1.

Relational Algebra Query for "Computer Science" Students

Schema: Student(StudentID, Name, Age, Department)

Query:
Retrieve the Name of students where the Department is "Computer Science".

Relational Algebra Expression:

πName(σDepartment = ’Computer Science’(Student))\pi_{\text{Name}}(\sigma_{\

text{Department = 'Computer Science'}}(Student))πName
(σDepartment = ’Computer Science’(Student))

Explanation:

● σ_Department = 'Computer Science'(Student) selects all rows where the department is

"Computer Science".

● π_Name projects the Name attribute from the selected rows.

2. E-R Diagram for Library System

Entities and Relationships:

1. Entities:

o Book: Attributes: BookID (PK), Title, Author.

o Member: Attributes: MemberID (PK), Name, Address.

2. Relationship:

o Issues: Attributes: IssueDate, DueDate.

Diagram:

● Book and Member entities are connected through the relationship Issues.

● BookID and MemberID are primary keys.

● Issues has foreign keys referring to BookID and MemberID.

Explanation:

● Each book can be issued to one member.

● The relationship Issues is many-to-many (many members can issue many books).
 ●

3. Relational Algebra Query for Employees in "Finance"

Schemas:

1. Employee(EmpID, Name, DeptID)

2. Department(DeptID, DeptName)

Query:
Find the Name of employees working in the "Finance" department.

Relational Algebra Expression:

πName(σDeptName = ’Finance’(Employee⋈Department))\pi_{\text{Name}}(\sigma_{\
text{DeptName = 'Finance'}}(Employee \bowtie Department))πName
(σDeptName = ’Finance’(Employee⋈Department))

Explanation:

● Employee ⨝ Department joins the two relations using the DeptID attribute.

● σ_DeptName = 'Finance' filters rows where DeptName is "Finance".

● π_Name projects the names of the employees.

4. Enforcing Domain Constraints in Relational Model

Relation: Car(RegistrationNo, Model, OwnerID)

Steps:

1. Unique Constraint on RegistrationNo:

Define RegistrationNo as the primary key to enforce uniqueness.

SQL Example:

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CREATE TABLE Car (

RegistrationNo VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY,

Model VARCHAR(50),

OwnerID INT

);

2. Foreign Key Constraint on OwnerID:

Ensure OwnerID refers to an existing Owner entity.

SQL Example:

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CREATE TABLE Car (

RegistrationNo VARCHAR(20) PRIMARY KEY,

Model VARCHAR(50),

OwnerID INT,

FOREIGN KEY (OwnerID) REFERENCES Owner(OwnerID)

);

Explanation:

● The primary key ensures no duplicate RegistrationNo.

● The foreign key maintains referential integrity between Car and Owner.

5. Tuple Relational Calculus Expression

Schema: Employee(EmpID, Name, Salary)
Query: Retrieve the Name of employees earning more than $50,000.

Expression:

{e.Name ∣ e∈Employee∧e.Salary>50000}\{e.\text{Name} \ | \ e \in Employee \land e.\

text{Salary} > 50000\}{e.Name ∣ e∈Employee∧e.Salary>50000}

Explanation:

● The expression retrieves all tuples e from the Employee relation.

● It applies the condition e.Salary > 50000 and projects e.Name.

6. E-R Diagram and Explanation for Weak Entity Set

Scenario:

● Weak entity: Dependent (Attributes: DependentName, Relation).

● Strong entity: Employee (Attributes: EmpID (PK), Name, Salary).

● Relationship: Has.

Diagram:

● Dependent is connected to Employee via a one-to-many identifying relationship.

● Dependent has no primary key but uses EmpID (foreign key) as part of its composite
key.

Explanation:

● A weak entity like Dependent cannot exist without a corresponding Employee.

● Has is an identifying relationship, ensuring the dependency.

● The composite key for Dependent is (EmpID, DependentName).

SQL Example:

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CREATE TABLE Dependent (

DependentName VARCHAR(50),

Relation VARCHAR(20),
 EmpID INT,

PRIMARY KEY (EmpID, DependentName),

FOREIGN KEY (EmpID) REFERENCES Employee(EmpID)

);

Question: Write a SQL query to create a table Students with the following structure:

StudentID (Primary Key, integer, not null)

Name (varchar(50), not null)

Age (integer, check Age > 0)

DepartmentID (integer, foreign key referencing Departments table).

Answer:

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CREATE TABLE Students (

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,

Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,

Age INT CHECK (Age > 0),

DepartmentID INT,

FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID)

);

Question: Write a SQL query to insert the following values into the Students table: 101,
'John', 22, 1.

Answer:

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INSERT INTO Students (StudentID, Name, Age, DepartmentID)

VALUES (101, 'John', 22, 1);

Question: Alter the Students table to add a column Email (varchar(100), unique).

Answer:

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ALTER TABLE Students

ADD Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE;

Question: Write a query to update the Age of the student with StudentID = 101 to 23.

Answer:

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UPDATE Students

SET Age = 23

WHERE StudentID = 101;

Question: Write a query to delete a record where Name = 'John' in the Students table.

Answer:

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DELETE FROM Students

WHERE Name = 'John';

Question: Create a query using the IN operator to fetch all students with DepartmentID as 1,
2, or 3.

Answer:
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SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE DepartmentID IN (1, 2, 3);

Question: Write a query to fetch the total number of students in each department using
GROUP BY.

Answer:

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SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) AS TotalStudents

FROM Students

GROUP BY DepartmentID;

Question: Write a query to find the maximum Age of students in the Students table using an
aggregate function.

Answer:

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SELECT MAX(Age) AS MaxAge

FROM Students;

Question: Retrieve the list of all students whose names start with the letter 'J' using a string
function.

Answer:

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SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Name LIKE 'J%';

Question: Write a SQL query to fetch records from the Students table and sort them by Age
in descending order.

Answer:

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SELECT * FROM Students

ORDER BY Age DESC;

Question: Write a query to fetch students who are older than 20 but younger than 25 using the
BETWEEN operator.

Answer:

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SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Age BETWEEN 21 AND 24;

Question: Create a query to display the Name and DepartmentID of students who have a
NULL value in the Email field.

Answer:

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SELECT Name, DepartmentID

FROM Students

WHERE Email IS NULL;

Question: Write a query to find the total number of students in the Students table, grouped by
DepartmentID, and include only departments with more than 5 students using HAVING.
Answer:

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SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) AS TotalStudents

FROM Students

GROUP BY DepartmentID

HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

Question: Write a SQL query to perform an inner join between Students and Departments
tables to display StudentID, Name, and DepartmentName.

Answer:

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SELECT Students.StudentID, Students.Name, Departments.DepartmentName

FROM Students

INNER JOIN Departments ON Students.DepartmentID = Departments.DepartmentID;

Question: Write a correlated subquery to find all students whose Age is greater than the
average Age in their respective department.

Answer:

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SELECT StudentID, Name, Age, DepartmentID

FROM Students S1

WHERE Age > (SELECT AVG(Age)

FROM Students S2

WHERE S1.DepartmentID = S2.DepartmentID);