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Probability Statistics

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Probability Statistics

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PRIME REVIEW ONLINE MATHEMATICS & BASIC ENGINEERING SCIENCES

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW PRIME’S SUPPLEMENTARY ENHANCERS (PROBABILITY & STATISTICS AND SPHERICAL TRIGO)

PROBABILITY & STATISTICS 6. A coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting head
PSE MODULE 4.1 (SOLUTION) exactly 6 times?
A. 0.4042 C. 0.354
1. In a race for mayor, four candidates A, B, C and D have probabilities B. 0.2073 D. 0.2051 *
of 0.15, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.42 of winning respectively. What is the
probability that A, B, C or D will win? Solution:
A. 97% * C. 83%
Binomial or Exact or repeated trials probability P = nCr (p)r ( q )
n-r
B. 100% D. 53.3%
where : p = probability of success and q = probability of failure
Solution: p = 1/ 2 & q = 1/ 2
6 10−6
for mutually exclusive events 1 1
Pexactly six times heads = 10C6     = 0.2051
PT = P ( A ) + P ( B ) + P ( C ) + P ( D ) 2 2
PT = 0.15 + 0.16 + 0.24 + 0.42 = 0.97 Ans. D
Ans.A
7. What is the probability that of all 3 digit numbers having all digits the
same?
2. The probability that a certain type of component will survive a shock A. 1/10 C. 1/100
test is ¾ . The probability that exactly 2 of the next 4 components B. 1/3 D. 3/100
tested, survive, is_____.
A. 1/5 C. 9/41 Solution:
B. 18/83 D. 27/128
S = number of ways of forming 3 digit number
Solution: = 9 (10)(10)= 900 ways
Binomial Distribution (Repeated trials) Note: hundred's place can be filled with any of the 9 non-zero digit
P = nC r p r q n−r ten's palce can be filled with any of the 10 digits
2 4− 2 unit's place can be filled with any of the 10 digits
3  3
= 4C2   1 −  E = number of ways of forming 3 digit numbers having all digits the same.
4  4
2 2 = 9 x 1 x 1 = 9 ways
3 1 27
= 6x   x   = Note: hundred's place can be filled with any of the 9 non-zero digit
 4   4  128
ten's and unit's places can only be filled with the digit
Ans.D
in the hundred's place for them to be the same
thus;
3. The probability that A hits the target is 1/3 and the probability that B E 9 1
hits the target is 1/5. They both fire at the target . Find the probability P= = =
S 900 100
that one of them hits the target.
Ans.C
A. 1/3 C. 8/15
B. 7/15 D. 2/5 *
Solution: 8. A complete cycle of a traffic light takes 60 seconds. During each cycle
the light is green for 25 seconds, yellow for 5 seconds and red for 30
 1  1   1  1  seconds. At randomly chosen time, what is the probability that the
Pone of them hits = PA x PnotB + PnotA x PB =  1 −  + 1 −  
 3  5   3  5  light will not be green?
 1  4   2  1  6 2 A. 1/3 C. 4/7
=    +    = =
 3  5   3   5  15 5 B. ¾ D. 7/12
Ans. D
Solution:
4. What is the probability that a leap year will have only 52 Sundays?
25
A. 1/7 C. 5/7 PG =
B. 4/7 D. 6/7 60
Solution: Pnot G = 1 − PG

A leap year has 366 days  it has 52 weeks and 2 days. 25 7


= 1− =
So, a leap year has 52 Sundays and the two remaining days can be: 60 12
(1) Sunday and Monday (5) Thursday and Friday Ans.D
(2) Monday and Tuesday (6) Friday and Saturday
(3) Tuesday and Wednesday (7) Saturday and Sunday 9. Three dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability of
(4) Wednesday and Thursday getting 4 or 5 on each of the dice?
Of the 7 possibilities , 5 favorable events that none of the two A. 1/27 ** C. 1/108
B. 1/36 D. 1/216
extra days is a Sunday.
5 Solution:
 Pthat leap year has only 52 sundays =
7 S = 1, 2,3, 4,5,6 = 6
E = 4,5 = 2 ; E A = EB = EC = 2
Ans. C

EA E E 2 1
PA = ; PB = B ; Pc = C = =
5. A coin is tossed three times. What is the probability of getting three S S S 6 3
heads ? 1 1 1 1
A.1/8 * C. ½ PA and B and C = PA xPB xPC =   x   x   =
 3   3   3  27
B. 5/32 D. 3/2
Ans. A
Solution:

P = nCr p r q n-r = 3C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )


3−3
=1 8
3

Ans. A

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10. A bag contains 4 red balls, 3 green balls, and 5 blue balls. The Solution:
probability of not getting a red ball in the first draw is: Sum Sum
A. 2 C. 1 AM =  17 =  Sum = 102 → eqn.1
6 6
B. 2/3* D. 1/3 Sum + x + y 102 + x + y
= 19  = 19  x + y = 50 → eqn.2
8 8
Solution: note : x − y = 4 → eqn.3
add eqns. 2 & 3:
total events: 4 + 3 + 5 = 12
( x + y ) + ( x − y ) = 50 + 4
not red: 3 + 5 = 8 events x = 27
8 2 4 2 and y = 23
Pnot read = = or Pnot red = 1 − Pred = 1 − =
12 3 12 3 Ans. B
Ans. B
16. The probability that a married man watches a certain television show
11. Sixty percent of the employees of a company are graduates and ten is 0.4 and the probability that a married woman watches the show is
percent of them are in sales. Of the non-graduate employees eighty 0.5. The probability that a man watches the show, given that his wife
percent of them are in sales. What is the probability that an employee does is 0.70. Find the probability a wife watches the show given that
selected at random in neither in sales nor in college? her husband does.
A. 0.08 C. 0.16 A. 0.35 C. 0.55
B. 0.06 D. 12 B. 0.875 * D. 0.25
Solution:
Solution: Pman = 0.4 and Pwife = 0.5
Let us supposed that there are 100 employees in the company. P ( man / wife ) = 0.7
Number of graduates in the company is 60% of (100) = 60 P ( man / wife ) x P ( wife )
Number of non-graduate in the company is 100 – 60 = 40 P ( wife / man ) = → Baye ' s Theorem
P ( man )
Number of non-graduate who are in sales 0.80(40) = 32
Number of non-graduate who are NOT in sales 40 – 32 = 8 P ( wife / man ) =
( 0.7 )( 0.5) = 0.875
0.4
thus; Ans. B
E 8
P= = = 0.08
S 100 17. A speaks the truth in 80% cases, B is 75% cases. In what percentage of
Ans.A cases are they likely to contradict each other in stating the same fact?
A. 25% C. 45%
B. 35% * D. 65%
12. A basketball player sinks 50% of all his attempts. What is the
probability that he will make exactly 3 of his next 10 attempts? Solution:
A. 1/256 C. 30 /128 P(A) = 0.80 → probability that A speaks the truth
B. 3/8 D. 15 /128*
P(AC ) = 0.20 → probability that A tells lie
Solution: P(B) = 0.75 → probability that B speaks the truth
P(B C ) = 0.25 → probability that B tells lie
15
Pexactly 3 shots =10C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
10−3
=
3
PA and B contradicts = PAtells the truth and B tells lie or PAtells lie and B tells the truth
128
PA and B contradicts = ( 0.80 ) x ( 0.25 ) + ( 0.20 ) x ( 0.75 ) = 0.35
Ans. D
Ans. B
13. Find the mean of the following scores 8, 10, 9, 6, 4, 7, 5, 8.
A. 7.125 * C. 3.456 18. There are 10 defectives per 1,000 items of a product in the long run.
B. 8.345 D. 9.316 What is the probability that there is one and only one defective in a
random lot of 100?
Solution: A. 99 x 0.0199 C. 0.99100

 x = 8 + 10 + 9 + 6 + 4 + 7 + 5 + 8 = 7.125
B. 0.01 D. 0.9999 *
X= Solution:
n 8
Alternative Solution: 10 10 99
P = nCr p r q n-r → where: p = and q = 1 − =
Mode 3 1 1000 1000 100
1 100−1
X = 7.125  10   99 
= 100 ( 0.01)( 0.99 )
99
Pone = 100C1     = 0.9999
Ans. A  1000   100 
Ans. D
14. What is the range of the set of numbers 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, ?
A. 6 * C. 4 19. The probability that a patient recovers from a certain disease is1/2. If 5
B. 8 D. 7 people are affected with the disease, what is the probability that at
Solution: least 3 of the recover?
A. 1/2 * C. 1/4
Range = Highest - Lowest B. 1/3 D. 1/5
Range = 8 - 2 = 6
Ans. A Solution:

15. The Arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is 17. If two numbers are added to
the progression , the new set of numbers will have an arithmetic
mean of 19. What are the two numbers if their difference is 4 ?
A. 21, 29 C. 24, 26
B. 23, 27 * D. 22, 28

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P = nCr p r q n−r → where : p = 1/ 2 → probability that recovers, P = nCr pr q n-r → where : p = 0.5 & q = 0.5
q = 1/ 2 → probability that will not recover P = 4C3 ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
3 4−3
=1 4
Pat least 3 recovers = P 3 or more will recover
Ans. A
= P 3 or 4 or 5 of them = P 3 recovered + P 4 recovered + P 5 recover ed
3 5−3 4 5− 4 5 5−5
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 5C3     + 5C4     + 5C5     24. The ____is stated in the magnitude of the absolute or relative error of
2 2 2 2 2 2 the approximated value.
1 A. precision C.mistake
=
2 B. accuracy * D.error
Ans. A
Solution:
20. A fair of coin is tossed fixed number of times. If the probability of " magnitude" = accuracy
getting seven heads is equal to that of getting nine heads, what is the
Ans. B
probability of getting 2 heads?
A. 15/2(raised to 8) C. 15/2(raised to 13)
B. 15/2(raised to 9) D. 15/2(raised to 16) 25. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots at any plane
moving away from it. The probabilities of hitting the enemy plane at
1st, 2nd , 3rd, and 4th shots are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 respectively. What is the
Solution:
probability that at least one shot hits the plane?
7 n −7 9 n −9 A. 0.0053 C. 0.6976 *
1 1 1 1
nC7     = nC9     B. 0.3245 D. 0.9976
2 2 2 2
n −7 2 n−9 Solution:
1 1 1
nC7   = nC9    
2 2 2 Complementary Probability
n −7 n −7 Pat least one shot = 1 − Pnone of them shot the plane
1 1
nC7   = nC9  
2 2 = 1 − (1 − 0.4 )(1 − 0.3)(1 − 0.2)(1 − 0.10 ) = 0.6976
nC7 = nC9  nCr = nCn−r  Ans. C
7 = n−9
26. From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are
n = 16
drawn at a time. Find the probability that one ball is white and the
2 16−2
1 1 15 other ball is black considering that the first ball is returned before the
P2 heads = 16C2     =
2 2 213 second draw.
A. 40/81 * C. 5/32
Ans. C B. 5/23 D. 3/24

21. A pair of fair dice is thrown independently three times. What is the Solution:
probability of getting a score of exactly 9 twice?
 5  4   4  5 
A. 1/2 C . 8/243 * Pwhite ball 1st =    and Pblack ball 1st =   
B. 1/9 D. 8/81  9  9   9  9 
20 20 40
Solution: Pwhite ball 1st or black ball 1st = + =
81 81 81
E = (3,6),(4,5),(5, 4),(6,3) = 4 Ans. A
S = 6 x 6 = 36
4 1
where :p = Pgetting 9 = = 27. What is the probability that a number selected at random from the set
36 9
of numbers ( 1, 2, 3,…, 99, 100) is a cube ?
q = Pnot getting 9
1 8
= 1− = ` A. 1/25 * C. 3/25
9 9 B. 2/25 D. 4/25
2 3−2
1 8 8
P = nCr p r q n−r = 3C2     =
9 9 243 Solution:
Ans. C
S = 1, 2,3...,99,100 =100
E = 13 , 23 ,33 , 43  = 1, 8, 27, 64  = 4
22. A worker attends three machines each of which operates
independently of the other two. The probability of the events that the 4 1
Pcube = =
machine will not require the operator’s intervention during the shift are 100 25
equal to 0.50, 0.30 and 0.20 respectively. What is the probability that Ans. A
at least one machine will require the worker’s attention during the
shift? 28. An urn contains 3 white balls and 1 black ball. Determine the
A. 0.87 C. 0.97 * probability of drawing two white balls in succession from the urn
B. 0.84 D. 0.94 without replacing the ball after each drawing.
Solution: A.½ * C. 1/4
B. 2/3 D. 3/2
Complementary Probability
Pat least one machine requires intervention = 1 − Pnone of them requires intervention Solution:

= 1 − ( 0.5)( 0.3)( 0.2 ) = 0.97 Without replacing


3 2
Ans. C P1st draw white = and P2nd draw white = → without replacement
4 3
23. What is the probability that a player will make exactly 3 of his next 4  3  2  1
P2−white =    =
shots if he sunk 50 % of all his shots.  4  3  2
A. 0.25 * C. 0.0625 Ans. A
B. 0.125 D. 0.75

Solution:

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29. There are 7 persons to be seated in a row. What is the probability that 33. Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the sum shown
two particular persons are to sit next to each other? on the dice is divisible by 5?
A. 5/7 C. 4/7 A. 7 / 36* C.1 / 9
B. 2/7 * D. 5/7 B. 1 / 12 D.1 / 4
Solution:
Solution:
The total number of ways 7 persons be seated in a row.
S = 7! = 5040 ways Divisible by 5 are the following:
The number of ways that certain two persons Sum of 5 : (1, 4),(4,1),(2,3),(3, 4) = 4
7!
are to sit next to each other. Sum of 10 : (4,6),(6, 4),(5,5) = 3
E = 6! (2!) = 1440 4 3 7
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Psum of 5 or 10 = Psum of 5 + Psum of 10 = + =
E 1440 2 62 62 36
P= = =
S 5040 7 Ans. A
Ans. B A B 5 4 3 2 1
2! 6!
34. The NATO forces in Syria uses a type of missile that hits the target
30. There are 3 bins containing integrated circuits. One bin has 2 premium with a probability of 0.3. How many missiles should be fired so that
IC’s, one has 2 regular IC’s and one has 1 premium IC and 1 regular there is at least an 80% probability of hitting the target?
IC.You choose an IC at random without looking into any of the bins. A. 2 C. 5*
The chosen IC is found to be a premium IC. What is the probability B. 4 D. 3
that the remaining IC in that bin is also a premium IC?
A. 1/5 C. 2/3* Solution:
B. 1/4 D. ½
3 P = 1 − nCr p r q n-r
1 2
0.8 = 1 − nC0 ( 0.3) ( 0.7 )
0 n-o
Solution:
0.8 = 1 − (1)(1)( 0.7 )
n
1 regular
2 premium 2 regular
1 premium n = 4.51  5
Ans. C

The first IC chosen is a premium IC. So, it must be drawn from either Bin 1 35. In a deck of 52 playing cards , 2 cards are drawn at random. What is
or Bin 3. 1st pick ! the probability of getting an ace and a king?
2 → premiums 1 → premium A. 4/384 C. 8/663 *
Pbin1 = or Pbin3 = B. 5/385 D. 7/663
3 → number of bins 3 → number of bins
then: Solution:
 2   one more premium left   1   no more premium  4 4
Premaining premium = Pbin1 or Pbin 3 =    (1)  +  3   ( 0)  Pace = then Pking =
 3     52 51
2 4 4 4 4 8
Premaining premium = Pace &king or king &ace =  x  +  x  =
3  52 51   52 51  663
Ans. C Ans. C

31. In a dice game, one fair die is used. The player wins P20.00 if he rolls 36. In a deck of 52 playing cards , 2 cards are drawn at random. What is
either 1 or 6. He losses P10.00 if he turns up any other face. What is the probability of getting two kings?
the expected winning for one roll of the die? A. 1/221 C. 2/221 *
A. 40.00 C. P20.00 B. 2/663 D. 1/348
B. P0.00* D. P10.00 Solution:

Solution: 4 3
Pking = → 1st draw then Pking = → 2nd draw
52 51
(Cost )( Prob ) = 20  6  −10  6  = 0
2 4
Expected Winning =  4  3  2
Pboth kings = 2    =
 52  51  221
Ans. B
Ans. C

32. What is the standard deviation of the set of numbers 2, 9, 11 and 22.
A. 20 C. 7.176 * 37. In probability theory, what is the set of all possible outcomes of an
B. 11 D. 6.177 experiment called?
A. a set of random events
Solution: B. a cumulative distribution
C. a fuzzy set
(x - x )
2
n 2 + 9 + 11 + 22 D. a sample space*
σ= where : x i == = 11
n 4
Ans. D
(11 − 2 ) + (11 − 9 ) + (11 − 11) + (11 − 22 )
2 2 2 2

σ= = 51.5 = 7.176 38. A real estate agent has 8 master keys to open several homes. Only 1
4
master key will open any given house. If 40% of these homes are
Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
usually left unlocked , what is the probability that the real estate agent
x
can get into a specific home if the agent selects 3 master keys at
2
random before leaving the office?
9
A. 3/10 C. 5/8 *
11
B. 2/7 D. 1/9
22
σ = 7.176
Ans. C

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Solution:
Solution: First draw 2nd draw
When the house is unlocked: P1 = 0.4 4 4 → since the black ball
Prob. = Prob. =
 3C  9 9 is returned
When the house is locked and needs a key: P2 = 0.6  1 
 8C1   4   4  16
P = Pblack and black = Pblack x Pblack =   x   =
Since the two events are mutually exclusive: simultaneous
 9   9  81
 3C 
P = P1 +P2 = 0.4 + 0.6  1  = 5 8 Ans. B
 8C1 
Ans. C
44. Given n = 5 measurements: 2,1,1,3,5. Calculate the sample variance (
39. A cat has a litter of seven kittens. If the probability is 0.52 that a kitten s2 ) .
will be female, what is the probability that exactly two of the seven A. 1.6 C. 2.4
will be male? B. 3 D. 2.8 *
A. 0.18 * C. 0.32
Solution:
B. 0.23 D. 0.15

(x − x)
2
Solution: 2 +1+ 3 +1+ 5
S2
= where : x = = 2.4
P = nCr p q r n-r
= 7C2 (1 − 0.52 ) ( 0.52 ) = 0.18
2 5 n −1 5
Thus,
Ans. A
( 2 − 2.4 ) + (1 − 2.4 ) + (1 − 2.4 ) + ( 3 − 2.4 ) ( 5 − 2.4 )
2 2 2 2 2

S2 = = 2.8
40. A bag contains 100 balls numbered 1 to 100. What is the probability 5 −1
that the number on the ball selected will be odd or greater than 80? Alternate Solution : Mode 3 1
A. 0.10 C. 0.60 * x
B. 0.50 D. 0.70 2
1
Solution:
1 Sx 2 = 2.8
N odd (1 100) = 50 and N > 80 = 20 3
5
E odd numbers and 80 = 10
Ans. D
50 + 20 − 10
then; P = = 0.60
100 45. An urn contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls . What is the
Ans. C probability of getting 1 black ball and 1 white ball in two
consecutive draws from the urn ?
41. If two dice are tossed, find the probability of rolling a sum of either 7 A. 0.04 C. 0.53 *
or 9. B. 0.27 D. 0.04
A. 29% C. 25%
Solution:
B. 32% D. 27%*
4 6
Event 1 : PBlack balls = Event 2: PWhite balls =
Solution: 10 9
 4  6 
thus :    ( 2 ) = 0.53
4 + 3 2 + 5 1 + 6  10  9 
:   6 possible
5 + 2 6 + 1
E sum of 7
3 + 4 
since it is possible
3 + 6 4 + 5
:   4 possible get W/B or B/W
5 + 4 
E sum of 9
6 + 3
Ans. C
E total = E sum9 + E sum 7 = 6 + 4 = 10
S = 6(6) = 36 → total outcomes
E 10
P= = = 27.8% 46. What is the probability that either exactly two heads or exactly three
S 36 heads will be thrown if six fair coins are tossed at once?
Ans. D A. 0.35 C. 0.59
B. 0.55 D. 0.63
Solution:
42. If two dice are tossed, what is the probability of rolling a sum of 6 or
9? Prepeated trials = nCr x n-r y r
A. ¼ * C. 2/3
15
P2 heads ( exactly ) = 6C2 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
6−2
=
2
B. 3/4 D. 3/8
64
Solution: 5
P3heads ( exactly ) = 6C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) =
3 6−3

For a sum of 6 For a sum of 6 16


2 + 4 4 + 5 5 15 35
P3heads or 2 heads = P3heads + P2 heads = + = = 0.55
4 + 2  5 + 4 16 64 64
  Ans. B
3 + 3  5 combinations 3 + 6  4 combinations
1 + 5 6 + 3
 
5 + 1  
47. The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a fair coin is
5 4 9 1 tossed four times is :
P = Psum of 6 or sum of 9 = + = =
62 62 36 4 A. 11/16 * C. 1/4
Ans. A B. 13/16 D. 3/8

43. From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5 white balls, two balls are Solution:
drawn one at a time. Find the probability that both balls are black .
Assume that the 1st ball is returned before the second ball is drawn.
A. 4/9 C. 1/6
B. 16/81 * D. 5/9

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P (@ least 2 heads) = P(exactly 2 heads) + P( exactly 3 heads ) + P( exactly 4 heads ) 53. Two cards are drawn at random from an ordinary deck of 52 cards.
2 2 3 1 4 0
Find the probability P that one is a spade and one is a heart.
1 1 1 1  1   1  11 A. 3/51 C. 13/102 *
= 4 C2     + 4 C3     + 4 C4     =
2 2 2  2  2   2  16 B. 1/26 D. 2/51
Ans. A
Solution:
13 13
48. The probability that a doctor correctly diagnoses a particular illness is Pspade = → 1st draw and Pheart = → 2nd draw
0.70. Given that the doctor makes and incorrect diagnosis, the 52 51
probability that the patient enters a law suit is 0.90. What is the  13   13  13
Pheart-spade or spade-heart =   +   =
probability that the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis and the patient  52   51  102
sues?
A. 0.34 C. 0.43
B. 0.45 D. 0.27 * 54. What is the probability of throwing seven or a ten with two dice?
A. 1/2 C. 1/7
Solution: B. 1/4 * D. 1/10
Since the events are simultaneous/successive Solution:
P = (1 − 0.7 )( 0.9 ) = 0.27
1 + 6 2 + 5 3 + 4 
Ans. D N :   → 6 possibilities
 6 + 1 5 + 2 4 + 3
sum of 7

49. Find the probability that a couple having 3 children will have at  4 + 6 5 + 5
N :  → 3 possibilities
 6+4
sum of 10
least one girl. 
A. 7/8 * C. 3/4 6+3 1
B. ½ D. 5/8 P= =
36 4
Ans. B
Solution:
P ( @ least one girl ) = 1 – P( all are boys ) → complementary probability 55. Two people are chosen randomly from 4 married couple. What is the
3 3−3
probability that they will are husband and wife?
1 1 7 A. ¼ C. 1/16
= 1 –3C3     =
2 2 8 B. 1/8 D. 1/7 *
Ans. A
Solution:
50. A fair coin is tossed 5 times. What is the probability of getting at
First event : Choosing any person : 8 ways
least one tail.
A. 0.64 C. 0.58 total sample space : 8 ways
B. 0.97 * D. 0.86 Second event : his/her wife/husband :1 way (only husband/only wife)
Solution: total sample space left : 7
8 1 1
Pat least one tail = Pone or more tail = 1 − Pall heads → complementary probability P = Pany person and Phis husband / his wife =   x   =
5 5−5
8 7 7
1 1
Pat least one tail = 1 − nCr x r y n-r = 1 − 5C5     = 0.97 Ans. D
2 2
Ans. B 56. An electronic chip factory can have 5 defective chips for every 100 it
produces. If five chips are selected at random, what is the probability
51. Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the sum shown
of getting at least one defective?
on the dice is divisible by 5?
A. 0.22621 * C. 0.2304
A. 7 / 36* C. 1 / 12
B. 0.7543 D. 0.2154
B. 1 / 9 D. 1 / 4
Solution:
Solution:
Pat least one = Pone or more defective = 1 − Pnone defective → complementary probability
S = total outcomes = (6)2 = 36 Pat least one = 1 − nCr p r q n-r
For two dice : divisible by 5 are the sum of 5 and 10: 0 5−0
 5   5 
Sum of 5 = (1, 4 ) , ( 4,1) , ( 2,3) , ( 3, 2 ) = 4 = 1 − 5C0   1 −  = 0.22622
 100   100 
Sum of 10 = ( 4,6 ) , ( 6, 4 ) , ( 5,5 ) = 3 Ans. A
4 3 7
thus: P = + =
36 36 36 57. A group of three people enter a theater after the lights head dimmed.
Ans. A They are shown to the correct group of 3 seats by the usher. Each
person holds a number stub. What is the probability that each is in the
correct seat and stub?
A. 1/6 * C. 1/8
52. A study gives the following results for a total sample size of 12. B. 1/4 D.1/2
3, 4, 4, 5, 8, 8, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 20
What is most nearly the mean? Solution:
A. 8.9 C. 11
B. 9.5 D. 12 Possibility for the correct seat for a correct stub = 1
total arrangement = 3P3
Solution:
1 1
P= =
3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 10 + 11 + 15 + 18 + 20 3P3 6
x= = 9.5
12 Ans. A
Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
List all the numbers then : x = 9.5
Answer:B

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58. What is the sample standard deviation for the data set ( 4, 6, 9, 9,) ?
A. 2.1 C. 4.2
B. 2.4 * D. 6.0 x=
x
n

 _  71.3 + 74.0 + 74.25 + 78.54 + 80.6


 x - xn  4+6+9+9
x= = 75.74
S=   where: x = =7
5

  x - x 
2
n-1 4 _

( 7 − 4) + (7 − 6) + (7 − 9) + (7 − 9)
2 2 2 2
S=
S= = 6 = 2.45 n -1
4 −1
( 75.74 − 71.3) + ( 75.74 − 74 ) + ( 75.74 − 74.25) + ( 75.74 − 78.54 ) + ( 75.4 − 80.6 )
2 2 2 2 2

Alternate Solution: S=
5 -1
Mode 3 1
x S = 14.96 = 3.76
4 Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
6 x
71.3
9
74.0
9 74.25
Sx = 6 = 2.45 78.54
80.6
Ans. B
x = 75.738
59. If the discrete random variable X has a geometric distribution sx = 3.76
parameter P and smallest mass point O, what is the expected value of Ans. D
X?
A. P C. P1-P 63. How many triangles are determined by the vertices of a regular
1− P hexagon ?
B. P-1 D. * A. 10 C. 20 *
P
B. 15 D. 25
Solution:
Solution:
1− P
" discrete " = N hexagon = 6 taken rtraingle = 3
P
nCr = 6 C3 = 20
Ans. D
Ans. C
60. An item’s cost distribution is given as a function of the probability. 64. Set A consists of elements (1, 3, 6), and set B consists of elements (1,
What is the expected cost? 2, 6, 7). Both sets come from the universe of (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
Cost (Php) probability What is the intersection, Ā∩B?
1 0.07 A. (2, 7) * C. (2, 4, 5, 7, 8)
2 0.23 B. (2, 3, 7) D. (4, 5, 8)
3 0.46 Solution:
4 0.17
5 0.04 U = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 
6 0.03 where : A =  1, 3, 6  → A =  2, 4, 5, 7, 8 
B =  1, 2, 6, 7 
A. Php 2.5 C. Php 3.0*
B. Php 2.9 D. Php 3.1 then,
A  B= 2, 7
Solution: Ans. A

Expected Cost =  ( Cost )( Prob ) 65. If two events A and B are mutually exclusive events and the
Expected Cost = 1( 0.07 ) + 2 ( 0.23 ) + 3 ( 0.46 ) + 4 ( 0.17 ) + 5 ( 0.04 ) + 6 ( 0.03) probability that A will happen is Pa and the probability that B will
happen is Pb, then the probability that A or B happen is
= 2.97 A. Pa + Pb * C.Pa/Pb
Ans. C B. Pa x Pb D.Pb/Pa
Solution:
61. In a dice game, one fair die is used. The player wins Php10 if he rolls " mutually exclusive "= Pa + Pb
either a 1 or a 6. He loses Php5 if he turns up any other face. What is
the expected winning for one roll of the die? Ans. A
A. Php 0* C. Php5.00
B. Php 3.33 D. Php6.67 66. It is the characteristic of a population which is measurable.
A. Sample * C. parameter
Solution: B. Frequency D. Distribution
Solution:
(Cost )( Prob ) = 10  6  − 5  6  = 0
2 4
Expected Cost = " characteristic "= sample

Ans. A Ans. A

62. What are the arithmetic mean and sample standard deviation of the 67. What is the mode of the set of numbers ; 2, 2, 8, 20, 33 ?
following numbers? A. 2 * C. 20
71.3, 74.0, 74.25, 78.54, 80.6 B. 8 D. 33
A. 74.3, 2.7 C. 75.0, 2.7
Solution:
B. 74.3, 3.7 D. 75.7, 3.8
Mode = most repeated element = 2
Solution: Ans. A

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68. A student taking a true-false test consisting of 15 questions guesses at 74. Four fair coins are tossed at once. What is the probability of obtaining
the answers. Assuming that he is equally likely to make a correct or three heads and one tail?
incorrect guess on each question, find the probability that all of his A. ¼ (0.25) * C. ½ (0.50)
answers will be right. B. 3/8 (0.375) D. ¾ (0.75)
A. 1/32768 C. 3/32768*
Solution:
B. 5/32768 D. 5/32768
1
P = nCr p r q n-r = 4 C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
4−3
Solution: 3
=
n 15 4
1 1 1
Probability =   =   = Ans. A
   
2 2 32768
Ans. A

69. What is the standard deviation of 1,4, and 7 ? 75. Find the area of spherical triangle ABC whose parts are A = 93 deg 40
A. 3.8 C. 4.5 min, B = 64 deg 12 min, C = 116 deg 51 min. with radius of the sphere
B. 5.2 D. 2.45 * is 100 km.
A. 15314 km2 C. 13451 km2
Solution: B. 16531 km2 * D. 14321 km2
 X = 1+ 4 + 7 = 4
2
x -x 
σ2 =   n n  where: x =
n 3
Solution:
 
πr 2 E
A= → where: E = A + B + C − 180
( 4 − 1) + ( 4 − 4 ) + ( 4 − 7 )
2 2 2
180
σ2 = = 6
3 E = ( 9340' + 6412' + 11651' ) − 180 = 9443'
Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
π (100 ) ( 9443')
2
x A= = 16 531.18 km 2
1 180
4 Ans. B
7
x=4 76. The number 1 followed by 100 zeros or 10100 is called
σ 2 x = 2.45 A. myriad C. google*
Ans. D B. petallion D. centennial numbers

70. Find the median of the set of numbers ; 2, 8, 33, 2 and 20 . Solution:
A. 8 * C. 33
B. 2 D. 20 "10100 " = google
Solution: Ans. C
2 2 8 20 33

median = most middle of the arranged terms 77. If seven coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability that they
will just have three heads.
Ans. A A. 33 / 128 C. 35 / 128*
B. 30 / 129 D. 37 / 129
71. A number between 1 and 1000 (inclusive) is randomly selected. What
is the probability that it will be divisible by 4 and 5 ?
A. 0.05 * C. 0.075 Solution:
B. 0.025 D. 0.010
35
P = nCr p r q n-r = 7 C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) =
3 4
Solution: 128
1000 Ans. C
Number of possible outcomes divisible by 4 & 5 is: E = = 50
4 ( 5)
N total samples = 1000
78. If seven coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability that there
50
P = = 0.05 will be at least six tails.
1000 A. 2 / 128 C. 3 / 128
Ans. A B. 1 / 16* D. 2 / 16
72. The standard deviation is the ___ of the variance.
A. square C. reciprocal Solution:
B. square root* D. cube
P = nCr pr q n-r
7
P 6 tails = 7C6 ( 0.5) ( 0.5)
7 −6
=
6
Solution: 128
1
P 7 tails = 7C7 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
7 −7
=
7
σ= V 128
Ans. B 7 1 1
Pat least 6 = P6tails or more tails = P 6 tails + P 7 tails  + =
128 128 16
73. Solve the remaining side of the spherical triangle whose given parts Ans. B
are A = B = 80 deg and a = b = 89 deg.
A. 168 deg. 31 min. * C. 134 deg. 45 min 79. From a bag containing 6 red balls , 8 white balls and 10 blue balls ,
B. 172 deg. 54 min D. 108 deg. 25 min one ball is drawn at random. Determine the probability that is red or
white.
Solution: A. 7/12 * C. 1/5
B. 3/4 D. 1/3
By: Cosine law of sides.
Solution:
cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
cos 89 = cos 89 cos c + sin 89 sin c cos 80 R=6 W = 8 B = 10 Total balls = 6 + 8 + 10 = 24
c = 16831'11.47'' A = 80 B= 80 6+8 7
Pred or white = =
Ans. A 24 12
Ans. A

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80. Three light bulbs are chosen from 15 bulbs of which 10 are defective. 2 2 4
What is the probability that none in defective. P ( E1  E2 ) =   x   =
 5   3  15
A. 24/91 * C. 45/91 P ( E1  E2 ) → probability that problem will be solved
B. 12/15 D. 67/91
P ( E1  E2 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) − P ( E1  E2 )
Solution:
2 2 4 4
P ( E1  E2 ) = + − = → A solves or B solves the problem
Sucessful possible outcomes ; E = 10C3 5 3 15 15
Total outcomes (arrangements); S = 15C3 Ans. C
E 10C3 24
P= = =
S 15C3 91
Ans. A 86. The proportions of blood phenotypes A, B, AB and O in the
population of all Caucasians in the US are reported as 0.41 , 0.10, 0.04
81. A coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability of getting 3 tails up ? and 0.45, respectively. If a Caucasian is chosen randomly from the
A. 1/8 * C. ¼ population, what is the probability that he or she will have either type
B. 1/16 D. 7/8 A or type AB blood?
A. 0.43 C. 0.55
Solution: B. 0.51 D. 0.45 *
P = nCr p r q n-r = 3C3 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
3−3
3
=1 8 Solution:
Ans. A P ( A ) + P ( AB) = 0.41 + 0.04 = 0.45

82. The probability of getting at least 2 heads when a fair coin is Ans. D
tossed four times is :
A. 11/16 * C. ¼ 87. Given the following statistical data, determine the standard
B. 13/16 D. 3/8 deviation: (112 ,132,144, 156,164,176,183, 197)
A. 26.22 * C. 28.84
Solution: B. 27.53 D. 30.15
P at least 2 heads = 1 − Pno head − P1 head → complementary probability Solution:
= 1 − 4 C0 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 ) − 4 C1 ( 0.5 ) ( 0.5 )
0 4 −0 1 4−1

(x − x ) x
P at least 2 heads
n
P at least 2 heads = 11 16 σ= → where : x =
n n
Ans. A 112 + 132 + 144 + 156 + 164 + 176 + 183 + 197
x= = 133.375
8
(133.375 − 112 ) + (133.375 − 132 ) + (133.375 − 144) + ...
2 2 2

83. If the probability that the average freshman will not complete 5 years σ=
8
of an engineering course is 2/5, what is the probability that 4 freshmen
+ (133.375 − 156 ) + (133.375 − 164 ) + (133.375 − 176 )
2 2 2
at least 3 will complete the 5-year course? cont. +...
A. 0.432 C. 0.467 8
+ (133.375 − 183) + (133.875 − 197 )
2 2
B. 0.475 * D. 0.442
cont.
Solution: 8
σ = 1293.64 = 26.22
Pat least 3 = Pexactly 3 + Pexactly 4
3 4−3 4 4− 4
 2 2  2  2
Pat least 3 = 4C3 1 −    + 4C4 1 −    = 0.4752 Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
 5 5  5 5 x
Ans. C 112
132
84. The probability that both stages of a two-stage rocket will function 144
correctly is 0.95. The reliability of the first stage is 0.98. What is the 156
reliability of the second stage? 164
A. 0.95 C. 0.97 * 176
B. 0.96 D. 0.98 183
197
Solution: σ = 26.22
Ans. A
R t 0.95
R total = R1R 2  R2= = = 0.97
R1 0.98
88. A problem in mathematics is given to 3 students whose chances of
Ans. C solving it individually are 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4. What is the probability
that the problem will be solved by at least one of them?
85. The odds against the student A solving a problem are 3:2 and the odds
A. 1/4 C. 1/6
in favor of a student B solving the problem are 2:1. What is the
B. 3/4 * D. 1/2
probability that the problem will be solved?
A. 2/15 C. 4/15 * Solution:
B. 3/7 D. 5/16 1 1 1
Let : A, B & C be the students PA = ; PB = ; PC =
Solution: 2 3 4
Pat least one of them = Pone or more = P1 of them or 2 of them or 3 of them
E1 = event that student A solves the given problem = 1 − Pnone of them
E 2 = event that student B solves the given problem
 1  1  1   3
P ( E1 ) =
2
=
2
→ odds against A solving the problem are 3:2 ( )
= 1 − ( PAC )( PBC ) PCC = 1 −  1 −  1 −  1 −   =
3+ 2 5  2  3  4   4
2 2
P ( E2 ) = = → odds in favor of B solving the problem are 2:1 Ans. B
2 +1 3
E1 and E 2 are independent events thus; P ( E1  E2 ) = P ( E1 ) x P ( E 2 )

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89. A study gives the following results for a total sample size of 6. P = nCr pr q n-r → where : p = 3 / 5 = 0.6 q = 1 − 0.6
10, 12, 13, 14, 14, 15
= 6C4 ( 0.6 ) (1 − 0.6 ) = 0.311
4 2

The mean of the sample is 13. What is most nearly the sample standard
deviation? Ans. B
A. 0.85 C. 1.6
B. 0.90 D. 1.8 *
94. In a shooting game, the probabilities that A and B will hit a target are
Solution: 2/3 and ¾ respectively. What is the probability that the target is hit
when both shoot at it?
A. ½ C. 11/12 *
(x − x )
2
n
B. 1/6 D. 5/12
SX = → x = 13
n −1
Solution:
(13 − 10 ) + (13 − 12 ) + (13 − 13) + (13 − 14 ) + (13 − 14 ) + (13 − 15 )
2 2 2 2 2 2

SX = Pboth hit = 1 − Pnone of them hit → complementary probability


6 −1
 2  3  11
SX = 1.8 Pboth hit = 1 − 1 − 1 −  =
 3  4  12
Alternate Solution: Mode 3 1
x Ans. C
10
12
13 95. A study has a sample size of 5, a standard deviation of 10.4, and a
14 sample standard deviation of 11.6. What is most nearly the variance?
14 A. 46 C. 110 *
15 B. 52 D. 130
SX = 1.789  1.8 Solution:
Ans. D V = σx2
V = 10.42 = 108.16  110
90. The seating section in a theater has 30 seats in the first row, 32 seats in
the second row, 34 seats in the third row, and so on, until the tenth row Ans. C
is reached, after which there are ten rows each containing 50 seats.
Find the total number of seats.
A. 900 C. 910 96. A study has a sample size of 9, a standard deviation of 4.0, and a
B. 890 * D. 1000 sample standard deviation of 4.2. What is most nearly the sample
variance?
Solution: A. 16 C. 34
Arithmetic Progression:
B. 18 * D. 36
n 10 Solution:
S=  2a1 + ( n − 1) d  + 50n = 2 ( 30 ) + (10 − 1)( 2 )  + 50 (10 )
2  2  V = sx 2
S = 890 V = 4.22
Ans. B V = 17.64  18
Ans. B
91. If 15 people won prizes in the state lottery, in how many ways can
these 15 people win first , second , third , fourth , and fifth prizes ?
A. 4, 845 C. 360, 360 * 97. Measurements of the water content of soil from a borrow site are
B. 116, 280 D. 3,003 normally distributed with a mean of 14.2% and a standard deviation of
2.3%. What is the probability that a sample taken from the site will
Solution: have a water content above 16% or below 12%?
15P5 = 360,360 A. 0.13 C. 0.37 *
Ans. C B. 0.25 D. 0.42
Solution:
92. If three sticks are drawn from 5 sticks whose lengths are 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 Normal distribution
cm. What is the probability that the three sticks drawn form a ( x −μ )2 d −
( x −0.142 ) 2

 
x2 − 0.16
1 1 2 ( 0.023)
2
triangle? dx = 1 − dx = 0.31
2

P= e e
A. 0.30 * C. 0.70 x1 σ 2π 0.12 ( 0.023) 2π
B. 0.50 D. 0.80 Ans. C
3
1
Solution: 98. In the ME Board Examinations, the probability that an examinee will
Number of possible triangles form given 5 lengths: pass in each subject is 0.80. What is the probability that an examinee
2
S = 5C3 = 10 will pass at least 2 subjects.
Schwarz Inequality
dont qualify schwarz inequality
sum of any two sides of a
A. 0.962 C. 0.576
123, 124, 125, 134, 135, 145, 235 = 7 triangle must be greater than B. 0.828 D. 0.896*
the third side.
qualify schwarz inequality
Solution:
E = 234, 245, 345 = 3 P = nCr p r q n−r → p = passed = 0.8 and q = failure = 0.2
E 3
P= = = 0.30 Pat least 2 = P2 or more = Pexactly 2 subjects + Pexactly 3 subjects
S 10
Pat least 2 = 3C2 ( 0.8 ) ( 0.2 ) + 3C3 ( 0.8 ) ( 0.2 )
2 3−2 3 3−3

Ans. A
= 0.896
93. If the probability that a missile will hit the target is 3/5, find the Ans. D
probability of exactly 4 hits out of 6 tries.
A. 0.354 C. 0.422 99. What is the probability of obtaining a poker hand (5 cards) containing
B. 0.311 * D. 0.402 2 aces?
A. 0.04 * C. 0.08
Solution: B. 0.14 D. 0.24

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Solution:
S = 52C5 → total outcomes (pocker hand)
E1 = 4C 2 → for two aces
E 2 = 50C3 → for the other 3 cards
E1 xE2 ( 4C2 ) x ( 50C3 )
P= = = 0.045
S 52C 2
Ans. A

100. In a family of four children, what is the probability of having a set of


three and one (i.e. three sons and a daughter or three daughters and a
son)?
A. 3/4 C. ¼
B. 1/2 * D. 5/8
Solution:
1 1
P = nCr p r q n-r → binomial/repeated trials p = and q =
2 2
P3 sons and one daughter = 4C3 ( 0.5 ) x ( 0.5 )
4−3
= 0.25
3

P3 daughters and one son = 4C1 ( 0.5 ) x ( 0.5 )


4−1
= 0.25
1

thus:
P3 sons and one daughter or 3 daughters and one son = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.50
Ans. B

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Engineering Sciences please study/take our YELLOW BOOK (MESL
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