ANSWERS TO 46 QUERIES.

Q2 Here 200 SQL Functions nd their mening:

1. AVG() - Average value

2. COUNT() - Count of rows
3. MAX() - Maximum value
4. MIN() - Minimum value
5. SUM() - Sum of values
6. GROUPING() - Groups rows based on expression
7. STDEV() - Standard deviation
8. VAR() - Variance
9. VARIANCE() - Variance
10. LISTAGG() - Concatenates values
11. STRING_AGG() - Concatenates strings
12. ARRAY_AGG() - Concatenates arrays
13. PERCENTILE_CONT() - Continuous percentile
14. PERCENTILE_DISC() - Discrete percentile
15. MEDIAN() - Median value
16. MODE() - Most frequent value
17. RANK() - Ranks rows
18. DENSE_RANK() - Dense ranks rows
19. ROW_NUMBER() - Assigns row numbers
20. NTILE() - Divides rows into groups
21. LAG() - Accesses previous row
22. LEAD() - Accesses next row
23. FIRST_VALUE() - First value in group
24. LAST_VALUE() - Last value in group
25. NTH_VALUE() - Nth value in group
26. LISTAGG WITH ORDER BY - Concatenates values with order
27. SUM(DISTINCT) - Sum of unique values
28. AVG(DISTINCT) - Average of unique values
29. MAX(DISTINCT) - Maximum unique value
30. MIN(DISTINCT) - Minimum unique value
31. CONCAT() - Concatenates strings
32. LENGTH() - String length
33. LOWER() - Converts to lowercase
34. UPPER() - Converts to uppercase
35. INITCAP() - Capitalizes first letter
36. SUBSTR() - Substring extraction
37. INSTR() - Finds substring position
38. REPLACE() - Replaces substring
39. TRANSLATE() - Translates characters
40. TRIM() - Removes leading/trailing chars
41. LTRIM() - Removes leading chars
42. RTRIM() - Removes trailing chars
43. REGEXP_SUBSTR() - Regular expression substring
44. REGEXP_INSTR() - Regular expression position
45. REGEXP_REPLACE() - Regular expression replace
46. SOUNDEX() - Phonetically matches strings
47. DIFFERENCE() - Measures string similarity
48. SIMILARITY() - Measures string similarity
49. LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE() - Measures edit distance
50. NORMALIZE() - Normalizes Unicode strings
51. UNISTR() - Converts to Unicode string
52. TO_CHAR() - Converts to character string
53. TO_DATE() - Converts to date string
54. TO_NUMBER() - Converts to numeric string
55. TO_TIMESTAMP() - Converts to timestamp string
56. ASCII() - Returns ASCII value
57. CHR() - Returns character by ASCII value
58. UNISTR() - Converts to Unicode string
59. REVERSE() - Reverses string
60. REPEAT() - Repeats string
61. LPAD() - Left-pads string
62. RPAD() - Right-pads string
63. TRUNC() - Truncates string
64. GREATEST() - Returns greatest string
65. LEAST() - Returns least string
66. NULLIF() - Returns NULL if equal
67. COALESCE() - Returns first non-NULL value
68. CASE() - Conditional expression
69. DECODE() - Conditional expression
70. NVL() - Replaces NULL with value
71. ABS() - Absolute value
72. ACOS() - Arc cosine
73. ASIN() - Arc sine
74. ATAN() - Arc tangent
75. COS() - Cosine
76. COSH() - Hyperbolic cosine
77. SIN() - Sine
78. SINH() - Hyperbolic sine
79. TAN() - Tangent
80. TANH() - Hyperbolic tangent
81. EXP() - Exponential
82. LN() - Natural logarithm
83. LOG() - Logarithm
84. POWER() - Raises to power
85. ROUND() - Rounds to nearest integer
86. TRUNC() - Truncates to integer
87. FLOOR() - Rounds down
88. CEIL() - Rounds up
89. MOD() - Modulus
90. REMAINDER() - Remainder
91. SIGN() - Sign of number
92. SQRT() - Square root
93. CBRT() - Cube root
94. FACTORIAL() - Factorial
95. NOW()_Returns the current date and time
96. CURDATE()_Return the current date
97. CURTIME()_Return the current time
98. DATEDIFF()_Return the difference between two dates
99. DATEDD()_Adds a specified time interval to a date
100. DATEDIFF()_Returns the difference in days between two dates
101. EXTRACT()_Retrieves subparts
102 FORMRT()_Formats a date or time value according to a specific format
103 STR_TO_DATE()_Converts a string to a data using a specified format
104 LAST_DAY()_Returns the last day of the month for given date
105 ABS()_Returns the absolute value of number
106 CEIL()_Rounds a number up to the nearest integer
107 FLOOR()_Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
108 ROUND()_Rounds a number to specified number of decimal places
109 RAND()_Returns a random floating point value between 0 and 1
110 POWER()_Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number
111 SQRT()_Returns the square root of a number
112 EXP()_Returns the value of erased to the power of a given number
113 LOG()_Returns the natural logarithm of a number
114 MOD()_Returns the remainder of a division operation
115 CASE:Evaluates conditions and returns a value based on the result
116 COALESCE: Returns the firs non null value in a list
117 NULLIF: Returns null if two expressions are equal otherwise returns the first expression
118 IF()_Returns one value if a condition is true and another value if false
119 DECODE()_Performs conditional checks and returns a value based on the result
120 CAST()_Converts a value from one data type to anther
121 CONVERT()_Converts a value from one data type to another with options
122 TO_CHAR()_Convert a number or date to a string
123 TO_DATE()_Converts a string to a date
124 TO_NUMBER()_Converts a string to a number
125 ROW_NUMBER()_Assign a unique special integer to rows within a partition
126 RANK()_Assigns a rank to each row within a partition of a result
127 DENSE_RANK()_Similar to rank but without gaps in the raning values
128 NTILE()_Divides an ordered partition into a specified number of groups
129 SUM_OVER()_Calculates a cumulative sum across a specified window
130 JSON_EXTRACT()_Extract data from a json file
131 JSON_OBJECT ()_Creates a json object from key_value
132 JSON_ARRAY()_Creates a json array from a set of value
133 JSON_AGG()_Aggregates a value into a json array
134 JSON_VALID()_Checks if a string is valid json
135 ISNULL()_Checks whether an expression is null
136 IFNULL()_Returns a specified value if the expression is null
137 CASE WHEN:A condition statement that returns values based on specified conditions
138 SET: Used to assign a value to a variable
139 EXISTS()_checks for the existence of any record in a subquery
140 USER()_Returns the current database user
141 CURRENT_USER()_Returns the current of the user connected to the database.
142 DATABASE()_Returns the name of the current database
143 VERSION()_Returns the version of the database
144 SESSION_USER()_Returns the name of the current session user
145 SHA1()_Returns the SHA1 hash of a string
146 MD5()_Returns the MD5 hash of string
147 PASSWORD()_Encrypts a password
148 ENCRYPT()_Encrypt a string using a specified algorithm
149 DECRYPT()_Decrypt a string
150 XMLAGG()_Aggregates xml data into a single xml value
151 EXTRACTVALUE()_Extracts a value from an xml document
152 UPDATEXML()_Updates an xml document with a new value
153 XMLFOREST()_Create xml elements from specified columns
154 XMLPARSE()_Parase a string into an xml type
155 GENERATE_SERIES()_Generates a series of values
156 FORMAT()_Formats a value
157 STRING_AGG()_ Concatenates values into a single string with a specified separator
158 UUID()_Generate a vniversally unique identifier
159 SYSDATE()_Returns the current date and time
160 CREATE()_Use to createa new database or table
161 DROP()_Use to delete a database or table
162 ALTER()_Modifies an existing database or table structure
163 TRUNCATE()_Removes all rows from a table without logging individual deletions
164 MERGE()_Performs an upsert operation
165 COMMIT()_Saves all changes made in the current transaction
166 ROLLBACK()_Undoes changes made in the current transaction
167 SAVEPOINT()_Sets a point within a transaction to which you can later roll
168 SET TRANSACTION: Configures the properties of the current transaction
169 EXPLAIN()_Provides information on how a query will be executed
170 ANALYZE()_Collects statistics about the contents of tables to optimize query execution
171 OPTIMIZE TABLE()_Reorganizes the physical storage of table data to improve performance
172 WITH RECURSIVE: Enbles recursive common table expressions
173 CTE: Allows defining temporary result sets for queries
174 PARTITION BY: Divides the result set into partitions to apply window function
175 REPLACE()_Replaces all occurrences of a substring with another string.

Q2 T_SQL (Transact-SQL) is a programming language used for managing and manipulating data in
Microsoft SQL Server and other compatible databases. It's an essential skill for database
administrators, developers, and analysts.

1. CREATE TABLE
- Creates a new table.
- Example: CREATE TABLE customers (id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(255), email
VARCHAR(255));

2. ALTER TABLE
- Modifies an existing table.
- Example: ALTER TABLE customers ADD address VARCHAR(255);

3. DROP TABLE
- Deletes a table.
- Example: DROP TABLE customers;

1. LEN()
- Returns the length of a string.
- Example: SELECT LEN('Hello World');

2. UPPER()
- Converts a string to uppercase.
- Example: SELECT UPPER('hello');

3. SUM()
- Calculates the sum of a column.
- Example: SELECT SUM(salary) FROM customers;

Q4 A livelock is a situation where two or more processes are constantly trying to acquire resources,
but are unable to do so due to conflicting actions.

Example:

Process A:

1. Tries to lock resource R1

2. Finds R1 locked by Process B
3. Unlocks own resource R2 (to try again)
4. Tries to lock R1 again

Process B:

1. Tries to lock resource R2

2. Finds R2 unlocked (by Process A)
3. Locks R2
4. Tries to lock R1 again
A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are blocked indefinitely, each waiting for the
other to release a resource.

Example:

Process A:

1. Locks resource R1
2. Requests resource R2 (locked by Process B)
3. Waits for R2

Process B:

1. Locks resource R2
2. Requests resource R1 (locked by Process A)
3. Waits for R1