbers of items sold, employee
names, product names, addresses, tax codes, registration etc.

Information is the processed or organized form of data. If data is

not correct, the information obtained by processing such data may
not be correct. For example, marks obtained by students and their
roll
numbers is the data, while the report card/sheet is the
information.

Similarly the temperature recorded is data which can be processed

to find out the maximum or minimum temperature of day and
night.

Databases and DBMS

A database is a collection of logically related data items stored in
Introduction to DBMS
an organised manner. The information being
stored in a database can be added, modified, deleted or displayed
INTRODUCTION according to the requirements of the user. for example the phone
A database is an organized collection of data. It is considered as a book can be considered a simple database which contains Name
container of information. and Mobile number in an orderly manner

In the manual system, you would maintain several files with The software that is used to create, update and retrieve data is
different bits of information while in the computerized system you known as database management system (DBMS). It facilitates

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 planning and maintenance of the database for the user. Some of A structure of database that describes the manner in which data
the common examples of DBMS are MS Access, Open Office or will be stored and retrieved is known as data model.
LibreOffice base, Oracle, MySQL.
A data model consists of components for describing the data,
Advantages of Database relationships among them and the constraints
that hold data.
1) Organised Storage : The data in the database is stored in an
organised manner, so that retrieval of the required data is fast and Types of Data Models
accurate.
1. Hierarchical Data Model
2) Data Analysis : A database helps in analysis of data based on
certain criteria. In this model the data is organized into a tree like structure. The
data is stored in the form of records. All these records are linked to
3) Reduces Data Redundancy : Database reduces data redundancy each other at various levels, thereby forming a hierarchy. For
(duplication of data) example

4) Sharing of Data : In a database, the users of the database can

share the data among themselves.

5) Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate

and consistent in the database.

6) Data Security : Database provides data security as only

authorized users are allowed to access the database and their
identity are authenticated by using a username and password.

7) Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the

authorized users can access a database according to its privacy
Introduction to DBMS – Hierarchical Data Model
constraints.

8) Backup and Recovery : Database Management System 2. Network Data Model

automatically takes care of backup and recovery.
This model is used to represent the many-to-many relationship
among the database constraints. In other words we can say that in
Data Models

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 this model, multiple records are linked to same master file. organised as a set of columns, and can have any number of rows.

Field or Columns or attributes : A field is the smallest entity in the

database. Fields are presented as columns within a table. A field
holds the data values of one type of data for several persons. For
example, in the Employee table the field “Emp Name” will hold the
names of employees of an organisation.

Record or Row or Tuple – The data values for all the fields related
to a person or object is called a record. It is
presented as rows within a table.
Introduction to DBMS – Network Data Model

Primary Key : A primary key or simply a key is a field that uniquely

3. Relational Data Model identifies each and every record in a table.

This data model is based on the principle of setting relationships Foreign key : The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns
between two or more tables of the same database. It is the most in one (referencing) table that refers to a column or set of columns
commonly used database model. in another (referenced) table.

The Relational Database Model was proposed in 1970 by E. F. Codd.

The data elements are stored in different tables and are related
through the use of common fields. So relations are set between
tables based on common fields. That is why this model is termed as
relational database model.

Relational Database Terminology

Primary Key vs Foreign Key
Entity: It is a real world object about which information is to be
stored in a database. Each entity is a collection of attributes NOTE : In Student Registration Table, ‘Enrolment_Number’ is the
associated with it. for example roll number, name, admission primary key and in the Student Marks Table, ‘Roll_Number’ is the
number, etc., are attributes associated with the entity student. primary key, whereas ‘Enrollment_Number’ is the foreign key.
These attributes are represented in the form of columns.
Composite Primary Key : When primary key constraint is applied on
Table: A table is a collection of logically related records. It is

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 one or more columns then it is known as Composite Primary Key.

Relational Database : A relational database is a collection of

related tables.

Data Values : Data values are the raw data represented in numeric,
character or alphanumeric form. Examples of data values are
‘Abhinav Bindra’, ‘26’ ‘shooting’, “Chandigarh”, “10-12-2018”, etc.

NOTE: A collection of fields make a record, a collection of records

make a table and a collection of tables make a database

Objects of an RDBMS
An object in a database is a structure or a feature that is used to
store, represent or retrieve data. In fact a database is a collection of
these objects given below

Table : – A table is the basic unit of any DBMS. The data is first
stored in tables in row and column format.

Forms : – A form is a feature of a database using which we can enter

data in a table in an easy and user friendly manner. The data
entered through the forms is stored in tables.

Queries : – A query is used to retrieve the desired information from

the database. In simple terms, it is a question asked from the
database.

Reports : – A report is the formatted result of queries which

contains data required for decision-making and analysis.

SUMMARY

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