Unit-IV

STRINGS
Concept of String:
 String is basically the sequence of characters.
 Any desired character can be accessed using the index.
>>> country="India"
>>> country[1]
'n'
>>> country[2]
'd'
 The strings can be created using single, double or triple quotes.
 Example:
>>> msg='Good Bye'
>>> msg
'Good Bye'
>>> msg="Good Bye"
>>> msg
'Good Bye'
>>> msg='''Good Bye'''
>>> msg
'Good Bye'

String Operations
1. Finding Length of string:
o There is an in-built function to find length of string.
o This is len function.
Example:
>>> msg="Good bye"
>>> len(msg)
 Output:
8
2. Concatenation:
 Joining of two or more strings is called concatenation.
 In python we use + operator for concatenation of two strings.
Example:
>>> str1="Python"
>>> str2="Program"
>>> str3=str1+str2
>>> print(str3)
Output:
PythonProgram
3. Appending:
 We can use += operator to append some string to already existing string.
 Example:
>>> str1="Python programming is fun"
>>> str1+="we enjoy it very much"
>>> print(str1)
Output:
Python programming is fun.we enjoy it very much
4. Multiplying strings:
 The * operator is used to repeat the string for n number of times.
 Example:
>>> str="welcome"
>>> print(str*3)
Output:
welcomewelcomewelcome
>>> print(str*5)
Output:
welcomewelcomewelcomewelcomewelcome
Strings are Immutable
 Strings are immutable i.e. we cannot change the existing strings.
 Example:
>>> msg="Good Morning"
>>> msg[0]='g'
Output:
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

String Formatting Operator:

 The format operator is specified using % operator.
 It act as interface between the format specifiers and their values.
 That means it binds the format specifiers to the values.
 Format specifiers for different data types are as follows.
 %d-integer %f-float %s-string
 %x-hexadecimal %o-octal
 Example 1:
>>> 'There are %d colors in a rainbow'%7
'There are 7 colors in a rainbow'
>>> 'I like %s color'%'blue'
'I like blue color'
>>> 'There are %d letters in the word %s'%(4,'blue')
'There are 4 letters in the word blue'
>>> 'The value of %s is %f'%('PI',3.14)
'The value of PI is 3.140000'

 Example 2:
>>> I=30
>>> Float=3.14
>>> String="Rahul“
>>> print("Integer value:%d"%I)
 Integer value:30
>>> print("Float Value:%f"%Float)
Float Value:3.140000
>>> print("String Value:%s"%String)
String Value:Rahul

 Example 3:
Program for addition of two numbers
>>> a=10
>>> b=20
>>> c=a+b
>>> print("Addition is %d“%c)
Addition is 30

 Example 4:
Program for square of number
print("Enter the number:")
n=int(input())
square=n*n
print("Square of number is %d"%square)
Enter the number:
5
Square of number is 25
Example 5:
Write a python program to display the name of the student, his course and
age.
name="Rahul"
Course="Computer Engineering"
age=18
print("Name=%s and course=%s and age=%d"%(name,Course,age))
 print("Name=%s and course=%s and age=%d"%('Sachin','Mechanical
Engineering',20))
Output
Name=Rahul and course=Computer Engineering and age=18
Name=Sachin and course=Mechanical Engineering and age=20

Slice Operation:
 String slice is an extracted chunk of characters from the original string.
 In python we can obtain the string slice with the help of string indices.
>>> msg="Good Morning"
>>> msg[0:4]
'Good‘
 Here the string from 0 to less than 4 index will be displayed.
>>> msg[5:12]
'Morning'
 Here the string from 5th index to 11th index is displayed.
 We can omit the beginning index. In that case, the beginning index is considered as 0
>>> msg[:4]
'Good‘
 Similarly we can omit ending index. In that case, the string will be displayed up to its
ending character.
>>> msg[5:]
'Morning‘
 If we do not specify any starting index or ending index then the string from starting
index 0 to ending index character is considered.
>>> msg[:]
'Good Morning'
Example:
 Write python program to remove nth index character from non empty string.
 def remove_ch(str,n):
first_part=str[:n] #taking slice upto nth character
last_part=str[n+1:] #skipping nth char and taking the slice of string of
remaining part
return first_part+last_part #joining two slices
print("Enter the some string")
str=input()
print("Enter index of character to be removed")
n=int(input())
print(remove_ch(str,n))
Output:
Enter the some string
python
Enter index of character to be removed
3
Pyton
Example:
Write python program to change a given string to a new string where first and last
characters have been exchanged
def interchange_char(str1):
return new_str[-1:]+new_str[1:-1]+new_str[:1]
print("Enter the string:")
new_str=input()
print(interchange_char(new_str))
Output:
Enter the string:
program
mrograp
Built in string Methods and Functions
1. capitalize (): This method converts the first letter of the string to capital.
Example:
str="i like python programming very much."
>>> msg=str.capitalize()
>>> print(msg)
Output:
I like python programming very much.
2. count (): It returns the number of times particular string appears in the statement .
Example:
>>> str="twinkle,twinkle little star, How I wonder what you are"
>>> msg=str.count("twinkle")
>>> print(msg)
Output:
2
3. center(width,fillchar): This method returns centered in a string of length width. Padding
is done using the specified fillchar.
Example:
>>> str="India"
>>> print(str.center(20,"#"))
 Output:
#######India########
>>> print(str.center(18,"#"))
Output:
######India#######
4. endswith(value,start,end): This method true if the string ends with specified value,
otherwise false.
Example:
>>> str="India is best country in the world!"
>>> print(str.endswith("!"))
output:
True
>>> print(str.endswith("?"))
output:
False
5. find(): It returns the index of first occurrence of substring.
Example:
>>> str="I scream,you scream,we all scream for the icecream"
>>> print(str.find("scream"))
Output:
2
>>> print(str.find("we"))
Output:
20
6. index(): It searches the string for specified value and returns the positions of where it was
found.
Example:
>>> str="Sometimes later become never.Do it now."
>>> print(str.index("later"))
 Output:
10
>>> print(str.index("never"))
Output:
23
7.isalpha(): It returns true if all the characters in the string are alphabets.
Example:
str="India"
>>> print(str.isalpha())
Output:
True
>>> str="I123dia"
>>> print(str.isalpha())
Output:
False
8.isdecimal(): It returns true if all the characters in the string are decimal(0-9).
Example:
>>> s="1234"
>>> print(s.isdecimal())
Output:
True
>>> t="abc1234"
>>> print(t.isdecimal())
Output:
False
9. islower(): It returns true if all the characters of the string are in lowercase.
Example:
>>> s="india is a great"
 >>> print(s.islower())
Output:
True
>>> t="I Love my Country"
>>> print(t.islower())
Output:
False
10.isupper(): It returns true if all the characters of the string are in uppercase.
Example:
>>> s="INDIA IS GREAT"
>>> print(s.isupper())
Output
True
>>> t="I Love my Country"
>>> print(t.isupper())
Output
False
11.len(): It returns length of the string or number of characters in the string..
Example:
>>> str="I love my country"
>>> print(len(str))
Output
17
12.replace(): It replaces one specific phrase by some another specified phrase.
Example:
>>> str="I love my country"
>>> print(str.replace("country","India"))
Output:
 I love my India
13. lower(): It converts all characters into the string to lowercase.
Example:
>>> str="I LOVE MY COUNTRY"
>>> print(str.lower())
Output:
i love my country
14. upper(): It converts all characters into the string to uppercase.
Example:
>>> str="i love my country"
>>> print(str.upper())
Output:
I LOVE MY COUNTRY
15. lstrip(): It removes all leading whitespaces of the string..
Example:
>>> str=" India "
>>> print(str.lstrip()+"is a country")
Output
India is a country
16. rstrip(): It removes all trailing whitespaces of the string..
Example:
>>> str=" India "
>>> print(str.rstrip()+"is a country")
Output:
Indiais a country
17. strip(): It removes all leading and trailing whitespaces of the string..
Example:
>>> str=" India "
 >>> print(str.strip()+"is a country")
Output:
Indiais a country
18. max(): It returns highest alphabetical character.
Example:
>>> str="zebracrossing"
>>> print(max(str))
Output:
z
19. min(): It returns lowest alphabetical character.
Example:
>>> str="zebracrossing"
>>> print(min(str))
output:
a
20. title(): It returns first letter of the string to uppercase.
Example:
>>> str="python is easy to learn"
>>> print(str.title())
Output:
Python Is Easy To Learn
21.split(): This function splits the string at specified separator and returns a list.
Example:
>>> str="python#is#easy#to#learn"
>>> print(str.split('#'))
Output:
['python', 'is', 'easy', 'to', 'learn']
22.isspace(): Check if all the characters in the text are whitespaces
 Example:
>>> str=" "
>>> print(str.isspace())
Output
True
>>> str=" s "
>>> print(str.isspace())
Output
False
23. isdigit(): It returns true if all the characters in the string are digits.
Example:
>>> s="12345"
>>> print(s.isdigit())
Output
True
>>> t="123abc"
>>> print(t.isdigit())
Output
False

ord() and chr() Functions

 The ord() function returns the ASCII code of character.
print(ord('a')) output: 97
print(ord('A')) output: 65
print(ord('B')) output:66
 The chr() function returns character represented by the ASCII CODE.
print(chr(65)) output: A
print(chr(66)) output: B
print(chr(97)) output: a
The in and not in Operators
 The in and not in are called membership operators.
 These operators are used to determine if the string is a member of another string or
not.
 Example that uses in operator
str1='Python programming is a fun'
str2='fun'
if str2 in str1:
print(str2,"is present in given string")
else:
print(str2,"is not present in given string")
Output:
fun is present in given string

 Example that uses not in operator

str1='Python programming is a fun'
str2=‘worry'
if str2 not in str1:
print(str2,"is not present in given string")
else:
print(str2,"is present in given string")
Output:
worry is not present in given string

Iterating strings
 We can traverse the string using the for loop or using while loop.
 Example:
 Write a program in python to traverse through string using while loop.
msg="Goodbye"
index=0
while index<len(msg):
 letter=msg[index]
print(letter)
index=index+1
Output:
G
o
o
d
b
y
e

 Example:
 Write a program in python to traverse through string using for loop.
msg="Goodbye"
index=0
for index in range(0,len(msg)):
letter=msg[index]
print(letter)
Output:
G
o
o
d
b
y
e

 Write a program in python to display how many times particular letter appears
in the string.
def fun():
 str='aaabbbccddeecccddd'
count=0
for i in str:
if i=='b':
count=count+1
print("The string is",str,"in which letter b appears",count,"times")
fun()
Output:
The string is aaabbbccddeecccddd in which letter b appears 3 times

 Write a program in python to find the length of a string.

def str_length(str):
len=0
for ch in str:
len=len+1
return len
print("Enter some string")
str=input()
print("length of string is:",str_length(str))
Output:
Enter some string
python
length of string is: 6

The string Module

 The string Module contains number of constants and functions to process the strings.
 To use the string module in the python program we need to import it at the beginning.

Functions:
 There are some useful function used in string module.
1. The capwords function to display first letter capital:
 The capwords is function that converts first letter of the string into capital letter.
 Syntax:
string.capwords(string)
 Example
import string
str="i love python programming"
print(str)
print(string.capwords(str))
Output:
i love python programming
I Love Python Programming
2. The upper function and lower case:
 For converting the given string into upper case letter we have to use str.upper()
function and str.lower() function is for converting the string into lower case.
 Example
import string
text1="i love python programming"
text2="PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON IS REALLY INTERESTING"
print("Original string:",text1)
print("String in upper case:",str.upper(text1))
print("Original string:",text2)
print("String in lower case:",str.lower(text2))
Output:
Original string: i love python programming
String in upper case: I LOVE PYTHON PROGRAMMING
Original string: PROGRAMMING IN PYTHON IS REALLY INTERESTING
String in lower case: programming in python is really interesting
3. Translation of character to other form:
 o The maketrans() returns the translation table for passing to translate(), that will
map each character in from_ch into the character at the same position in to_ch.
The from_ch and to_ch must have the same length.
o Syntax:
String.maketrans(from_ch,to_ch)
 Example
import string
from_ch="aeo"
to_ch="012"
str="I love programming in python"
print(str)
new_str=str.maketrans(from_ch,to_ch)
print(str.translate(new_str))
Output:
I love programming in python
I l2v1 pr2gr0mming in pyth2n

Constants:
 There are various constants defined in string module. We can display the values
of these string constant in python program.
 Example:
import string
print("Program to display string module constant")
print("Letters:",string.ascii_letters)
print("Lower case letters:",string.ascii_lowercase)
print("Upper case letters:",string.ascii_uppercase)
print("Digits:",string.digits)
print("Hexadigits:",string.hexdigits)
print("Punctuation:",string.punctuation)
Output:
Program to display string module constant
Letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Lower case letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Upper case letters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Digits: 0123456789
Hexadigits: 0123456789abcdefABCDEF
Punctuation: !"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~