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Physics Project On EMF PDF

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188 views18 pages

Physics Project On EMF PDF

Uploaded by

diwaansks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physics Project on:

To study various factors on


which the internal resistance /
emf of cell depends

Done by,
Diwaan Kulasekaran S
Xii – A4
INDEX:
Introduction
What is internal resistance
Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
To Study variation of internal resistance with
distance of separation
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte

Observation
Result
Precaution
Sources of error
Flowchart conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction :
 There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day.
 Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly.
 Thus, this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
 When the internal resistance of the cell is
decreased, we can increase the potential difference
across it, and hence make it more reliable
Internal resistance :
 Internal resistance refers to the opposition to the
flow of current offered by the cells and batteries
themselves resulting in the generation of heat.
 Its S.I unit is Ohm (Ω)
 e = IR + Ir or, e = V + Ir
 e = EMF i.e. electromotive force (Volts),
I = current (A), R = load resistance, and r is the
internal resistance of cell measured in ohms.
Practical analysis :
Objective:
To Study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends
Apparatus:
A Potentiometer, a battery, two one way keys, a
rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance box, an
ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell) , a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
Theory :
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions
Circuit diagram:
Procedure :
 Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram

 Tighten the plugs of the resistance box

 Check the e.m.f of the battery and of the cell


and make sure that e.m.f of the battery is more
than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance
point will not be obtained
To study variation of internal
resistance with distance of separation :

 Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16cm, take


maximum current from the battery, making rheostat
resistance small.

 Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the


rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.

 Determine the position of the null point accurately


using a set square ad measure the balancing length
(L1) between the null point and the end P.

 Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2.


 At the same time, take out a small resistance
(1-5W) from the shunt resistance box connected in
parallel with the cell.

 Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and


obtain the null point. Measure the balancing length
(L2) from end P.

 Record these observations.

 Keep the electrodes 12cm apart, then remove the


plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait for some time and
repeat above 5 steps

 Next, keep the electrodes 9cm apart to obtain


another set of observations
To study variation of internal
resistance with area of electrodes :
 Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for
each observation

 Obtain three such observations by repeating


those 5 steps
To study variation of internal resistance
with concentration of electrolyte:

 Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the


concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations

 Obtain three such observations by repeating those 5


steps
Observation :

Table for effect of separation between


electrodes :
Table for effect of temperature:

Result:

 The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and


is equal to E = 0.98 volt.
 The resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte .
 The Internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
 The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.

Precautions:
 The connections should be neat, clean and tight
 The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
 The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and
E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
 The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
 It should touch the wire gently
 The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.

Sources of error :
 The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged
 The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
 End resistances may not be zero.
Conclusion :
Bibliography:

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