Maths Book
Maths Book
CONTENTS
NUMBER SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................... 2
SETS, FUNCTIONS AND GROUPS ............................................................................................................. 16
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS ................................................................................................................. 33
SOLUTIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS................................................................................................ 43
PARTIAL FRACTIONS................................................................................................................................ 53
SEQUENCE AND SERIES ........................................................................................................................... 56
PERMUTATION, COMBINATION AND PROBABILITY ............................................................................... 70
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION AND.......................................................................................................... 84
BINOMIAL THEOREM .............................................................................................................................. 84
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY .................................................................................................... 92
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES OF SUM AND.......................................................................................... 102
DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES ....................................................................................................................... 102
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................................. 109
AND THEIR GRAPHS .............................................................................................................................. 109
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMTERY........................................................................................................ 111
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................ 120
SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC ......................................................................................................... 126
FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS ....................................................................................................................... 130
DIFFERENTIATION ................................................................................................................................. 150
INTEGRATION ........................................................................................................................................ 169
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTIC GEOMETRY ........................................................................................... 184
LINEAR INEQUALITIES & LINEAR PROGRAMMING................................................................................ 205
CONIC SECTION ..................................................................................................................................... 209
VECTORS................................................................................................................................................ 239
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Chapter 1
NUMBER SYSTEM
SYNOPSIS
Set
The collection of well-defined and distinct objects is called a set
N = {1, 2, 3, ….}
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ….}
Z′ = {-1, -2, -3, …..}
O = {±1, ±3 …..}
E = {0, ±2, ±4,…..}
P
Q = {x|x = q where p, q∈ Z^q ≠ 0}
P
Q′ = { x|x ≠ q where p, q∈ Z^q ≠ 0}
R = { Q ∪ Q′}
Rational Numbers
“Numbers that can be expressed as a quotient of an integer and a non-zero integer are called rational
numbers”
P
Q = { |P is an integer, q is an integer, q ≠ 0}
q
Note: Rational numbers are generally expressed using fractional or decimal notation. The rational
numbers can also be named using decimal notation
P
Every integer p is a rational number since it can be written as the fraction I
13 5
Examples , − , …. Etc
7 3
Irrational Numbers
2
Number such as √2, π and , which are not rational numbers, are called irrational numbers.
√3
P
Q′ = { x|x ≠ where p is an integer, q is an integer and q≠ 0}
q
Real Numbers
Numbers that are either rational or irrational are called real number
R = {x: x is rational or x is irrational}
R = Q ∪ Q′
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Associative Law:
Addition: For any real numbers a, b and c
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Multiplication: For any real numbers a, b and c
a. (b. c) = (a. b). c
Identity Law:
Addition: For any real number a, there exists a unique real number ‘0’ such that
a+0=a
0+a=a
Note: Zero is called additive identity
Multiplication: For any real number a, there exists a unique number ‘1’ such that
a. 1 = a
1. a = a
Inverse Law:
Addition: For each real number a, there exists a unique real number “-a” such that
a + (−a) = 0 (Additive identity)
(−a) + a = 0
1
Multiplication: For each real number a not equal to zero, there exists a unique real number a such that
1
a. = 1 (Multiplicative inverse)
a
1
.a =1
a
Commutative Law
Addition: For any real numbers a and b
a+b =b+a
Multiplication: For any real numbers a and b
a. b = b. a
Distributive Law:
For any real numbers a, b and c
a(b + c) = ab + ac
(b + c)a = ba + ca
Field Axioms
Any non-empty set F is called field if it satisfies
➢ Five properties under addition
➢ Five properties under multiplication
➢ One distributive law
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Absolute Value
The absolute value of a non-zero real number a is the positive number in the set {a, −a}
The absolute value of 0 is 0. The absolute value of any real number a is denoted by |a|
a, if a ≥ 0
|a| = -a if a < 0
The absolute value of “a” is “a” if “a” non-negative. The absolute value of a is opposite of a if a is
negative
Note: |a| = | − a|
Properties of Equality
Equality of numbers denoted by ‘=’ processes the following
properties
i) Reflexive Property
For all a ∈ R, a = a
v) Multiplicative Property
For all a, b, c ∈ R, a = b => ac = bc ^ ca = cb
i) Trichotomy Property
For all a, b ∈ R, either a = b or a > b or a < b
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Complex Number
In the real number system, negative numbers do not have square root. Mathematics have invented a larger
number system that contains the real number system, but is such that negative numbers would have
square roots. That system is called ‘Complex-number system’
Imaginary Number i:
The imaginary number i is defined as
i = √−1 and i2 = −1
Imaginary Part: The number b is called the imaginary part of the complex number
Note: Every real number is a complex number with zero as its imaginary part.
e. g. , 4 = 4 + i0
5 = 5 + i0 etc
Complex Numbers as an Ordered Pair
Every complex number a + ib can be written as an ordered pair (a, b)
a + ib = (a , b)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Real Imaginary Real Imaginary
part part part part
e.g., 4 + i5 = (4, 5)
2 − i3 = (2, −3) etc
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Addition:
(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
or (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
Subtraction
(a + ib) − (c + id) = (a − c) + (b − d)i
or (a, b) − (c, d) = (a ± c, b − d)
Multiplication
(a + ib)(c + id) = (ac − bd) + (bc + ad)i
or (a, b)(c, d) = (ac − bd, bc + ad)
Note: The set of complex number does not satisfy the order axioms. We cannot say one complex number
is greater or less than another
We can compare only magnitudes of complex numbers
Definition:
Two complex numbers a + ib and c + id and equal iff a = c and b = d
Note:
• Real number is self-conjugate
• Product of complex number and its conjugate is a real number
Facts
If z̅ and w
̅ are complex conjugates of the complex number z and w, respectively, then
1) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z + w = z̅ + w ̅
2) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
z − w = z̅ − w ̅
3) ̅̅̅̅̅
z. w = z̅. w ̅
̅̅̅̅̅
z z̅
4) (w) = w ̅
for w ≠ 0
5) z̅̅̅n = (z̅)𝑛 , for every +ve integer n
6) z̅ = 𝑧, if z is real
7) |z| = |z̅| = |−z| = |−z|
8) z̿ = 𝑧
9) zz̅ = |𝑧|2
10) |z| − |w| ≤ |z + w| ≤ |z| + |w|
(Triangular inequality)
Complex Plane
Complex numbers can be visualized as points in a plane called the
complex plane (z-plane) shown in figure
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Argand Diagram
The figure representing one or more complex numbers on the complex plane is called an Argand diagram
Rule
If z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + sin θ1 )
And z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
are two complex number, their product is given by
z1 z2 = r1 r2 . [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
Rule
If z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )
And z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
z
Then 1 = r1 /r2 [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2
For z2 ≠ 0
De Moivre’ Theorem
For any positive integer n,
[r(cos θ + i sin θ)]n = r n (cos nθ + i sin nθ)
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MCQs
1. Which of the following is correct?
a) 5 + i > 3 + i b) 5 + i > 5 − i c) 5 + 2i > 7 + i d) none of these
1 1
3. The value of |1+3i − 1−3i| is
2 3 2 3
a) 7
b) 5 c) − 7 d) − 5
1
4. i + i2 has the value
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) (i − 1)
2i 2
5. The value of (1+i) is
a) 𝑖 b) 2𝑖 c) 1 − 𝑖 d) 1 − 2𝑖
1+2i
8. The complex number z = ( 1−i ) lies in the quadrant number
a) I b) II c) III d) IV
10. If a complex number lies in the III quadrant, then its conjugate lies in quadrant number
a) I b) II c) III d) IV
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15. {x|x ∈ N ⋀ 2 < x < 4} is
a) An infinite set b) a finite set c) a singleton set d) empty set
18. (−𝑖)5 is
a) i b) – 1 c) 1 d) – 𝑖
1+2i
24. | |=
2−i
a) 1 b) 5 c) ¾ d) 5/3
25. 2x 2 + 3y 2 =
a) (2x + 3iy)(2x − 3iy) b) (√2x + √3iy)(√2x − √3iy) c) (2x − 3y)(2x + 3y)
d) (√2x + √3y)(√2x − √3yi)
29. If a complex number lies in the third quadrant then its conjugate lies in the quadrant
a) First b) second c) third d) none of these
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30. (1 − 𝑖)6 + (1 − 𝑖)3 =
a) 2 − 10𝑖 b) 2 + 𝑖 c) −2 − 10𝑖 d) 2 + 𝑖
33. Which of the following sets has closure property with respect to addition
a) {−1,1} b) {−1} c) {−1,0} d) none of these
34. Geometrically, the modulus of a complex number represents its distance from the
a) Point (1, 0) b) point (0, 1) c) point (1, 1) d) origin
37. (1 + 𝑖)8 =
a) 16i8 + 8i + 1 b) 16 c) – 16 d) none
45. A non-empty set obeying all the addition laws, multiplication laws and distributive laws is called
a) Group b) Abelian group c) field d) none of these
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3 2
48. |2+i + 3+i| is
√26 √97 26 √13
a) b) c) d)
5 5 5 5
π π 12
51. (sin 6 + 𝑖 cos 6 ) is equal to
a) -1 b) –i c) i d) 1
5
52. (−1 − 𝑖√3) =
2π 2π 10π 10π 10π 10π
a) cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3
b) 32 (cos 3
− i sin 3
) c) 32 (cos 3
+ 𝑖 sin 3
) d)
none
2+3i
53. If z = 5−i
then z. z̅ =
1 1
a) 2 b) c) d) none of these
√2 2
2−𝑖
54. The conjugate complex number of (1−2𝑖)2 is
2 11 2 11 2 11 2 11
a) 25
+ 25 𝑖 b) 25 − 25 𝑖 c) − 25 + 25 𝑖 d) − 25 − 25 𝑖
55. The conjugate and the reciprocal of a complex number z = x + iy are equal. Then
a) x = 1, y = 0 b) x = 0, y = 1 c) x = y = 1 d) x 2 + y 2 = 1
62
58. The value of (−1 + √−3) is
a) 262 b) 264 c) −262 d) 0
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ANSWERS
1. D 11. B 21. B 31. C 41. C 51. C
2. A 12. B 22. A 32. A 42. A 52. D
3. B 13. A 23. A 33. D 43. D 53. C
4. D 14. A 24. A 34. D 44. C 54. D
5. B 15. B 25. B 35. B 45. C 55. D
6. D 16. A 26. D 36. A 46. A 56. C
7. A 17. B 27. B 37. B 47. B 57. C
8. B 18. D 28. C 38. D 48. B 58. C
9. C 19. B 29. B 39. B 49. D 59. A
10. B 20. C 30. C 40. B 50. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Hint: The set of Complex numbers does not satisfy the Order of Axioms. So we cannot say one
complex number is greater or less than another d)
8. Hint: First multiplying and dividing with 1 + 𝑖 and then check the coordinates of the point b)
13. Hint: Just check the options such that its square is (3 − 4i). Option ‘a’ is the right answer
because its square is (3 – 4i) a)
14. Solution:
𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑖 (4𝑚+3)
= 𝑖 4𝑚 𝑖 3
= (𝑖)2𝑚 𝑖 2 . 𝑖
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= (−1)2𝑚 . (−1). 𝑖
= (1). (1). 𝑖
= −𝑖 a)
16. Solution:
√−2 × √−2
= 𝑖√2 × 𝑖√2
2
= 𝑖 2 . (√2)
= (−1)(2)
= −2 a)
30. Solution:
(1 + 𝑖)6 + (1 − 𝑖)3
= [(1 + 𝑖)2 ]3 + (1 − 𝑖)2 . (1 − 𝑖)
= (1 + 𝑖 2 + 2𝑖)3 + (1 + 𝑖 2 − 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
= (2𝑖)3 + (−2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
= 8𝑖 3 − 2𝑖 + 2𝑖
= −8𝑖 − 2𝑖 − 2
= −10𝑖 − 2 c)
36. Hint: Either take multiplicative inverse of 𝑖 or check the options such that its product with 𝑖 is 1
a)
37. Solution:
(1 + 𝑖)8 = [(1 + 𝑖)2 ]4
= (2𝑖)4
= 16𝑖 4
= 16 b)
y
39. Hint: Argument = tan−1 (x)
√3
= tan−1 (− 1
)
= 60𝑜 b)
40. Hint: Either take multiplicative inverse of z or check the options such that its product with z is
one b)
47. Solution:
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9 9
(−1 + 𝑖√3) + (−1 − 𝑖√3) = (2ω)9 + (2ω2 )9
= 29 (ω9 + ω18 )
= 29 (1 + 1) = 210 b)
49. Solution:
x. y̅ = (6 + 5𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) = −9 + 23𝑖 d)
1+𝑖 2
50. Hint: ( ) =𝑖 d)
√2
51. Solution:
π 12
(sin 6 + i cos π/6) = sin 2π + i cos 2π
=𝑖 c)
52. Solution:
5
(−1 − 𝑖√3) = r (cos θ + 𝑖 sin θ)
2 −√3
Here r = √(−1)2 + (−√3 ) ; θ = tan−1 ( )
−1
π
r = 2; θ =
3
Therefore;
5 5π 5π
(−1 − 𝑖√3) = 25 [cos 3
+ i sin ]
3
5π 5π
= 32 [cos + i sin ] d)
3 3
53. Solution:
2+3𝑖 2−3𝑖 4+9 1
𝑧. 𝑧̅ = 5−𝑖
× 5+𝑖
= 25+1 = 2 c)
54. Solution:
2−i 2−i 2 11
z = (1+2i)2 = =− +i
1+4i2 +4i 25 15
2 11
=> z̅ = − 25 − 𝑖 25 d)
55. Solution:
1
Given x − iy =
x+iy
=> x 2 + y 2 = 1 d)
56. Solution:
(−1 + 𝑖)5 + (−1 − 𝑖)5
= (−1 + 𝑖)4 (−1 + 𝑖) + (−1 − 𝑖)4 . (−1 − 𝑖)
=0 c)
57. Solution:
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1
Take conjugate of because z̿ = 𝑧 c)
𝑖−1
58. Solution:
62 62
(−1 + √−3) + (−1 − √−3) = (2ω)62 + (2ω2 )62
= 262 [ω62 + ω124 ]
= 262 [ω2 + ω]
= 262 [−1] = −262 c)
59. Solution:
√2𝑖 − √−2𝑖 = √(1 + 𝑖)2 − √(1 − 𝑖)2
= 2𝑖
Modulus of 2i = √0 + 4
=2 a)
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Chapter # 2
SETS, FUNCTIONS AND GROUPS
SYNOPSIS
Set
The collection of well defined and distinct objects is called set
Order of a Set
The number of elements present in a set is called the order of the set e.g.,
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Then n(A) = 6
• Infinite Set: A set is said to be an infinite set if the set has indefinite number of elements present in
it.
e.g. N = {1, 2, 3,…}
W = {0, 1, 2, 3,….}
• Null / Empty Set: A set having no element in it is called null set or empty set
It is denoted by ϕ
e.g.,
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i) {x|x ∈ Q ⋀ x 2 = 2}
ii) {x|x ∈ N ⋀ x + 4 = 0}
iii) {x|x ∈ E ⋀ 4 < x < 6}
iv) {x|x ∈ O ⋀ 5 < x < 7}
Singleton Set
A set having only one element is called singleton set
e.g., A = { 7 }, B = {Chair}
Definition
• Equal Sets: Two non-empty sets A and B are said to be equal if they have the same order and same
elements
We write A = B for equal sets e.g.,
A = {a, b, c}
B = {c, b, a}
Here A = B
Note: The order of elements of the sets does not matter
• Equivalent or Similar Sets: Two non-empty sets A and B are said to be equivalent sets if they have
equal number of elements
(OR)
If one to one correspondence exists between the elements of the sets
We write A ∼ B or A≅ B e.g.,
If A = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Then A ~ B
Subset
If every element of set A is also an element of B, then A is a subset of B
We write A ⊆ B
e.g., if A = {1, 2, 3}; B = {1, 2, 3, 4,…., 10}
then A ⊆ B
or A ⊆ B iff x ∈ A => x ∈ B
Types of Subsets
• Proper Subset: If A is a subset of B and B contains at least one element which is not an element of
A, then A is called proper subset of B.
e.g., If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
then A is proper subset of B
We write A ⊂ B
• Improper Subset: If A is a subset of B and B does not contain any extra element which is not an
element of A, then A is called improper subset of B,
In this case A = B
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Note:
i) If A⊆ B and B ⊆ A
Then A = B
ii) The empty set is a subset of every set
iii) Empty set is a set which has no proper subset
N⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
• Power Set: The collection of all the proper and improper subsets of a set A is called the power set of
A. It is denoted by P(A). e.g.,
If A = {a, b}
Note:
If n = No. element in the set A
Then 2n = No. of elements in the power set of A
• Universal Set/ Universe of Discourse: The set under consideration is called universal set
(OR)
The super set of all the sets under a particular discussion is called universal set
It is denoted by U or 𝛆
Operation on Sets
• Union of Two Sets: The unions of two non-empty sets A and B is the set of all those elements which
are either present in A or present in B
A ∪ B = {x|x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Note: A ∪ B = B ∪ A
• Intersection of Two Sets: The intersection of two non-empty sets A and B is the set of all those
elements which are common in A and B
A ∩ B = {x|x ∈ A ⋀ x ∈ B}
Note: A∩ B = B ∩ A
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• Disjoint Sets: Two non-empty sets A and B are said to be disjoint set iff their intersection is an
empty set. That is if A ∩ B = ϕ
Then A and B are disjoints and vice versa e.g.,
If A = The set of even numbers
B = The set of odd numbers
Then A ∩ B = ϕ => A and B are disjoint sets
• Overlapping Sets: Two non-empty sets A and B are said to be overlapping if A ∩ B ≠ ϕ and neither
A ⊆ B nor B ⊆ A
Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Here A ∩ B ≠ ϕ; A ⊈ B; B ⊈ A
=> A and B are overlapping sets
• Commutative Property
A∪B =B∪A
A∩B =B∩A
• Associative Property
A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
• Distributivity of Union Over Intersection
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
• Distributivity of Intersection Over Union
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
• De Morgan’s Law
(A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
(A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
• Identity Laws
A∪ϕ =A
A∩ϕ=ϕ
• The Compliment Laws
A ∩ A′ = ϕ
A ∪ A′ = U
• The Double Complement Property
(A′ )′ = A
• Idempotent Laws
A∪A =A
A∩A =A
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Venn Diagrams
3) If A⊆ B
Then n(A ∪ B) = n(B)
n(A ∩ B) = n(A)
n(A − B) = 0
n(B − A) = n(B) − n(A)
4) If B ⊆ A
Then n(A ∪ B) = n(A)
n(A ∩ B) = n(B)
n(B − A) = 0
n(A − B) = n(A) − n(B)
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Logic
The science of correct reasoning science which describes relationships among proposition in terms of
implication, contradiction etc. Logic is a way of reasoning, whether correct or incorrect
• Inductive Logic: The logic in which conclusions are drawn from a limited number of observations or
experiences is called inductive logic
• Deductive Logic: The logic in which conclusion are drawn from a number of experiments and
observations
• Proposition: A declarative statement is called proposition. A proposition is either true or false but not
both
• Aristotelian Logic: According to Aristotelian logic, a proposition can be only true or false and there
is not third possibility
• Non-Aristotelian Logic: According to non-Aristotelian logic there are more chances other than true
or false for a proposition
Table
Symbol How to read Symbolic How to be read
Expression
− Not ~p Negation of p
⋀ And p⋀q p and q
⋁ Or p⋁q p or q
→ If… then p→q If p then q
implies p implies q
↔ Is equivalent to p↔q p if and only if q
if and only if p is equivalent
to q
Negation (~)
If P is any proposition then negation of P is denoted by ~P and is defined as
If P is true then ~P is false and vice versa
Truth Table:
p ~p
T F
F T
Conjunction (⋀)
The conjunction of two proposition p and q is denoted by p⋀q (read as p and q) and is defined as
"p⋀q is true only when both p and q are true otherwise always false”
p q 𝐩⋀𝐪
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
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Disjunction (⋁)
The disjunction of two proposition p and q is denoted by p⋁q (read as p or q) and is defined as
“p⋁q is false only when both p and q are false otherwise always true”
Truth Table of 𝐩 ↔ 𝐪
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Definition
• Tautology: A statement which is always true is called tautology
• Absurdity: A statement which is always false is called absurdity
• Contingency: A statement which can be true or false depending upon the truth values of the variable
involved is called contingency
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Statement
Quantifiers
The symbols or words which give the idea of a quantity are called quantifiers
Universal Quantifiers
∀ for all
Existential Quantifiers
∃ there exist
Logical Equivalence
Compound propositions that have the same truth values are called logically equivalent
⇔ stands for logically equivalent
Examples
p → q ⇔ ~p⋁q
p → q ⇔ ~q →∼ p
De Morgan’s Laws
i) (A ∪ B)C = AC ∩ B C becomes ∼ (p⋁q) =∼ p⋀ ∼ q
ii) (A ∩ B)C = AC ∪ B C becomes ∼ (p ⋀ q) ∼ p⋁ ∼ q
Definition:
• Cartesian Product: Consider two non-empty set A and B. The Cartesian product A and B denoted
by A×B is given as
A×B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A⋀b ∈ B}
Similarly,
B × A = {(b, a)| b ∈ B ⋀ a ∈ A}
Example
Let A = {m, n}, B = {1, 2}
Then A × B = {(m, 1), (m, 2), (n, 1), (n, 2)}
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• Relation or Binary Relation: Any subset of the Cartesian product A× B is called a relation from A
to B
Example:
In above example
r1 = {(m, 1), (n, 1)}
r2 = {(m, 1), (n, 2)}
• Domain of the Relation: The set of all the first elements of the ordered pairs forming a relation is
called domain of the relation
Dom. of r1 = {m, n}
• Range of the Relation: The set of all the second elements of the ordered pairs forming a relation is
called range of the relation
Rangle of r2 = {1, 2}
• Inverse Relation: To find the inverse relation of a relation, interchange the domain and the range of
every ordered pair of the given relation
Example:
Let r = {(m, 1), (n, 2)}
Inverse is
r −1 = {(1, m), (2, n)}
Example
The relation r = {(m, 1), (n, 2)} is a function.
• Into Function: A function f: A → B is called into function if range of f is a subset of B but range f≠B
• Onto Function (Surjective Function): A function f: A → B is called onto if range f = B
• One-one Function: A function f: A → B is called one-one if second elements of no two of its ordered
pairs are equal
• Injective Function: A function f: A → B which is both one-one and into is called injective functions
• Bijective Function: A function f: A → B which is both one-one and onto is called bijective function
• Linear Function: A function of the form {(x, y)| y = mx + c} is called linear function. The graph of
a linear function is always a straight line
• Quadratic Function: The function of the form {(x, y)|y = ax 2 + bx + c; a ≠ 0} is called quadratic
function. The graph of the quadratic function is always a parabola
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• Inverse Function: If f: A → B; then its inverse f −1 is a function from B to A
f −1 : B → A
The inverse function f −1 can be obtained by interchanging the domain and range of
function f.
Note:
i) The inverse of a function exists only if it is one-one function, otherwise not
ii) Inverse of a function may or may not be a function
iii) Inverse of a line is a line
Note:
• The multiplicative inverse of zero does not exists
• In a group the identity element is unique
• In a group the inverse of each element w.r.t. * is unique
• If a, b∈ G then (ab)−1 = b−1 a−1
Order of a Group
The number of elements of a group is called order of the group
x 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4
2 0 2 4 1 3
3 0 3 1 4 2
4 0 4 3 2 1
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x 1 𝛚 𝛚𝟐
1 1 ω. ω2
ω. ω. ω2 1 (ω3 = 1)
ω2 ω2 1 ω.
• The following table describes which properties are satisfied by the specified set of numbers
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MCQs
1. The number of non-empty subsets of the set {1, 2, 3, 4} is
a) 15 b) 14 c) 16 d) 17
2. If A has 3 elements and B has 6 elements, then the minimum number of elements in the set A∪ B
is
a) 6 b) 3 c) ϕ d) none of these
4. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}, B = {2, 4, …., 18} and N is the universal set, then A′ ∪
((A ∪ B) ∩ B ′ ) is
a) A b) N c) B d) none of these
5. X and Y are two sets such that n(X) = 17, n(Y) = 23, n(X ∪ Y) = 38, then n (X ∩ Y) is
a) 4 b) 2 c) 6 d) none of these
6. If A and B are two sets such that A has 12 elements, B has 17 elements and A ∪B has 21
elements, then number of elements in A ∩B are
a) 6 b) 4 c) 8 d) none of these
7. Given the sets A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6} then [A ∪ (B ∩ C)] is
a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} b) {1, 2, 4, 5} c) {1, 2, 3, 4} d) {3}
11. If aN = {ax : x ∈N} and bN∩ cN = dN, where b, c ∈ N are relatively prime, then
a) c = bd b) b = cd c) d = bc d) none of these
12. If the sets A and B are given by A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and the universal set U = {1,
2, 3,…,10}, then
a) (A ∪ B)C = {5, 7, 9} b) (A ∩ B)C = {1, 3,5, 6, 7} c) (A ∩ B)C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
d) None
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18. If S contains n elements then power set of S, P(s) contains elements. Which are?
a) 2𝑛 b) 4𝑛 c) 5𝑛 d) 6𝑛
21. If A and B are any two sets and A’, B’ are their compliments relative to the universal set U, the
(A ∪ B)′ =
a) A′ ∪ B′ b) A ∪ B c) A′ ∩ B′ d) A ∩ B
26. The set of real numbers (points) belonging to interval (a, b) is __________
a) Finite set b) empty set c) singleton set d) infinite set
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29. The set N of natural numbers is closed with respect to
a) Addition b) multiplication c) both a and b d) subtraction
33. The set S = {-1, 1, -i , i} is a group with respect to the binary operation
a) ÷ b) × c) + d) –
35. If set is a group w.r.t. addition then the number of identity elements in S is
a) Unique b) two c) three d) none
36. If set S is a group w.r.t addition then each element of S has _________ inverse
a) Unique b) two c) three d) none
42. A non-empty set S which is closed with a binary operation “*” is called group if
a) The binary operation is associative
b) There exists identity element with respect to the binary operation
c) There exists a unique inverse of each element of S with respect to the binary operaion
d) All
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48. If the set A has p elements, B has q elements, then the number of elements in A × B is
a) p + q + 1 b) pq c) p2 d) p + q
51. If A and B are two sets then any subset R of A×B is called
a) Relation on A b) relation on B c) relation from A to B d) relation from B to
A
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61. If the set A contains 2 elements and the set B contains 3 elements then the number of proper
subset of A× B is
a) 64 b) 63 c) 61 d) 60
62. If the truth value of p^q is T, then the truth value of (~p) is
a) T b) F c) difference to predict d) none of these
64. The set G = {1, 2, 3} of non-zero residue classes modulo 4, under multiplication modulo 4 is not
a group since
a) Closure law is not satisfied b) Associative law is not satisfied c) Identity element
does not exist
d) It is finite
65. The set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} is not a group under the operation multiplication modulo 5 because
a) Closure property is not satisfied b) Associative law is not satisfied
c) The identity element does not exist d) Not every element has inverse
66. The set G = {1, 0, -1} is not a group under multiplication because G
a) Is not closed b) is not associative c) does not contain the identity element
d) Does not satisfy inverse law
ANSWERS
1. A 11. C 21. C 28. B 38. B 48. B 58. B
2. A 12. (A, 22. B 29. C 39. A 49. C 59. C
3. D C) 23. B 30. D 40. A 50. C 60. C
4. B 13. D 24. D 31. D 41. V 51. C 61. B
5. B 14. B 25. B 32. C 42. D 52. C 62. B
6. C 15. C 26. A 33. B 43. B 53. B 63. C
7. C 16. B 27. B 34. A 44. B 54. C 64. A
8. A 17. D 35. A 45. A 55. D 65. D
9. D 18. A 36. A 46. C 56. A 66. D
10. B 19. D 37. B 47. C 57. B 67. A
20. A 68. A
69. C
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SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Hint: Number of non-empty sub-set = 2n − 1 a)
3. Solution:
We have
3N = {3, 6, 9, 12, … }
7N = {7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, … . }
Hence 3N ∩ 7N = {21, 42, 63, … }
= 21N d)
5. Solution:
n(x ∪ y) = n(x) + n(y) − n(x ∩ y)
38 = 17 + 23 − n(x ∩ y)
=> n(x ∩ y) = 40 − 38 b)
11. Solution:
We have, bN = the set of positive integral multiples of b and cN = the set of positive integral
multiples of c
Therefore, bN∩cN = the set of positive integral multiple of bc = bcN
d = bc c)
30. Hint: Power set of an empty is not empty, in fact there is on element in it and that is empty set
itself b)
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Chapter # 3
MATRICES & DETERMINANTS
SYNOPSIS
Matrix
A rectangular array of numbers enclosed by a part of bracket is called a matrix
Rows
The horizontal lines of numbers are called rows of a matrix
Columns
The vertical lines of numbers are called columns of a matrix
Entries or Elements
The number used is rows or columns are said to be the entries or elements of the number
Order of a Matrix
If m = number of rows and n = number of columns then order of matrix = m × n
Types of Matrices
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Transpose of Matrix
If A is a matrix of order m×n then an n×m matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A,
is called the transpose of A. It is denoted by At
Note
1. (At )t = A
2. (A + B)t = At + B t
3. (AB)t = B t At
Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if At =A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if At = −A
Remark
Elements of main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are all zero, because by definition
aij = −aij
=> 2 aij = 0
=> aij = 0 for all values of 𝑖
Conjugate of a Matrix
The matrix obtained from any given matrix A containing complex numbers as its elements, on replacing
̅)
its elements by corresponding conjugate complex numbers is called conjugate of A and is denoted by (A
Hermitian Matrix
̅ )t = A
A square matrix A with complex entries is called hermitian matrix if(A
Skew-hermitian Matrix
̅ )t = −A
A square matrix A with complex entries is called skew-hermitian matrix if (A
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Lower Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A of order n is called a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i < j
Triangular Matrix
A square matrix A is named as triangular matrix whether it is upper or lower triangular
Note:
1) AB≠ BA
2) AI = IA
3) AB = BA => both A and B are diagonal matrices
Singular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be singular if |A| = 0
Non-Singular Matrix
A square matrix is said to be non-singular if |A| ≠ 0
Inverse of a Matrix
1
If |A| ≠ 0, then A−1 = |A| adj A
Minor of an Element
Given an n × n matrix A, if we delete ith row and jth column of A, we get an (n − 1) × (n − 1) matrix.
The determinant of this matrix is called the minor of element aij and is denoted by Mij
Cofactor of an Element
The cofactor of an element aij of a square matrix A is denoted by Aij and is defined as
Aij = (−1)i+j Mij
Properties of Determinants
➢ For a square matrix |At | = |A|
➢ If the rows and columns of a determinants are interchanged the value of the determinant does not
change
➢ If two rows or any two columns of a determinant are interchanged, the value of determinant is
multiply by – 1
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➢ If all the entries in any row or column are zero, the value of the determinant is zero
➢ If any row or columns of a determinant is multiplied by a non-zero number k, the value of the
new determinant becomes equal to k times the value of original determinant
➢ If any row or column of a determinant consists of two terms, it can be written as the sum of the
determinants
➢ The determinants of a triangular matric (upper, lower or diagonal) is equal to the product of the
elements of the main diagonal
➢ |A|. |B| = |A B| provided A and B have the same order
Rank of a Matrix
Let A be a non-zero matrix. If ‘r’ is the number of non-zero rows when it is reduced to reduced echelon
for, then ‘r’ is called the (row) rank of the matrix A
The system can be solved by using any one of the following methods
1) Using matrices AX = B
2) Using Crammer’s rule
3) Using echelon & reduced echelon forms
Trivial Solution
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, this solution of the system always exists and is called trivial solution
Non-Trivial Solution
Any solution other than x = 0; y = 0, z = 0 is called non-trivial solution. The non-trivial solution exists
only if |A| = 0 or rank of A < 3. The non-trivial solutions are infinite and in the case if non-trivial
solutions exists the system is called consistent. The system can be solved by using the echelon and
reduced echelon forms
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MCQs
1. If A and B are square matrices of same order such that (A + B)2 = A2 + B 2 + 2AB, then
a) AB = BA b) A = -B c) A = B t d) none of these
2. adj (AB) =
a) adj(BA) b) (AdjB)(adjA) c) (adj A)( adjB) d) Adj(AB)t
3. Let A be a square matrix, then which of the following is not a symmetric matrix
a) A + A𝑡 b) At A c) AAt d) A − At
5. If A and B are two square matrices of same order and At denote the transpose of A, then
a) (AB)t = B t At b) (AB)t = At B t c) AB = 0 => |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
d) AB = 0 => A = 0 or B = 0
7. If A is a 3 ×4 matrix and B is a matrix such that AB and BA are both defined, then B is of the
type
a) 3 × 4 b) 3× 3 c) 4× 4 d) 4× 3
12. If every element of a third order determinant of value ∆ is multiplied by 5, then the value of the
new determinant is
a) ∆ b) 5∆ c) 25∆ d) 125∆
13. If the entries in a 3 × 3 determinants are either zero or one, then the greatest value of this
determinant is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 9
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17. Let A = [aij ] be a square matrix of order n. If aij = 0 for all i ≠ j and aij = 1 for all i = j, then A
is
a) Scalar matrix b) identity matrix c) null matrix d) symmetric matrix
k 4
20. If | | = 0 then k =
4 k
a) ±4 b) 0 c) 16 d) none of these
λ 4
22. If the matrix | | is singular then λ =
3 2
a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 8
23. (A + At )t =
a) A + A b) At + At c) −(A + At ) d) (A + At )
1 3 5
24. The value of determinant of the matrix [ 7 9 11] is
13 15 17
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
a 0 b
25. Value of determinant of matrix [c 0 −d] is
e 0 f
a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3
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31. If A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that At B and BAt are both defined, then B is of the
type
a) 3× 4 b) 3× 3 c) 4× 4 d) 4× 3
36. The real value of r for which the system of equation 2rx − 2y + 3z = 0, x + ry + 2z = 0, 2x +
rz = 0 has non-trivial solution is
a) r = 2 b) r = -2 c) r = 0 d) none of these
38. If in a square matrix A any two rows or columns are identical, then
a) |A| = 0 b) A = 0 c) |A| = I d) none of these
40. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB are both defined, then A and B are
a) Both identity matrices b) both null matrices c) both matrices of the same order
d) Both square matrices of the same order
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1 2 0 0
44. If A = [ ] and A2 = [ ] then A is called
−1/2 −1 0 0
a) Idempotent b) symmetric c) nilpotent d) involuntary
45. Set of all m × n real matrices farm a/an _________ w.r.t “+” defined on matrices
a) Finite b) Abelian c) Non-abelian d) None
1 a b+c
46. The value of |1 b c + a | =__________
1 c a+b
a) a + b + c b) 0 c) – 1 d) ab + bc + ac
0 2 − 3𝑖
48. A = [ ] is
−2 − 3𝑖 0
a) Symmetric b) skew symmetric c) hermitian d) none
2x + y + z x + y 12 4
49. In [ ]=[ ], then value of z is
x−y x 2 3
a) 10 b) 5 c) 15 d) 25
5 5+𝑖
50. The matrix [ ] is
5−𝑖 −5
a) Symmetric b) skew-symmetric c) hermitian d) skew-hermitian
2
51. If X = [𝑖 0 ] = then I X 2 is
2
0 𝑖2
2
a) X b) X c) I2 d) both (b) and (c) are correct
1 −1 2 3
52. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then (AB)−1 =
2 3 −1 −2
1 10 1 1 0 1 1 0 5
a) 5 [ ] b) − 5 [ ] c) 5 [ ] d) none of these
0 −4 −3 5 1 −3
1 x+3
54. If A = [ ] is symmetric matrix, then x =
2x + 1 x−1
a) 5 b) 7 c) 3 d) 2
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55. The sum of the products of the elements of any row of a determinant A with the corresponding
cofactors of the same row is always equal to
1
a) |A| b) 2 |A| c) 1 d) 0
ANSWERS
1. A 11. C 21. B 31. A 41. B
2. B 12. D 22. B 32. B 42. B
3. D 13. B 23. D 33. D 43. C
4. B 14. B 24. A 34. B 44. C
5. C 15. C 25. C 35. D 45. B
6. C 16. B 26. D 36. A 46. B
7. D 17. B 27. D 37. C 47. D
8. B 18. C 28. A 38. A 48. B
9. C 19. B 29. B 39. D 49. B
10. A 20. A 30. A 40. B 50. C
51. D
52. C
53. A
54. D
55. A
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
8. Solution:
For example: Take any two non-zero matrices of order 2× 2
1 0 0 0
A=[ ];B = [ ]
0 0 1 0
You can see that AB = 0, but matrices are not zero matrices. Similarly you can check by taking
any two matrices b)
9. Solution:
Given |A| = 4
|A|3 43
Now |adj(A)| = |A|
= 4
= 42 = 16 c)
10. Solution:
If A2 = A
=> A2 − A = 0
=> A(A − 1) = 0
Either A = 0 or A = 1
=> |A| = 0 or |A| = 1 a)
12. Solution:
We will take “5” Common from every row. So we will have 53 or 125 times the determinant
d)
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13. Solution:
Greatest value = 2 b)
15. Solution:
A2 + B 2 = AA + BB
= A(BA) + B(AB)
= (AB)A + (BA)A
(∵ AB = B and BA = A)
= BA + AB = A + B c)
27. Hint: Check the determinant, its zero which means system of linear equations has infinitely many
solutions d)
28. Solution:
Since BA = B
=>∴ (BA)B = BB = B 2
=> B(AB) = B 2
=> BA = B 2 because AB = A
=> B = B 2 because BA = B a)
32. Solution: If A2 = I; its means A is an identity matrix. Therefore, inverse of identity matrix is
identity matrix
i.e., A−1 = A
OR since A2 = I => AA = I
=> A−1 = A b)
36. Hint: Put determinant = 0 and solve for the real value of r a)
47. Solution:
If A is a square matrix of order 4; then |2A| = 24 |A|
= 16|A| = 16(6) = 96 d)
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Chapter # 4
SOLUTIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
SYNOPSIS
Equation
An open sentence formed by using the sign of equality ‘=’ is said to be an equation
Linear Equation
An equation of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a and b are not
simultaneously zero is said to be a linear equation
Quadratic Equation
An equation of the form ax 2 + by 2 + c = 0, where a ≠ 0 and a. b and c belongs to set of real numbers, is
called a quadratic equation
Exponential Equation
Equations, in which the variable occurs in exponents, are called exponential equations
Reciprocal Equations
1
An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced by x, is called a reciprocal equation
Radical Equation
Equations involving radical expressions of the variable are called radical equations
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Properties of Four Fourth Roots of Unity
➢ Sum of all the four fourth roots of unity is zero
➢ The real fourth roots of unity are additive inverses of each other
➢ Both the complex / imaginary fourth roots of unity are conjugate of each
➢ Product of all the fourth roots of unity is – 1
Polynomial
An expression of the form
a0 x n + a1 xn−1 + ⋯ + an−1 x + an
Where a0 , a1 , a2 , … an are all constants is said to be a polynomial of degree n in x. The higher power of x
in polynomial in x is called the degree of the polynomial
Note:
Zero is a polynomial of arbitrary degree
Monomial
A polynomial having one term is called monomial
Binomial
A polynomial having two terms is called binomial
Trinomial
A polynomial having three terms is called trinomial
Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial f(x) of degree n ≥ 1, n is non-negative integer is divided by x – a till no x-term exists in
the remainder, then f(a) is the remainder
Factor Theorem
The polynomial x – a is a factor of the polynomial f(x) is and only if f(a) = 0 i.e., (x – a) is a factor of f(x)
if and only if x = a is a root of the polynomial equation f(x) = 0
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Discriminant
In a quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, the quantity b2 − 4ac is called the discriminant of the
quadratic equations
The roots of the quadratic equations will be
1. Real and distinct iff b2 − 4ac > 0
2. Real and equal iff b2 − 4a = 0
3. Imaginary iff b2 − 4ac < 0
4. Rational iff b2 − 4ac is a perfect square
5. Irrational iff b2 − 4ac is positive but not a perfect square
Key Point to Remember
1. If a and c are of opposite sign, the roots must be of opposite sign
2. If the roots are reciprocal of each other, then c = a
3. The quadratic equations whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is cx 2 +
bx + a = 0
Simultaneous Equation
To determine the value of two variables, we need a pair of equations. Such a pair of equation is called
a system of simultaneous equations
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MCQs
1 1
1. If α and βare the roots of the equation 4x 2 + 3x + 7 = 0, then the value of α + β is
3 3 3 7
a) − 4 b) − 7 c) + 4 d) 4
2. The values of k for which 2x 2 − kx + x + 8 = 0 has equal and real roots are
a) -9 and -7 b) 9 and 7 c) -9 and 7 d) 9 and -7
3. If one roots of the equation 5x 2 + 13x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other, then the value of k is
a) 0 b) 5 c) – 5 d) 6
−i+√3
7. If one roots of the quadratic equation is 2
then the sum of the roots is
√3
a) −𝑖 b) 2
c) +I d) √3
9. The values of m for which equation (1 + m)x 2 − 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 has equal roots,
is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
10. If a(b − c)x 2 + b(c − a)x + c(a − b) = 0 has equal roots, then a, b, c are in
a) A.P b) G.P c) H.P d) None of these
12. The value of p for which the quadratic equation x 2 − px + p + 3 = 0 has reciprocal roots is
a) 1 b) -1 c) 2 d) – 2
13. If f(x) = 2x 3 + mx 2 − 13x + n and 2, 3 are roots of the equation f(x) = 0, then value of m and n
are
a) −5, −30 b) −5,30 c) 5, 30 d) none of these
2
14. For what values of k will the equation x − 2(1 + 3k)x + 7(3 + 2k) = 0 have equal roots
10 10 10 10
a) 1. − 9 b) 2, − 9 c) 3, − 9 d) 4, − 9
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16. The value or values of p for which the equation 2x 2 − √2px + p = 0 has equal roots is or are
a) 0 b) 4 c) 0, 4 d) none of these
(x+2)(x−5) (x−2)
18. The number of roots of the equation (x−3)(x+6) = x+4
is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
19. The values of p and q (p ≠ 0, q ≠ 0) for which p, q are the roots of the equations x 2 + px + q =
0 are
a) p = 1, q = −2 b) p = −1, q = −2 c) p = −1, q = 2 d) p = 1, q = 2
21. If one root of the equation px 2 − 14x + 8 = 0 is six times the other, then p is equal to
a) 2 b) 3 c) 1 d) none of these
2 2
22. The equation x + =1+ has
1−x 1−x
a) No real roots b) one real roots c) two equal roots d) infinitely many roots
23. The roots of the equation x 2 + 2(3a + 5)x + 2(9a2 + 25) = 0 are real, when ‘a’ equals
a) -5/3 b) 3/5 c) 5/3 d) -3/5
26. w 4 =
a) 0 b) 1 c) w d) w 2
28. w 28 + w 38 =
a) 0 b) 1 c) w d) – 1
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1 1
30. If α, β are roots of 2x 2 − 4x + 5 = 0 then + =
α β
5 5 4 4
a) 4
b) − 4 c) 5 d) − 5
35. (1 + w − w 2 )8 =
a) 256 b) 256w c) -256 d) -256 w
41. The square of a number when added to the number results in 6 then the number is
a) 2 b) – 2 c) – 3 d) both (a) and (c)
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46. If the area of a rectangle is 56 and the length is one more than the breadth then the dimensions are
a) −8, −7 b) 8, 7 c) 14, 4 d) 28, 2
49. If the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are reciprocal to each other, then
a) a + c = 0 b) b = 0 c) a − c = 0 d) none of these
52. Two students while solving a quadratic equation in ‘x’ with leading coefficient ‘1’, one copied
the constant term is incorrectly and got the root 3 and 2. The other copied the constant term
correctly -6. The correct roots are
a) -2, 3 b) -3, 2 c) -6, -1 d) -1, 6
ANSWERS
1. B 11. A 21. B 31. A 41. A
2. D 12. D 22. A 32. A 42. D
3. B 13. B 23. C 33. D 43. B
4. B 14. B 24. A 34. A 44. B
5. C 15. A 25. B 35. B 45. B
6. D 16. C 26. C 36. D 46. B
7. D 17. B 27. A 37. C 47. D
8. C 18. B 28. D 38. C 48. A
9. (A, D) 19. A 29. C 39. C 49. C
10. C 20. A 30. C 40. C 50. A
51. C
52. D
53. D
54. D
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SOLUTIONS / HINTS
2. Hint: First discriminant and put it equal to zero d)
4. Solution:
b
If p and q are the roots of the equation then the sum of roots = − a
=> p + q = −p and pq = q
=> p = 1 or 0 because if q = 0 then p = 0 if q ≠ 0 then p = 1 and q = -2 b)
7. Solution:
√3−𝑖 √3+𝑖
Since one of the root is , then other root will be
2 2
∴ Sum of roots = √3 d)
8. Solution:
Let x = √6 + √6 + √6 + ⋯ ∞
Squaring x 2 = 6 + √6 + √6 + ⋯ ∞
x2 = 6 + x
Only x = 3 satisfies the equation (x ≠ −2) c)
12. Solution:
Put a = c
=> 1 = p + 3
=> p = −2 d)
13. Hint: Put x = 2 and x =3 we will be having two equations; solve the equation to find m and n
b)
14. Hint: Find the discriminant and put it equal to zero to find the values of k b)
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15. Solution:
Let α and β be the roots of given equation. We have to find α − β
For the equation x 2 − 7x − 9 = 0
α + β = 7 and αβ = −9
(α + β)2 = α2 + β2 − 2αβ
= α2 + β2 + 2αβ − 4αβ
= (α + β)2 − 4αβ
= 49 + 36
2
(α − β) = 85
=> α − β = √85 a)
17. Solution:
For the equation ax 2 + 6x + α2 + 1 = 0
α2 +1
Product of roots = α
α2 +1
=> −2 = α
=> α2 + 2α + 1 = 0
=> (α + 1)2 = 0
=> α = −1 b)
18. Hint: Check the options, such its satisfies the given equation b)
19. Solution:
Here p + q = −p → (1)
And pq = q → (2)
From (1) and (2)
p = 1; q = −2 a)
21. Solution:
Let α and 6α be the roots of given eq.
14 8
The sum of roots = ρ and product of roots = ρ
14 8
=> α + 6a = ρ
; (α)(6α) = ρ
14 8
=> 7α = ρ
… (1); 6α2 = ρ ….(2)
Solve (1) and (2) for the value of p (b)
22. Solution:
Taking LCM and multiply; we have
(x − 1)2 = 0
=> x = 1
Which is not possible a)
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43. Hint: Check the options. Option (b) satisfies the given equation b)
52. Solution:
Eq. solved by first student is
(x − 3)(x − 2) = 0
=> x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
∴ Correct coefficient term is = - 6
Given constant term is = - 6
=> x 2 − 5x − 6 = 0 is the req. eq
=> x = −1; 6 d)
53. Solution
b
Here α + β = − = 2 and αβ = 1
a
Take (α − β)2 = (α + β)2 − 4αβ
= (2)2 − 4(1)
=4−4=0 d)
54. Solution
x(x − 1) = x
=> x 2 − x = x
=> x 2 − 2x = 0
=> x(x − 2) = 0
=> x = 0 ; x = 2 d)
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Chapter # 5
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
SYNOPSIS
Method of Partial Fractions
Expressing a rational fractions as a sum of partial fractions is called partial fraction resolution
The method which converts one or two fractions into a single fraction is known as method or partial
fraction
Equation
An open sentence formed by using the sign of equality ‘=’ is called an equation
Conditional Equation
It is an equation in which two algebraic expressions are equal for particular value/s of the variables e.g.,
7
5x = 7 is a conditional equation and it is true only if x = 5
Identity
It is an equation which holds good for all the values of the variable e.g.,
(x + 3)(x + 4) ≡ x 2 + 7x + 12
Polynomial
An expression of the form
a0 x n + a1 xn−1 + ⋯ + an−1 x + an , a0 ≠ 0
Where a0 , a1 , a2 , … , an are all constant is said to be a polynomial of degree n in x
Fraction
P(x)
An expression of the form Q(x) where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials in x and Q(x) ≠ 0 is said to be a
fraction
Types of Fractions
1) Proper fraction
2) Improper fraction
Explanation
1) Proper Fraction
A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of denominator is said to be a proper
fraction
Example
3x+5
x2 +9
2) Improper Fraction
A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the
denominator is said to be an improper fraction
Example
3x2 +5 x+5
;
x+9 x−3
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MCQs
1. A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator is
called
a) Polynomial b) equation c) proper fraction d) improper fraction
2. A relation in which the equality is true only for some values of the unknown is called
a) An identity b) an equation c) a polynomial d) none of these
6. The symbol ______ shall be used both for equation and identity
a) ≅ b) = c) ≠ d) ≡
xn−2 −an−2
9. Fraction x2 +a2
is improper if
a) n ≥ 2 b) n ≤ 2 c) n < 4 d) n ≥ 4
x3 +y3
10. Fraction is proper if polynomial P(x) =
P(x)
a) x 2 − y 2
b) x 3 − y 3 c) x 4 − y 4 d) x + y
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ANSWERS1
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. D
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Chapter # 6
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Progression
Sequence
A succession of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , … . , an formed according to some definite rule is called a sequence
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers and range is a subset of real numbers
or complex numbers
Real Sequence
A sequence whose range is a subset of real numbers is called a real sequence
Notation
The difference terms of a sequence are usually denoted by a1 , a2 , a3 . The subscript (always a natural
number) denotes the position of the term in the sequence
Finite Sequence
A sequence is said to be a finite sequence if its domain is finite or if it has finite number of term
Infinite Sequence
A sequence is said to be an infinite sequence if its domain is infinite or if it has infinite number of terms
An infinite sequence has no last term
Progression
If the terms of a sequence follow certain pattern, then the sequence is called a progression
Arithmetic Progression
Arithmetic progression is that progression in which each term is obtained by adding or subtracting a fixed
number to its previous term
The fixed number is called common difference of the A.P.
Common difference = d = an − an−1
Where n ∈ N and n > 1
Thus an A.P. can be written as
a, a + d, a + 2d, … a + (n − 1)d, …
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Note:
Middle term of three consecutive terms in A.P. is the A.M. between the extreme terms
In general, we can say that an is the A.M between an−1 and an+1 i.e.,
an−1 + an+1
an =
2
Where n ∈ N
Note:
a+nb
An = n+1
The sum of n A.M’s between any two numbers a and b is equal to n-times the A.M. between a and b
Series
By adding or subtracting the terms of a sequence, we obtained a series. A series is finite or infinite
according as the number of terms in the corresponding sequence is finite or infinite
Arithmetic Series
If {an } is an A.p., then sum of n terms, Sn can be written as
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + ⋯ + (an − 2d) + (an − d) + an
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n
Sn = (a + an )
2
n
=> Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
2) If common difference d, number of terms n and the last term 𝑙, are given then
n
Sn = [2𝑙 − (n − 1)d]
2
3) t n = Sn − Sn−1 (n ≥ 2)
Geometric Progression
Geometric Progression is that progression, in which each term is obtained by multiplying or dividing
a fixed number to its previous term
The fixed number is called common ratio and is usually denoted by r
a
Common ratio = r = a n where n ∈ N provided an−1 ≠ 0 and n > 1
n−1
General form of a G.P. is a, ar, ar 2 , ar 3m , . ., where a is the first term and r is the common ratio
Geometric Mean
Single Geometric Mean:
A number ‘G’ is said to be the single geometric mean between two given numbers a and b if a, G, b are
in G.P
Let a and b be two given positive numbers and G be the G.M between them, then G = √ab
The numbers G1 , G2 , … . , Gn are said to be the n geometric means between two given positive numbers a
and b if a, G1 , G2 , … . Gn are in G.P
G1 = ar
G2 = ar 2
G3 = ar 3
…………
Gm = ar n
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Note
n
b n+1
1) Gn = a (a)
2) If a = b then A.M. = G.M.
Geometric Series
If the sequence {an } is geometric sequence, then Sn = a + ar + ar 2 +. . +ar n−1
Convergent Series
If for an infinite geometric series |r| > 1, the series is said to be divergent
Harmonic Progression
A sequence of non-zero terms is said to be a harmonic progression if the sequence obtained by reciprocals
of its terms is an A.P.
1 1 1
General form of H.P. is a , a+d , a+2d , …
nth Term of H.P
1
nth term of H.P = term of the corresponding A.P
nth
1
or nth term of H.P =
a+(n−1)d
Key Points to Remember
1) No term of H.P. can be zero
2) There is no general formula for finding the sum of n terms of H.P
3) Reciprocals of terms of H.P are in A.P. and then properties of A.P can be used
Harmonic Mean
Single Harmonic Mean:
A number ‘H’ is said to be the single harmonic mean between two given numbers a and b if a, H, b are in
H.P
Let a and b be two given numbers and H be the H.M. between them, then
2ab
H=
a+b
n-harmonic Means:
The numbers H1 , H2 , H3 , … , Hn are said to be n harmonic means between two given numbers a and b if
a, H1 , H2 , H3 , … , Hn are in H.P.
Note:
(n + 1)ab
Hn =
na + b
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MCQs
1. If the sum of the series 2, 5, 8, 11, ….. is 60100, then n is
a) 100 b) 200 c) 500 d) 150
2. The H.M. of two numbers is 4 and their A.M. ‘A’ and G.M. ‘G’ satisfy the relation
2A + G2 = 27 , the numbers are:
a) (6, 3) b) (5, 4) c) (5, -25) d) (-3, 1)
1 1 1
3. The sum of the series 2 + 3 + 6 + ⋯ to 9 terms is
a) -5/6 b) -1/2 c) 3/10 d) -3/2
H H
4. If H is the harmonic mean between P and Q, then the value of P
+ Q is
PQ P+Q
a) 2 b) P+Q c) PQ
d) none of these
5. ∑𝑛𝑚=1 m2 is equal to
m(m+1) m(m+1)(2m+1) n(n+1)(2n+1) n(n+1)
a) 2
b) 6
c) 6
d) 2
1 1 1
6. If p+q , r+p , q+r are in A.P., then
1 1 1
a) p, q, r will be in A.P b) p2 , q2 , r 2 will be in A.P c) , , will be in A.P. d)
p q r
none of these
7. If A.M. and H.M. of two numbers be 9 and 36, then their G.M, will be equal to
a) 18 b) 12 c) 16 d) none of these
8. The third term of a G.P. is 4. The product of the first five terms is
a) 43 b) 45 c) 44 d) none of these
9. The number of terms of the series 54, 51, 48, …., so that their sum is 513
a) 18, 19 b) 16, 22 c) 25, 36 d) none of these
10. The sum of 40 terms of an A.P. whose first term is 2 and common difference 4, will be
a) 3200 b) 1600 c) 200 d) 2800
14. In an A.P. of 81 terms and the 41th term is 10. Then the sum of the series is
10×41
a) 10 × 41 b) 2 c) 10 × 81 d) 41 × 81
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17. If four members in A.P. are such that their sum is 20 and sum of their square is 120, then the
numbers are
a) 1, 4, 7, 10 b) 3, 5, 7, 9 c) 2, 4, 6, 8 d) none of these
18. If the A.M. between two numbers is 34 and their G.M. is 16, then the two numbers are
a) 64 and 8 b) 64 and 4 c) 8 and 4 d) none of these
1
19. If an = 2𝑛 then first four terms are
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) , , , b) 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 c) 1, 2, 4, 8 d) 1, , ,
2 4 8 16 2 4 8
20. −2, 1, 4, 7, … .. is
a) Harmonic sequence b) arithmetic sequence c) geometric sequence d)
arithmetic series
22. Write the first four terms of the arithmetic sequence if a1 = 5 and other three consecutive terms
are 23, 26, 29
a) 23, 26, 29, 32 b) 5, 8, 11, 14 c) 8, 11, 14, 17 d) none of these
26. The first, second and last terms of an A.P. are 4, 7 and 31 respectively. Then
a) The third term is 15 b) the number of terms is 10 c) the sum of the terms is 155
d) none
a+b b+c
28. If 2 , b, 2
are in H.P. then a, b, c are in
a) A.P. b) G.P. c) H.P. d) none of these
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1 1
29. The sum of the infinite sequence 7, −1, , − , ….
7 49
49 49 49
a) 8
b) 6
c) 5
d) none of these
30. The 6th term of the arithmetic sequence whose 1st term is 3 and common difference is zero is
a) 18 b) 16 c) 3 d) 0
36. The ratio of A.M. and G.M. of two numbers is 5:3. Then the numbers are in the ratio
a) 3: 5 b) 9:1 c) 9:3 d) none of these
2 3 4
39. The general term of the sequence 1 , 2 , 3 , … is
n+1 n n n−1
a) n
b) n+1 c) n−1 d) n
2
40. The H.M. between 3 and 3 is
11 12 11
a) 12
b) 11 c) 6
d) none of these
41. If A, G, H are A.M., G.M., and H.M. between two numbers and G>0 then
a) A < G < H b) A < G > H c) A > G > H d) A > G < H
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44. If a is the first term and r < 1 is common ratio of G.P., then Sn =
a(1−rn ) a(1+rn ) a(1−rn )
a) 1−r
b) 1+r
c) ar n d) 1+r
46. If a is the first term and r is the common ratio of G.P., then an =
a(1−rn ) a(1+rn )
a) ar n−1 b) ar n+1 c) d)
1−r 1+r
1 1 1
47. The 10th term of the progression 3 , 5 , 7 , …. Is
1 55
a) 21 b) 21 c) 3
d) none of these
48. If a is the first term and r is the common ratio such that r < 1, then S∞ =
1 a a(1−rn ) a(1+rn )
a) 1−r
b) 1+r c) 1−𝑟
d) 1+r
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58. Which of the following is harmonic sequence?
1 1 1 1 1 1
a) 3, 5, 7, ….. b) 2 , 4 , 8 , …. C) 2 , 3 , 4 , …. D) 3, 9, 27, ….
59. If the second term of a G.P. is 2 and the sum to infinity is 8, then the first term is
a) 6 b) 1 c) 4 d) none of these
8 16
60. The sum of 4 + 3 + 9
+ ⋯. to ∞ is
11 8
a) 12 b) 4
c) 3 d) none of these
1 1
61. The sixth term of a H.P. is and the 10th term is . Then the first term of the H.P. is
61 105
1
a) 17
b) 1/6 c) 1/39 d) 1/28
63. a, g, h are arithmetic mean, geometric and harmonic mean between two positive number x and y
respectively. Then identify the correct statement among the following
a) a is the arithmetic mean between g and h b) g is the geometric mean between a and h
c) No such relation exists between a, g and h d) h is the harmonic mean between a and g
65. The 4th term and 5th term of an A.P. are 0.2 and 0.25 respectively, then the 20th term is
19 1
a) b) 1 c) 0 d)
20 10
66. If the fifth term of an A.P. is 11 and the twenty-first term is 41, then the first term is
7 2
a) b) c) 3 d) none of these
2 7
67. Let two numbers have A.M. 9 and G.M. 4. Then these numbers are the roots of the equation
a) x 2 + 18x + 16 = 0 b) x 2 − 18x + 16 = 0 c) x 2 + 18x − 16 = 0 d) x 2 −
18x − 16 = 0
b−a b−a
68. If a, b and c are in G.P., then b−c + b+c is equal to
a) b2 − c 2 b) ac c) ab d) zero
70. Four numbers are in arithmetic progression. The sum of first and last terms is 8 and the product of
both middle terms is 15. The least number of the series is
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
1 1
71. If the first three terms of a sequence , a, b, are in G.P. and the last three are in H.P., then the
16 6
values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are
1 1 1
a) − 4 , 1 b) 12 , 9 c) a and b are both true d) none of these
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1 3 7 15
72. The sum of first ‘n’ terms of the series 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ⋯ is
a) 2n − 1 b) 1 − 2−n c) 2−n − n + 1 d) 2−n + n − 1
ANSWERS
1. B 11. D 21. D 31. A 41. C 51. C 61. B
2. A 12. C 22. B 32. C 42. C 52. D 62. A
3. D 13. A 23. B 33. A 43. D 53. C 63. B
4. A 14. C 24. B 34. B 44. A 54. A 64. A
5. C 15. B 25. A 35. C 45. A 55. A 65. B
6. B 16. (A,B) 26. B 36. B 46. A 56. A 66. A
7. A 17. C 27. A 37. D 47. B 57. C 67. B
8. B 18. B 28. B 38. C 48. A 58. C 68. D
9. A 19. A 29. A 39. A 49. D 59. C 69. D
10. A 20. B 30. C 40. B 50. B 60. C 70. D
71. C
72. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Hint: Here a1 = 2 and d = 3, Sn = 60,100, n =?
n
Use Sn = 2 [2a1 + (n − 1)d]
=> n = 200 b)
3. Solution:
The series is in A.P.
1 1 1 1
Here a1 = 2 , d = 3 − 2 = − 6 ; n = 9
n
Use Sum = [2a1 + (n − 1)d]
2
9 1 1 3
= 2 [2 (2) + 8 (− 6)] = − 2 d)
4. Solution: Given
2PQ
H = P+Q
H H H(P+Q)
Now P + Q = PQ
2PQ P+Q
= × (Put values of H)
P+Q PQ
=2 a)
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8. Solution: Given a1 r 2 = 4
Product of five terms
= (a1 )(a1 r)(a1 r 2 )(a1 r 3 )(a1 r 4 )
= a51 r10 = a51 (r 2 )5
4 5
= (a1 )5 (a )
1
= 45 b)
n
9. Hint: Use Sn = [2a1 + (n − 1)d]
2
Here a1 = 54; d = −3, Sn = 513
=> n = 18, 19 a)
x−6 4
12. Hint: Take = (x−6) solve for x
x+9
OR check the options c)
15. Hint: Let the number of odd number between 60 and 360 be ‘n’
Here a1 = 61; d = 2; an = 359
Use an = a1 + (n − 1)d
=> 359 = 61 + (n − 1)(2)
n = 150 b)
2
16. Hint: Here a1 = 20; d = − ; Sn = 300
3
n
Use Sn = 2 [2a1 + (n − 1)d]
=> n = 25 or 36 (a, b)
17. Hint: Check the options so that sum of numbers is 20 and sum of their square is 120 c)
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2 1 2
28. Hint: Here a+b , b , b+c are in A.P.
1 2 2 1
=> b − a+b = b+c − b
=> b2 = ac b)
36. Solution: Option (b) satisfies the given ratio between A.H. and G.M. b)
2K+4 7K+18
55. Hint: Here =
K 2K+4
=> K = 2 a)
67. Solution:
Let a and b are the numbers
a+b
Given 2
= 9 => a + b = 18 …..(1)
Also √ab = 4 => ab = 16 ……(2)
=> x 2 − 18x + 16 = 0 b)
a+c
69. Hint: Given b = 2
and b2 = ac
a=b=c d)
70. Solution:
Suppose numbers are a − 3d, a − d, a + d, a + 3d
Given sum of first and last = 8
=> a − 4d + a + 3d = 8
=> 2a = 8
a=4
Product of middle terms = 15
(a − d)(a + d) = 15
d = +1
where d = −1; Numbers are 7, 5, 3, 1
when d = 1; Numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7
least number = 1 d)
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71. Solution:
Given a7 = 8 and a8 = 7 in H.P
1 1
=> = 8; => =7
a1 +6d a1 +7d
1 1
=> a1 = 56 ; d = 56
1 1 56
=> a15 = a +14d = 1 1 = 15 c)
1 +14( )
56 56
72. Solution:
1 3 7 15
2
+ 4 + 8 + 16 + ⋯ n terms
1 1 1 1
= (1 − 2) + (1 − 4) + (1 − 8) + (1 − 16) + ⋯ n terms
1 1 1 1
= (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 … n terms) − [ + + + + ⋯ . n terms]
2 4 8 16
1 1
( )(1−( n ))
2 2
=n−[ 1 ]
1−
2
= 2−n + n − 1 d)
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Chapter # 7
PERMUTATION, COMBINATION AND PROBABILITY
SYNOPSIS
Factorial
Let n be a positive integer then its factorial, denoted by n! is given as the product of the first n natural
numbers, that is
n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) … 4.3.2.1
We read n! as ‘n factorial’
Addition Principle:
If there are m ways of doing a work A and another work B, which is independent of the first work, can be
done in n ways, then either of the two works can be performed in (m + n) ways
Note: The above two principles can be extended for any finite number of works
Permutation
If arrangement be done according to order then that arrangement is called permutation
The word arrangement is used if order of things is taken into account. Thus, if order of different things
changes, then their arrangement also changes
Definition
Let r and n be positive integers such that 1 ≤ r ≤ n. Then, the number of permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, is denoted by the symbol nPr or P(n, r) and is given as
n!
nPr = (n−r)! where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
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2. Number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, when a particular thing is never
taken in each arrangement, is
(n − 1)Pr
Circular Permutation
Definition
The permutation of things which can be represented by the points on a circle are called Circular
Permutation
Combination
Each of the different groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of a number of things
(irrespective of order) is called a combination
Note: Combination of things means selection of things. Obviously, in selection of things order of things
has no importance. Thus, with the change of order of things selection of things does not change
Definition:
The number of combination of n different things taken r at a time is denoted by nCr or C(n , r)
Thus,
n!
nCr = r!.(n−r)! where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
nPr
or nCr = where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
r!
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3. If n distinct points are given in the plane such that no three of which are collinear, then the
number of triangles formed =n C3
4. If n distinct points are given on the circumference of a circle, then
a) Number of straight lines =n C2
b) Number of triangles =n C3
c) Number of quadrilaterals =n C4 and so on
Note:
In most of the cases, given problems cannot be determined whether it belongs to permutation or
combination. On the bases of few words or on the assumption in expressing of language given in the
problem, we can identify that problem
Permutation
• Arrangements
• Standing or sitting in a row or in a circle
• Formation of words, number etc
Combination
• Selection, choice, draw etc
• Distribution, formation of a group, committee, team etc
• Problems regarding geometry
Probability
The probability when defined in simplest way is the chance of occurring of a certain event when
expressed quantitatively i.e., probability is a quantitative measurement of the certainty
The following remarks may be important for learning the concept of probability
Die
A die is a small cube used in games of chances.
Plural of die is dice. The outcomes of throwing (or tossing) a die is the number of dots on its uppermost
face. An ace on a die means one dot.
Cards
A pack (or deck) of playing cards has 52 cards, divided into four suits
i) Spades ii) Clubs iii) Hearts iv) Diamonds
10, an Ace, a King; Queen and a Jack. Spades and Clubs are black-faced cards while Hearts and
Diamonds are red-faced cards
The Aces, Kings, Queens and Jacks are called face cards and other cards are called number cards
The Kings, Queens and Jacks are called court cards
Sample Space
The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called a sample space. We generally denote it by S
Event
A particular outcome is called an event and usually denoted by E. An event E is a subset of the sample
space S
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Independent Events
Two events A and B are said to be independent if the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of one does not
affect the probability of the occurrence (and hence non-occurrence) of the other
Probability of an Event
The probability of an event is defined in the following two ways
1) Mathematical (or a prior) definition
2) Statistical (or empirical) definition
Disjoint Event
Two events A and B are said to be disjoint events if and only if A ∩ B = ϕ
Addition of Probabilities
Case 1: When A and B are disjoint events
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
Multiplication of Probabilities
If A and B are two independent events, the probability that both of them occur is equal to the probability
of the occurrence of A multiplied by the probability of the occurrence of B. Symbolically, it is denoted as
P(A ∩ B) = P(A). P(B)
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Note:
The above result holds well even if the sample spaces of A and B are the same
Similarly, if A1 , A2 , A3 , … . , An are independent events then
P(A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ∩ … .∩ An )
= P(A1 ). P(A2 ). P(A3 ) … … P(An )
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MCQs
4. If 20 Cr + 20
C18 = 21 C18 then r is equal to
a) 17 b)18 c) 19 d) 20
10
5. C5 + 10 C4 is equal to
a) 10 C6 b) 11 C8 c) 11
C5 d) 11
C4
10. The number of ways in which a man can post 8 different letters in 4 letters-boxes is
a) 48 b) 84 c) 8 × 4 d) 8 P4
11. The number of different four digits numbers that can be formed with the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 using
each digit only once is
a) 120 b) 96 c) 24 d) none of these
12. Two passengers get into a railway compartment in which there are six vacant seats. The total
number of different ways in which they can seat themselves is
a) 11 b) 12 c) 15 d) 30
13. The total number of 5 digits telephone numbers that can be composed with distinct digits, is
a) 10 P2 b) 10 P5 c) 10 C5 d) none of these
14. In a football championship, there were played 153 matches. Every two team played one match
with each other. The number of teams participating in the championship is
a) 9 b) 11 c) 13 d) 18
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16. Twenty eight matches were played in a football tournament. Each team met its opponent only
once. The number of teams that took part in the tournament is
a) 7 b) 8 c) 14 d) none of these
17. Total number of numbers greater than 1000 but less than 4000 that can be formed by using the
digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 when repetition is allowed is
a) 125 b) 105 c) 375 d) 625
18. How many ways are there to arrange the letters the word GARDEN with the vowels in the
alphabetical order?
a) 120 b) 240 c) 360 d) 480
19. If there are 12 persons in a party and if each of them shakes hands with each other, then number
of handshakes happen in the party is
a) 66 b) 48 c) 72 d) none of these
20. The number of ways in which 7 people can be arranged in a round table so that 2 particular
persons may be together is
a) 132 b) 148 c) 240 d) none of these
21. The number of diagonals that can be drawn by forming the vertices of an octagon is
a) 28 b) 48 c) 20 d) none of these
22. From 3 mangoes, 4 apples and 2 oranges. The number of selection of fruits that can be made,
taking at least one of each kind is
a) 24 b) 36 c) 42 d) none of these
24. In a cricket championship there are 36 matches. The number of teams, if each plays one match
with other are
a) 9 b) 10 c) 8 d) none of these
25. There are 5 roads leading to a town from a village. The number of different ways in which a
villagers can go to the town and return back, is
a) 25 b) 20 c) 10 d) 5
26. What is the probability of drawing a “king” from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards?
1 1 2 2
a) 26 b) 13 c) 52 d) 13
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29. The letters of the word TREASON are arranged in a row in all possible ways. How many of them
begin with T and ends with N?
a) 60 b) 120 c) 240 d) 720
30. How many triangles can be formed by joining 12 points in a plane, or which 4 are collinear?
a) 621 b) 612 c) 216 d) 261
n−1
31. Cr + n−1 Cr−1 =
a) n Cr−1 b) n+1
Cr c) n−1
Cr d) n Cr
33. A dice is rolled. The probability that the dots on the top are greater than 4 is
1 1 1
a) 6 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
36. The number of ways the letter of the word MISSISSIPPI be arranged so that 4S’s are not together
is
a) 33810 b) 44810 c) 54130 d) 28850
37. If 2n P3 = 2. n P4 , then n =
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10
38. The number of words which can be formed out of the word ‘ASSASSINATION’, when all the
letters are used in each word are
13 4! 13!
a) ( ) b) 13! C) 13! d) 4!
4,3,2,2,1,1
40. The number of ways a hockey team of eleven can be selected out of 15 players if it includes a
particular player
a) 15 C11 b) 14 C11 c) 14 C10 d) 15 C10
41. The number of possible permutations of the letters of the word, “ADDING” having two D’s
together
a) 5! b) 3! c) 4! D) 25
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43. The number of words that can be formed from the letters of the word, ‘PAKPATTAN’ are
9!
a) 9! b) 9 C7 c) 9 P7 d) 3!2!2!
44. The number of words that can be formed from the letters of the word, “COMMITTEE” are
9!
a) 9 P9 b) 9 C9 c) 2!2!2! d) 9
47. A slip is picked out of 8 slips numbered from 1 to 8 then the probability to get number 4 is
a) 8 b) 1/8 cc) ½ d) 3/8
48. How many even numbers can be formed by using all the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6?
a) 120 b) 72 c) 48 d) 24
49. There are three copies of 4 different books. In how many ways can they be arranged on a shelf?
12
a) 3+4 b) 369,600 c) 369,000 d) 12
51. The number of arrangement of the letters of the word BANANA in which two Ns do not appear
adjacently is
a) 40 b) 60 c) 80 d) 100
52. The number of ways in which 6 different beads can be string into a necklace is
a) 60 b) 48 c) 72 d) none of these
53. Seven women and seven men are to sit around a circular table such that there is a man on either
side of every women, the number of seating arrangement are
a) (7!)2 b) (6!)2 c) 6! × 7! d) 7!
55. There are 10 true-false questions. The number of ways, in which they can be answered is
a) 102 b) 210 c) 10 d) 30
56. How many committee of 5 members can be formed from 6 gentlemen and 4 ladies?
a) 252 b) 120 c) 210 d) 10 P5
57. If n P4 = n
P5 = 1: 2, then n is equal to
a) 6 b) 5 c) 4 d) 2
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58. The number of words which can be formed by using all letters of the word MISSISIPI is
a) 2520 b) 1520 c) 6705 d) 5067
59. The probability of getting the sum as a prime number when two dice are thrown together, is
1 7 5
a) 2 b) 12 c) 12 d) none of these
11(𝑛−1) n+2
60. If n+5 Pn+1 = 2
. Pn , then the value of ‘n’ is
a) 2 or 6 b) 2 or 11 c) 7 or 11 d) 6 or 11
63. If out of p + q + r things ‘p’ are alike, ‘q’ are alike, then the number of arrangement equals
a) (p + q + r)!/p! q! b) (p + 1)(q + r)r − 1 c) 2p+q + 2r − 1 d)
(p + q + 1)(r + 1) − 1
65. All the letters of the word EMACET are arranged in all possible ways. The number of such
arrangement in which no two vowels are adjacent to each other is
a) 360 b) 144 c) 72 d) 54
66. 12 persons are to be arranged on a round table. If two particular persons among them are not to sit
side by side. The number of arrangement is
a) 9(10!) B) 2(10!) C) 45(8!) D) 10!
67. A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. The number of ways in which three
balls can be drawn from the box so that at least one of the balls is back is
a) 74 b) 84 c) 64 d) 20
68. Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two women and three men wish to occupy one chain each.
First the women choose the chairs from amongst the chairs marked 1 to 4 and then the men select
the chairs from amongst the remaining. the number of possible arrangement is
a) 4 C3 ×4 C2 b) 4 C2 × 4 C3 c) 4 P2 × 4 P2 d) none of these
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ANSWERS
1. A 11. D 21. C 31. D 41. A 51. A 61. B
2. C 12. D 22. A 32. C 42. A 52. A 62. B
3. C 13. B 23. B 33. B 43. D 53. C 63. A
4. A 14. D 24. A 34. D 44. C 54. B 64. B
5. C 15. C 25. A 35. C 45. A 55. B 65. C
6. B 16. B 26. B 36. A 46. D 56. A 66. A
7. D 17. C 27. D 37. C 47. B 57. A 67. C
8. D 18. C 28. C 38. A 48. B 58. A 68. D
9. C 19. A 29. B 39. C 49. B 59. C
10. A 20. C 30. C 40. C 50. B 60. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
10. Solution:
The required number of ways
= 4 × 4 × 4 × …. To 8 factors
= 48 a)
11. Solution:
The four places can be filled by any one of the 5 digits in 5 P4 ways
That is 5 P4 = 120 a)
12. Solution:
The required number of ways
6
P2 = 30 d)
13. Solution:
A telephone number can be started with zero
Required number = 10 P5 b)
14. Solution:
Let number of teams = n
Then n C2 = 153
=> n = 18 d)
16. Solution:
Here
n
C2 = 28
=> n = 8 b)
17. Solution:
Total number of digits = 3 × 5 × 5 × 5
= 375 c)
18. Solution:
The letters are G, A, R, D, E, N
Vowels = A, E; Consonants = G, R, D, N
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Total number of arrangements = 6! = 720
There are two vowels. In half of the words, A is before E and in the other half words, E is before
A, (i.e., EA or AE)
720
Required number of words = 2 = 360 c)
19. Solution:
Here 12 C2 = n => n = 66 a)
20. Solution:
Required number of ways = 5! × 2!
= 120 × 2
= 240 c)
23. Solution:
Max. Points of intersection = 8 C2 = 28 b)
25. Solution:
No. of ways to go to a town = 5
No. of ways to return back = 5
Total number of ways in which villagers can go to town and return back = 5 × 5 = 25 a)
29. Solution:
No. of permutations = 5!
= 120 b)
36. Solution:
No. of permutation when there is no restriction
11!
= (4!)(4!)(2!) = 34650
No. of permutations when S are together
8!
= (4!)(2!) = 840
No. of permutations when S are ‘not’ together
= 34650 − 840 = 33810 a)
40. Solution:
14
No. of ways = C10 c)
41. Solution:
Take “DD” as a single object
No. of permutation = 5!
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44. Solution:
Total letters = 9. Here E, T and M comes 2 times
=> No. permutations = 9!/(2!)(2!)(2!) c)
47. Solution:
No. of permutations without any restriction = 120. Req. number will not be an even number if 3
or 5 is the last number
∴ Total even numbers = 120 – 24 – 24
= 72 b)
51. Solution:
6! 5!
No. of arrangements = 3!2! − 3!
= 60 − 20 = 40 a)
54. Solution:
No. of lines = 6 C2 = 15 b)
55. Solution:
Here each questions can be answered in two ways, either True or False
∴ Req. No. ways = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 210 b)
59. Solution
Total outcomes = 36
Favorable outcomes in which sum is prime are
(1,1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5)
Favorable outcomes = 15
15 5
Required probability = 36 = 12 c)
60. Solution:
n+5 11(n−1) n+3
Given Pn+1 = 2
Pn
(n+5)! 11(n−1) (n+3)!
=> (n+5−n−1)! = 2
. (n+3−n)!
=> n2 − 13n + 42 = 0
=> n = 6; 7 d)
64. Solution:
Given 8 Cr − 7 C3 = 7 C2
=> 8 Cr = 7 C2 + 7 C3
=> 8 Cr = 8 C3
=> r = 3 or r + 3 = 8
=> r = 3 or r = 5 b)
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65. Solution:
Vowels = E, A, E; Consonants = M, C, T
Number of ways arranging Consonants = 3! = 6
1
Number of ways arranging vowels = 4 P3 1 × 2 = 12
(E is replaced twice)
Req. arrangements = 12 × 6
= 72 c)
66. Solution:
No. of arrangements without any condition = (12 – 1) = 11!
In case of condition => (11 − 1)! × 2! = 10! × 2!
∴ if two persons are not together
=> 11! − 10! × 2!
=> 11 × 10! − 10! × 2!
=> 10! (11 − 2)
=> 9 × 10! A)
67. Solution:
No. of ways of choosing 3 balls
= 9 C3 = 84
No. of ways of choosing 3 balls with no black balls
= 6 C3 × 3 C0 = 20
∴ No. of ways of choosing 3 balls with at least one black ball
= 84 − 20 = 64 c)
68. Solution:
No. of arrangements = 4 P2 × 6 P3 d)
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Chapter # 8
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION AND
BINOMIAL THEOREM
SYNOPSIS
Principle of Mathematical Induction
The principle of mathematical induction is stated as follows
A statement or proposition S(n) is said to be true for all positive integers n, if and only if the following
conditions are satisfied
1) S(n) is true for n = 1
2) Suppose the statement S(n) is true for n = k
3) If the statement is true for n = k, it is also true for n = k + 1
Binomial Expression
An algebraic expression consisting of only two terms is called a binomial expression. For examples,
expression such as
4
x + a, 4x + 3y, 2x −
y
are all binomial expressions
Binomial Theorem
This theorem gives a formula by which any power of a binomial expression can be expanded. It was first
given by Sir Isaac Newton.
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2) Sum of odd coefficients of a binomial expansion equals to the sum of its even coefficients, and is
equal to 2n−1 i.e.,
n n n n n n
( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) = 2n−1
0 2 n 1 3 n−1
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MCQs
1. The sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)7 is
a) 256 b) 64 c) 128 d) 0
1 9
3. The term independent of x in (x 2 − x) is
a) 1 b) 49 c) – 1 d) none of these
n n n n
8. ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , … . , ( ) are called
0 1 2 n
a) Trinomial coefficients b) binomial coefficients c) monomial coefficients d) none
of these
9. The coefficient of the equidistant from beginning and end of the binomial expansion are
a) Equal b) unique c) zero d) none of these
10. The sum of the expansion of a and x in every term of the expansion of (a + x)n is
a) n + r b) r c) n d) none of these
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15. 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + n =
n2 (n+1)2 n(n+1) n(n+1)(2n+1) n2
a) 4
b) 2
c) 6
d) 2
16. 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + n3 =
n2 n(n+1)(2n+1) n(n+1) n2 (n+1)2
a) 2
b) 6
c) 2
d) 4
17. If x is so small that its square and higher powers be neglected then (1 + 3x)−2 =
a) 1 + 9x b) 1 − 9x c) 1 + 6x d) 1 − 6x
2 1 9
22. Which term of (3 x 2 − 3x) is independent of x?
a) Sixth b) seventh c) eighth d) ninth
23. In the binomial expansion (1 + x)n with n ∈ Z+ and the sum of odd coefficients is 64, then n = ?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 8
26. If the 21st and 22nd terms in the expansion of (1 − x)44 are equal, then x =
8 7 7 8
a) b) − c) d) −
7 8 8 7
27. The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (6a − 5b)n , where n is a positive integer, is
a) 1 b) -1 c) 2n d) 2n−1
1 10
28. In the expansion of (3x − x2 ) , the 5th term from the end is
16486 17010 13486
a) 𝑥8
b) 𝑥8
c) 𝑥8
d) none of these
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1 18
29. The 13th term of (9x − 3 𝑥) is
√
a) 17682 b) 18564 c) 18564x 6 d) none of these
1 10
31. The middle term in the expansion of (x + x) is
10 1 10 10 10
a) C6 . x b) C5 c) C6 d) C7 x 4
15
32. C1 + 15 C3 + 15
C5 + ⋯ + 15 C15 is
a) 15 16 b) 15.28 c) 214 d) 215
1 9
33. The term independent of x in the expansion of (x 2 − ) is equal to
3x
28 28 28 28
a) b) c) − d) −
81 243 243 81
35. In the expansion of (1 + x)50 , the sum of the coefficient of odd power of x is
a) 0 b) 249 c) 250 d) 251
x 2 10
37. If the rth term in the expansion of (3 − x2 ) contains x 4 , then r is equal to
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
40. The binomial coefficient of the 4th term in the expansion of (x − q)5 is
a) 15 b) 20 c) 10 d) 5
5 −2/3
42. The expansion of (1 − 8 x) is valid when
8 8 2
a) |x| = b) |x| < c) |x| < d) none of these
5 5 3
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1 1 1
43. + + ⋯+ 𝑛 =?
3 32 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
a) 2
[1 + 3n ] b) 2 [1 − 3n ] c) 3 [1 − 3n ] d) none of these
a 12
47. The middle term in ( − bx) is
x
a) 12 C6 a6 b6 b) 12 C6 a6 c) 12
C6 a6 /b6 d) none of these
1
48. If the third term in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)m is − x 2 , then the rational values of ‘m’ is
8
1
a) 2 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
49. If the coefficient of x 2 and x 3 in the expansion of (3 + kx)9 are equal, then the value of ‘k’ is
9 9 7
a) − 7 b) 7 c) 9 d) none of these
ANSWERS
1. C 11. D 21. B 31. B 41. C
2. B 12. C 22. B 32. C 42. B
3. D 13. A 23. C 33. B 43. B
4. B 14. B 24. A 34. B 44. C
5. C 15. B 25. C 35. B 45. A
6. A 16. B 26. B 36. D 46. C
7. A 17. D 27. A 37. B 47. A
8. B 18. B 28. B 38. B 48. B
9. A 19. D 29. B 39. A 49. B
10. C 20. B 30. B 40. C 50. B
51. D
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SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution:
Sum of binomial coefficients = 2n
= 27
= 128 c)
23. Solution:
Sum of odd coefficients = 64
=> 2𝑛−1 = 64
=> 𝑛 = 7 c)
26. Hint: Use Tr+1 = n Cr an−r . br Put T21 = T22 and solve for x
7
=> 𝑥 = − b)
8
36. Solution:
We have
(1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ⋯ )−3/2 = [(1 − x)−2 ]−3/2 = (1 − x)3
So coefficient of x 5 in (1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ⋯ )−3/2
= Coefficient of x 5 in (1 − x)3
=0 d)
38. Solution:
(7x − 8y)147 = a0 x149 + a1 x148 y + a2 x147 y 2 + ⋯ + a149 y149
Put x = y = 1, we get
a0 + a1 + a2 + ⋯ + a149 = (7 − 8)149 = −1 b)
39. Solution:
1
(a + bx)−2 = − 3x + ⋯ given
4
bx −2 2
Also (a + bx)−2 = a−2 (1 + a
) = a−2 (1 − a bx)
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Neglecting x 2 and higher power of x
1 2bx
= 2− 3
a a
1 1 2b
By comparing = 4 and a3 = 3
a2
=> a = 2; b = 12 a)
44. Solution:
Expand by using Binomial series
27
Here 5 − 6 is negative i.e. 8th term is negative in the expansion of (1 + x)27/5 c)
48. Solution:
m(m−1) 2
(1 + x)m = 1 + mx + x +⋯
2!
m(m−1)x2 1x2 1
So we can write = => m = b)
2! 8 2
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Chapter # 9
FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIGONOMETRY
SYNOPSIS
INTRIDUCTION
The literal meaning of the word trigonometry is the ‘science of triangle measurement’. The word
‘trigonometry’ is derived from three Greek words: Trie (three), Goni (angles) and Metron (measurement)
which means measuring the sides of a triangle
Triangle
A closed plane figure having three sides is said to be a triangle
Classification of Triangles
1) Classification with respect to angle
a) Acute-angled triangle
b) Right-angled triangle
c) Obtuse angled triangle
Angles
Two rays with a common starting point from an angle. One of the rays of angle is called initial side and
the other as terminal side. Showing the direction of rotation from the initial to the terminal side identifies
the angle
OR
In elementary geometry an angle is defined as the union of two non-collinear rays, which have a common
end point
Note
An angle is said to be positive/negative if the rotation is anti-clock wise/clockwise
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1) Sexagesimal System
In this system of measurement, a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called degree. Each degree
is then divided into 60 equal parts called minute and each minute is further divided into 60 equal
parts called second
We know that there are 4 right angles in a complete revolution and one complete revolution = 360
degrees (360o ). Thus we have
1 right angles = 90 degree (90o )
1 degree = 60 minutes (60′)
1 minute = 60 seconds (60′′ )
2) Centesimal System
In this system of measurement, a right-angle is divided into 100 equal parts called grades. Each grade
is then divided into 100 equals parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into 100 equal
parts called second.
Thus 1 right angle = 100′′
18 = 100′
1′ = 100′′
3) Circular System
In this system, the angle is measured in radians.
Radian
Radian is the angle sub-tended at the centre of circle by an arc, whose length
is equal to the radius. Let O be the centre of a circle of radius r, cut off an arc
AB = r, then ∠AOB = 1 radian and is written as 1c
Notes
1. ‘c’ used in the notation of radian is the first letter of the word circular system. For example
1 radian = 1c
2. When no unit is mentioned with an angle, it is always understood to be in radians
3. Radian is a constant angle
Relation between the Length of an Arc of a Circle and the Circular Measure of its Central
Angle
If r = radius of the circle
l = length of arc
and θ = circular measurement of the central angle
then l = rθ
π
Further 1o = 180 radian = 0.0175 radian
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The symbol π (read as pie) is the ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter. Π is an irrational
22
number and its values is generally taken as 7 unless otherwise mentioned.
1
Note: Area of a sector region of radius r = 2 rθ2 where θ is the circular measure of the central angle of the
sector
Coterminal Angles
The angles with the same initial and terminal sides are said to be coterminal angles
General angle θ = q + 2Kπ, K ∈ Z
Quadrilateral Angle
If the terminal side of an angle falls on x-axis or y-axis, it is called a quadrilateral angle
e.g., 90o , 1800 , 270o and 360o
Perp
sin θ =
Hyp
Base
cos θ = Hyp
Perp
tan θ =
Base
Further
1
cosec θ =
sin θ
1
sec θ = cos θ
1
cot θ = tan θ
sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ
Trigonometric Identity
An equation involving trigonometric functions which is true for all those angles for which the functions are
defined is called a trigonometric identity.
Fundamental Identities
For any real number θ, we have
sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ
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Trigonometric Ratio of Standard Angles
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MCQs
1. sin nπ =
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) (−1)n
1
2. If tan θ = − and θ lies in the fourth quadrant, then the values of cos θ is
√5
√5 2 1 1
a) b) c) 2 d)
√6 √6 √6
13. cos nπ =?
a) (−1)n b) (1)n c) 0 d) none of these
1 1
14. The expression tan 3A−tan A − cot 3A−cot A is equal to
a) cot 2A b) tan 2A c) cot 3A d) tan 3A
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4
15. If tan x = − , then sin x is
3
4 4 4 4 4 4
a) − but not b) − or c) but not − d) none of these
5 5 5 5 5 5
π
16. In a triangle ABC, α = 2 then cos 2 β + cos 2 γ is equal to
a) – 2 b) – 1 c) 1 d) 0
17. The value of tan 56o − tan 11o − tan 56o , tan 11o is
a) 0 b) 1 c) – 1 d) none of these
1+tan2 x
18. If x = 60o , then 2 tan x
is equal to
1
1 2 (3)2
a) 1 b) (3)1/2 c) 1 d)
(3)2 (3)2 2
21. If sin θ < 0 and tan θ > 0, then terminal side of angle lies in …….. quadrant
a) I b) II c) III d) IV
22. Through how many radians does the minute hand of a clock turn in 20 minutes?
π π 2π
a) 3 b) 2 c) 2π d) 3
25. Which one is true? (I) sin(−x) = sin x (II) cos(−x) = cos x (III) tan(−x) = tan x
a) I only b) II only c) I and & II only d) II and III only
27. What is the circular measure of the angle between the hands of a watch at 4 O’clock?
2 3 π
a) 3 π radians b) 2 π radians c) 2 radians d) none of these
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5π cos A−sin A
30. If A = 5
, then the value of tan A+cot A is
1 1
a) 1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 4
34. If A and B are two points on a circle of radius r with centre at the point O and AOB = θ (in radians)
then the area of sector AOB is
1
a) 2πr b) πr 2 c) 2 r 2 θ d) rθ
3π
36. ( 8 ) radians are equal to
1o 1o
a) 67 2
b) 72 2
c) 75o d) none of these
7 (1+sin θ)(1−sin θ)
38. If cos θ = 8 and 0 < θ < 90𝑜 , then (1+cos θ)(1−cos θ) is
8 7 49
a) 7
b) 8 c) 15 d) none of these
40. Which of the following is not true when θ lies in first quadrant?
θ θ θ θ θ θ θ
a) 2 < tan 2 b) 2 < sin 2 c) θ cos 2 2 < sin θ d) θ sin 2 < 2 sin 2
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ANSWERS
1. C 11. C 21. C 31. A
2. A 12. C 22. D 32. A
3. C 13. A 23. B 33. C
4. B 14. A 24. D 34. C
5. B 15. B 25. B 35. B
6. A 16. C 26. C 36. A
7. C 17. B 27. A 37. C
8. B 18. C 28. A 38. C
9. B 19. D 29. A 39. A
10. A 20. A 30. B 40. B
41. C
42. C
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
3. Solution:
cos2 θ + sec 2 θ = (cos θ − sec θ)2 + 2 ≥ 2 c)
4. Solution:
One of the factors of the given expression is cos 90o which has the value zero b)
6. Solution:
The given expression
= (cot 5o + cot 85o ). (cot 10o . cot 80o )
= (cot 5o . tan 5o ). (cot 10o . tan 10o )
= 1.1 … = 1 a)
7. Solution:
1
sin 15o . cos 15o = 2 sin 30o
1
= 4 rational c)
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11. Solution:
π
cos2 B + cos 2 C = cos 2 B + cos2 ( 2 − B)
= cos 2 B + sin2 B
=1 c)
1
12. Hint: sec θ = 2 => cos θ = 2; which is not possible as −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 c)
14. Solution:
First simplify by writing
sin 3A
tan 3A = cos 3A then take LCM a)
16. Solution:
We have
π
cos2 β + cos 2 γ = cos 2 β + cos 2 ( − β)
2
= cos 2 β + sin2 β
=1 c)
17. Solution:
As tan 45o = 1
=> tan(56o − 11) = 1
tan 56o −tan 11o
=> 1+tan 56o tan 11o = 1
=> tan 56o − tan 11o − tan 56o . tan 11o = 1 b)
19. Solution:
Since we have one equation and two variables, therefore, it is impossible to find the value of x
d)
20. Solution:
If sin θ1 + sin θ2 + sin θ3 = 3
θ1 = θ2 + θ3 = 90o
=> cos θ1 + cos θ2 + cos θ3 = 0 a)
28. Solution:
sin θ increases in first quadrant and cos θ decreases from 0o to 90𝑜
Hence sin θ + cos θ > 0
29. Solution:
Here tan(245o ) = tan(270𝑜 − 25𝑜 )
= cot 25o etc
Similarly reduce others and the simplify a)
38. Solution:
Here θ lies in first quadrant
7 √15
Given cos θ = 8 => sin θ = 8
Put the values and simplify
OR Given expression reduce to cot 2 θ
39. Solution:
cos 1 means cos of 1 radian which lies between 45o and 90o a)
40. Solution:
If θ lies in first quadrant then
sin θ < θ < tan θ (Sandwitch theorem)
θ θ θ
∴ sin 2 < 2 tan 2 b)
42. Solution:
If tan A + cot A = 2 => A = 45o
Therefore sec A = sec 45o = √2 c)
Chapter # 10
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES OF SUM AND
DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES
SYNOPSIS
Distance Formula
Let P(x1 , y1 ) and Q((x2 , y2 ) be two points. If “d” denotes the distance between them
Then d = |PQ| = √((x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2
= √((x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
Note: Although we have proved this law for α > β > 0, is true for all values of α and β
cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
sin(α − β) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
tan α+tan β
tan(α + β) =
1−tan α tan β
tan α−tan β
tan(α − β) =
1+tan α tan β
π cos(π − θ) = − cos θ 3π
sin ( 2 − θ) = cos θ sin ( 2 − θ) = − cos θ
π tan(π − θ) = − tan θ 3π
cos ( 2 − θ) = sin θ sin(π + θ) = − sin θ cos ( 2 + θ) = sin θ
π
tan ( 2 − θ) = cot θ cos(π + θ) = − cos θ 3π
tan ( 2 + θ) = − cot θ
π
tan(π + θ) = tan θ
sin ( 2 + θ) = cos θ 3π sin(2π − θ) = − sin θ
sin ( 2 − θ) = − cos θ cos(2π − θ) = cos θ
π
cos ( 2 + θ) = − sin θ cos (
3π
− θ) = − sin θ tan(2π − θ) = − tan θ
2
π
tan ( 2 + θ) = − cot θ 3π sin(2π + θ) = sin θ
tan ( 2 − θ) = cot θ cos(2π + θ) = cos θ
sin(π − θ) = sin θ tan(2π + θ) = tan θ
1) If θ is added to or subtracted from odd multiple of right angle, the trigonometric ratio changes
into co-ratios and vice versa
π
2) If θ is added to or subtracted from an even multiple of 2 , the trigonometric ratios shall remain the
same
Note:
The greatest and least values of sin θ + bcos θ are √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 and −√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
MCQs
1. sin4 θ − cos4 θ =?
1
a) 1 b) − sin 2θ c) cos 2θ d) − sec 2θ
3. cos(α + β) cos(α − β) = ?
a) cos2 α − sin2 β b) cos 2 β − sin2 α c) both (a) and (b) are true d) none of
these
4. cosec(−1110o ) =
a) – 1 b) – 2 c) 1 d) 2
tan α−cot β
10. tan β−cot α
=
tan α 1+tan α 1−tan α
a) b) c) d) none of these
tan β 1+tan β 1−tan β
3
11. If tan θ = and 0 < θ < 90o, then sin θ. cos θ is
4
3 4 12
a) 5
b) 5 c) 25 d) none of these
5
12. If sin A = 13 and A is acute, then cos 2A is
119 119 10
a) 196
b) 169 c) 26 d) none of these
1
13. If cos 2A = 2, then cos 3A is
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these
1+tan 2A.tan 3A
14. can be written as
tan 3A−tan 2A
a) tan A b) cot A c) tan 5A d) cot 5A
π π 1
16. 2 cos ( 6 + A) cos(( 6 − A) − 2 is equal to
a) 1 b) – 1 c) cos 2A d) sin 2A
1−cos 2A
17. √1+cos 2A can be written as
a) cos A b) sin A c) tan A d) cot A
24. tan(270o − θ) =?
a) tan θ b) − tan θ c) cot θ d) − cot θ
1 β 1
27. If tan α = 3 and tan 2 = 2, then tan(α + β) =
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 2 d) 3
4 5 π
28. If cos(α + β) = 5, sin(α − β) = 13 and α, β lies between 0 and 4 , then tan 2 α =
1−cos x
30. √1+cos x is equal to
1−cos x sin x
a) 1+cos x
b) 1+cos x c) sec x − tan 𝑥 d) cot 𝑥 + cosec 𝑥
ANSWERS
1. D 11. C 21. B
2. A 12. B 22. C
3. C 13. C 23. A
4. B 14. B 24. C
5. B 15. A 25. B
6. D 16. C 26. B
7. C 17. C 27. D
8. C 18. C 28. A
9. C 19. C 29. A
10. A 20. C 30. B
31. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
2. Solution:
sin θ + cos θ = 1
Squaring on both sides
(sin θ)2 + (cos θ)2 + 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
=> 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
=> sin 2θ = 0 a)
7. Solution:
One of the factor of given expression is cos 90o which has the value zero c)
8. Solution:
If ∆ABC is right angled triangle at C,
a b
Then tan A = b, tan B = a
a2 +b2
∴ tan A + tan B = ab
Since a2 + b2 = c 2
c2
=> tan A + tan B = ab c)
9. Solution:
13. Solution:
Use formula cos 3α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α
Here 2A = 60o => A = 30o
=> cos 3A = cos 90o = 0 c)
14. Hint:
tan 3A−tan 2A
tan(3A − 2A) =
1+tan 3A.tan 2A
tan 3A−tan 2A
=> tan A = 1+tan 3A.tan 2A
1+tan 3A.tan 2A
=> cot A = tan 3A−tan 2A b)
21. Solution:
See
A(cos B. cos C − sin B sin C) = sec A. cos(B + C)
= sec A. cos(180o − A)
= sec A. (− cos A)
= −1 b)
22. Solution:
cosec A(sin B cos C + cos B sin C)
= cosec A. sin(B + C)
= cosecA. sin(π − A)
= cosecA. sin A
=1 c)
27. Hint:
1
Given tan α =
3
β
2 tan 4
3
tan β = β =3
1−tan2
2
tan α−tan β
Use tan(α + β) = 1−tan α tan β d)
28. Solution:
3
Here tan(α + β) = 4 and
5
tan(α − β) = 12
Now tan 2α = tan(α + β + α − β)
tan(α+β)+tan(α−β)
= 1−tan(α−β).tan(α−β)
56
= a)
33
29. Solution:
Given
sin x + sin2 x = 1
31. Hint:
P+Q P−Q
As cos P + cos Q = 2 cos 2 . cos 2
P+Q
=> P + Q = 180o so that 2
= 90o d)
Chapter # 11
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
AND THEIR GRAPHS
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
The general form of a trigonometric function is y = A. f(Bx + C)
Amplitude
The amplitude is the one-half the vertical distance between the lowest and the highest point of the graph.
The amplitude of a function is |A|
Phase Shift
The phase shift is the distance to the right or left that the graph is charged from its normal position
C
The phase shift of a function = −
B
Frequency
1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
The following table summarizes the domain and ranges of the trigonometric functions
Period of trigonometric function is the smallest +ve number which, when added to the original circular
measure of the angle, gives the same value of the function
MCQs
1. Period of cotangent function is
a) Π b) 2π c) 0 d) none of these
4. Period of cos(3x + 7) is
2π 2π π
a) 2π b) 3 c) 7
d) 3
x
5. The range of the function cos 3 is
1 1
a) [−1, 1] b) [− , ] c) [-3, 3] d) None of these
3 3
ANSWERS
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. A
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
7. Hint:
Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 intersects at only one point
=> One solution a)
Chapter # 12
APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMTERY
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
We shall apply the theory of trigonometric functions to discuss the properties of triangle, that is the
relation among sides, angles, circum-radius etc of a triangle. We shall also use the properties obtained by
use to solution of triangles.
Types of Triangles
Triangle Sides Angles
Equilateral 3 sides are same 3 angles are same
Isosceles 2 sides are same 2 angles are same
Scalene 3 sides are different 3 angles are different
Acute May be scalene or isosceles of equilateral 3 angles are acute
Right May be scalene or isosceles but not equilateral 1 angle is of 90o
Obtuse May be scalene or isosceles but not equilateral 1 angle is obtuse
Oblique May be scalene or isosceles or equilateral No angle is of 90o
i) For looking at B the horizontal ray we have to raise our eye, and ∠AOB is called the angle of
elevation
ii) For looking at C below the horizontal ray, ∠AOC is called the angle of depression
Oblique Triangles
A triangle, which is not right, is called an oblique Triangle
Note:
If ∆ABC is right, then
Law of cosine reduces to Pythagoras Theorem i.e.,
If α = 90o then b2 + c 2 = a2
If β = 90o then c 2 + a2 = b2
If γ = 90o then −a2 + b2 = c 2
Use the law of cosine when two sides and included angle is given
α (s−b)(s−c)
i) tan 2 = √ s(s−a)
β (s−c)(s−a)
ii) tan 2 =√ s(s−b)
where 2S = a + b + c
γ (s−a)(s−b)
iii) tan 2 = √ s(s−c)
Use half angle formula to solve triangle when only three sides are given
Area of Triangle
Case-I: Area of triangle in terms of the measures of two sides and their included angle
1
Area of triangle ABC = bc sin α
2
1
= 2 ca sin β
1
= 2 ab sin γ
Case-II: Area of triangle in terms of the measures of one side and two angles
In a triangle ∆ABC, with usual notations, we have
a2 sin β sin γ
Area of triangle = 2 sin γ
b2 sin γ sin α
= 2 sin β
(c2 sin α sin β)
=
2 sin γ
Case-III: Area of triangle in terms of the Measures of its sides
In a triangle ABC, with usual notation, we have
Area of Triangle = √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
This is called Hero’s formula
Circum-Circle
The circle passing through the three vertices of a triangle is called a circum-circle. Its centre is called the
circum-circle, which is the point of intersection of right bisectors of the sides of the triangle. Its radius is
called circum-radius and is denoted by R.
a b c
R= = =
2 sin α 2 sin β 2 sin γ
abc a+b+c
R = , where s =
4∆ 2
And ∆= √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
Cyclic Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a cyclic quadrilateral if its vertices lie on circle. Sum of opposite angle of cyclic
quadrilateral = 180o
Its centre, known as the in-centre, is the point of intersection of the angle bisector of the triangle. Its
radius is called in-radius and is denoted by ‘r’
∆
r=
s
Escribed Circles
A circle, which touches one side of the triangle externally and the other two produced sides, is called an
escribed circle or ex-circle or e-circle. Obviously, there could be only three such circles of a triangle,
one opposite to each angle of the triangle
MCQs
1. If the sides of a triangle are 13, 14, 15 then radius of its circle is
65 67
a) 4 b) 8 c) 24 d) 4
3. If R is the radius of the circumcircle of the ∆ABC, and ∆ is its area then
a+b+c a+b+c abc abc
a) R = ∆ b) R = 4∆ c) R = 4∆ d) R = ∆
A B C
7. In any ∆ABC, 4R. sin . cos . cos =
2 2 2
a) r1 b) 2r1 c) 3r1 d) none of these
9. If the radius of the incircle of a triangle with its sides 5k, 6k and 5k is 6, then k is equal to
a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6
13. If the area of triangle is 75 square makes and two of its sides are 20 and 15 metres, then the included
angle is
a) 30o b) 60o c) 180o d) none of these
1 1 1
17. If any ∆ABC, r + r + r =
1 2 3
3 1 2
a) b) c) d) none of these
r r r
18. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3, 5, 7 then the largest angle of the triangle is
π 5π 2π 3π
a) 2 b) 6 c) 3 d) 4
19. If 6, 9, 5 are the sides of a triangle ABC, then area of the triangle is
a) 2√241 b) 3√195 c) 2√195 d) none of these
20. The area of the triangle ABC, when a = 121, b = 606 and c = 725 cm in sq cm is
a) 2670 b) 7260 c) 8770 d) 5440
A
21. cos 2 =
(s−b)(s−c) (s−b)(s−c) s(s−a)
a) √ bc
b) √ s(s−a)
c) √ bc
d) none of these
22. If C = 60o , a = 2(√3 + 1) and b = 4 cm, then the area of the triangle in sq cm is
a) 3 + 2√3 b) 6 + 2√3 c) 6 − 2√3 d) 3 − 2√3
23. If the sides of a triangle are 119, 111 and 92 m then, its area in sq. m is
a) 2340 b) 4020 c) 4830 d) 5840
A B C
26. If in a ∆ABC, a, b, c, are in A.P., then tan 2 , tan 2 , tan 2 are in
a) A.P. b) G.P. c) H.P. d) A.G.P
B
31. If a = 5, b = 13, c = 12 in ∆ABC, then tan ( 4 ) is
a) √2 + 1 b) √2 − 1 c) √3 − 1 d) √3 + 1
41. Two sides of a triangle are 2√3 and 2 and the included angle is 30o . Then the angle opposite to the
‘side 2’ is
a) 120o b) 60o c) 30o d) none of these
π
42. In a ∆ABC, if B = C = 4 and C = 4, then a =
a) 4 b) 2√2 c) √2 d) 4√2
43. Two boys are on opposite sides of a tower of 100 m height. If they measure the elevation of top of
tower as 30o and 45o respectively, then the distance in between the two boys is
a) 100√3 + 1 b) 100(√3 − 1) c) 100(√3 + 1) d) 100(√3 − 1)
44. If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 2: √6: (√3 + 1) then the largest angle of the triangle will
be
a) 60o b) 75o c) 90o d) 120o
a 𝑏 𝑐
45. If cos 𝐴 = cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐶, then the triangle is
a) Right angled b) isosceles c) obtuse angled d) equilateral
46. At a point 15 meter away from the base of a 15 meter high house, the angle of elevation of the top is
a) 45o b) 30o c) 60o d) 90o
47. A tree is broken by wind, its upper part touches the ground at a point 10 m from the foot of the tree
and makes an angle of 45o with the ground. The entire length of the tree is
√3
a) 15 m b) 20 m c) 10(1 + √2)m d) 10(1 + 2
)
ANSWERS
1. D 11. A 21. C 31. B 41. C
2. D 12. A 22. B 32. A 42. D
3. C 13. A 23. C 33. B 43. C
4. B 14. A 24. A 34. D 44. B
5. B 15. B 25. D 35. B 45. D
6. C 16. B 26. C 36. D 46. A
7. A 17. B 27. C 37. D 47. C
8. C 18. C 28. A 38. A
9. B 19. D 29. B 39. C
10. A 20. B 30. B 40. C
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
6. Solution:
2R2 sin A . sin B. sin C
a b c abc
= 2R2 . 2R . 2R . 2R = 4R = ∆ c)
9. Solution:
∆
Use r = s
5k+6k+5k
Here s = 2
=> s = 8k
Use ∆= √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
= √8k(8k − 5k)(8k − 6k)(8k − 5k)
= √8k(3k)(2k)(3k)
=> ∆= 12k 2
10. Solution:
Since a2 = a2 + b2
∴ ∆ABC is right angled with ∠C = 90o
1
∴ Area = 2ab
1
=> √s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 2 ab ; squaring
=> 4s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = a2 b2 a)
11. Solution:
b2 +c2 −a2
cos A = 2bc
o 9+c2 −16
=> cos 60 = 6c
2
=> c − 3c − 7 = 0 a)
1
13. Hint: A = 2 ab sin γ
1
75 = 2 (20)(15). sin γ
2(75) 1
=> sin γ = (20)(15) => sin γ = 2
=> γ = 30o c)
45. Hint:
a 𝑏 𝑐
= = => tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐵 = tan 𝐶
cos A cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶
=> A = B = C = 60o d)
Chapter # 13
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Normally we have to find the values of trigonometric functions for given measures of the angles. But in
the application of trigonometry the problem has also been the other way round and we are required to find
measure of the angle when the values of its trigonometric functions is given. For this purpose, we need to
find inverse trigonometric functions.
To find the inverse of a function, function must be a one-to-one function, but all the trigonometric
functions are not one-to-one because horizontal line test fails to hold. But if we restrict the domains of
trigonometric functions to specify intervals, then they become one-to-one and we can find their inverse.
Domains & Ranges of Principal Trigonometric Function and Inverse Trigonometric Function
TABLE
MCQs
4 2
1. The value of tan [cos−1 (5) + tan−1 (3)]
6 7 17
a) 17
b) 16 c) 6
d) none of these
3
2. The value of sin (2 cos −1 (5)) is
24 24 7
a) b) − c) d) none of these
25 25 25
3π
3. If x ∈ [−1, 1] and sin−1 x = 13
, then cos−1 x is equal to
10π 7π 19π
a) 13
b) 26 c) 26
d) None of these
1 π
5. The value of tan {2 tan−1 − } is
2 4
7
a) 0 b) 1 c) − d) none of these
17
π
6. A solution of the equation tan−1 (1 + x) + tan−1(1 − x) = 2 is
a) 𝑥 = 1 b) x = -1 c) x = 0 d) x = p
4
7. sin [sin−1 − tan−1 2] =
5
2 2 3 3
a) b) − c) d) −
2√5 5√5 5√5 5√5
π 1
8. If tan−1 x = − tan−1 ( ), then x =
4 3
1 1 1
a) 4
b) 7 c) 2 d) none of these
3 12
9. sin−1 (5) − cos−1 (13) =
π π 2 π
a) 4
b) 2 c) 7 d) 2
7
10. cot [cos−1 (25)] =
25 25 7 24
a) b) c) d)
24 7 24 25
1 1
11. The most general value of θ which will satisfy both the equations sin θ = − and tan θ = is
2 √3
π 7π 11π 7π
a) nπ + b) 2n π + c) 2nπ + d) nπ + (−1)n
6 6 6 6
12. tan(cot −1 x) =
π
a) 2 − x b) cot(tan−1 x) c) tan x d) none of these
1
14. The value of sin [arc. cos (− 2)] is
1 √3
a) b) 1 c) d) none of these
√2 2
1 1
15. cos−1 2 + 2 sin−1 2 =
π π π 2π
a) 4
b) 6 c) 3 d) 3
1 2
16. tan−1 (4) + tan−1 (9) equal to
1 3 1 3 1 3 1
a) 2
cos−1 (5) b) 2 sin−1 (5) c) 2 tan−1 (5) d) tan−1 (2)
√3
17. The principal value of sin−1 (− 2
) is
2π π 4π 5π
a) − b) − c) d)
3 3 3 3
3
18. The value of sin (cos −1 5) is
3 4 1
a) 5
b) 5 c) 5 d) none of these
π
19. If sin−1 x = 5 for some x ∈ [−1,1], then the value of cos −1 x is
9π 7π 5π 3π
a) 10
b) 10 c) 10 d) 10
1 1
20. 4 tan−1 5 − tan−1 239 is equal to
π π π
a) Π b) c) d)
2 3 4
ANSWERS
1. C 11. B
2. B 12. B
3. B 13. A
4. C 14. C
5. C 15. D
6. C 16. D
7. B 17. B
8. D 18. B
9. B 19. D
10. C 20. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution:
4 4
Let x = cos−1 5 => cos x = 5
3
∴ sin x = √1 − cos 2 x =
5
sin x 3 3
∴ tan x = = => x = tan−1
cos x 4 4
4 2
∴ tan [cos−1 (5) + tan−1 (3)]
3 2
= tan [tan−1 4 + tan−1 3]
3 2
+
= tan [tan−1 4 3 3 2 ]
1−( )( )
4 3
−1 17 17
= tan [tan 6 ] = 6 c)
π
3. Hint: Use sin−1 x + cos−1 x = 2
c)
6. Hint: Here
(1+x)+(1−x) π
tan−1 1−(1+x)(1−x) = 2
2 π
=> tan−1 1−1+x2 = 2
2 π
=> tan−1 x2 = 2
=> x = 0 c)
7. Solution:
Let x = tan−1 2 => tan x = 2
2 2
∴ sin x = 5 => x = sin−1 5
√ √
Take
4 4 2
sin [sin−1 5 − tan−1 2] = sin [sin−1 5 − sin−1 ]
√5
2
= sin [sin−1 (− 5 5)]
√
2
= −5 b)
√5
11. Solution:
7π
2nπ + 6
By giving simple Values of “n” in the options; we find that only (b) satisfies the given equations
1 1
14. Hint: Put x = cos−1 (− 2) => cos x = − 2
1
sin [arc. cos (− 2)] = sin x
= √1 − cos 2 x
1 √3
= √1 − 4 = 2
c)
17. Solution:
√3
Let sin−1 (− 2
)=θ
√3 π π
=> sin θ = − 2 and − 2 ≤ sin θ ≤ 2
π
Therefore θ =− b)
3
21. Solution:
y
x x−y x 1−
tan−1 − tan−1 = tan−1 − tan−1 x
y
y x+y y 1+
x
x y
= tan−1 y − (tan−1 1 − tan−1 x)
π π π
=2−4= 4
c)
Chapter # 14
SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
SYNOPSIS’'
Introduction
The equations, containing at least one trigonometric function, are called trigonometric equations
Trigonometric equations have an infinite number of solutions due to the periodicity of trigonometric
functions
General solution
The solution consisting of all possible solutions of a trigonometric equation is called its general solution
By solving a trigonometric equation, we mean to find the set of all values of the unknown angle
which satisfies the given equation
MCQs
1. The value of θ lying between 0o and 360o and satisfying the equation tan θ + √3 = 0 is
a) 330o b) 300𝑜 c) 135o d) 225o
4. The smallest positive angle which satisfies the equation 2 sin2 θ + √3 cos θ + 1 = 0 is
5π 2π π π
a) 6 b) 3 c) 3 d) 6
7π
8. If sin θ = k for exactly one value of θ, θ ∈ [0, 3
], then the value of k is
1
a) 1 b) – 1 c) d) 0
√2
1
9. The smallest positive angle satisfying the equation sin2 θ − 2 cos θ + 4 = 0 is
π π π π
a) 2
b) 3 c) 4 d) 6
12. Number of solutions of the equation tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0,2π] is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
ANSWERS
1. B 7. D
2. A 8. (A, B)
3. A 9. B
4. A 10. D
5. C 11. A
6. A 12. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Hint: Check the options. Option (b) satisfies the given equation
OR take tan θ = −√3 and discuss in 2nd and 4th quadrant with reference angle 60o b)
π
2. Hint: If θ = 4
then
π π
L.H.S = sin 4 + cos 4
1 1 2
= 2+ 2= 2 = √2 a)
√ √ √
3. Solution:
Check option. OR we have
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
1 − sin2 θ + sin θ = 1
=> (1 + sin θ)(2 − sin θ) = 0 but sin θ ≠ 2
3π
=> sin θ = − 1 => θ =
2
5π 7π
∴θ∈ (4 , 4) a)
4. Solution:
Check the options. OR we have
2 sin2 θ + √3 cos θ = 1
=> 2(1 − cos 2 θ) + √3 cos θ = 1
√3 5π
=> cos θ = − => θ = a)
2 6
6. Hint:
1
We have sin2 θ = 4
π
=> sin2 θ = sin2
6
π
∴ θ = nπ ± 6 c)
8. Solution:
Clearly −1 ≤ k ≤ 1. For any value of k other than 1 and -1, sin θ has two values (in quadrant, I,
II OR III, IV)
∴ k = 1 or − 1 (a, b)
Chapter # 15
FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS
SYNOPSIS
Introduction
The concept of a function plays an important role in mathematics. A function is a special type of
relation that expresses how one quantity depends on another quantity.
Function or Mapping
Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets and there be correspondence or association between the
element of X and Y such that for every element x ∈ X, there exists a unique element y ∈ Y, written as y =
f(x). Then we say that f is a mapping or function from X to Y, and is written as
f: X → Y such that y = f(x), x ∈ X, y ∈ Y
Real Function
If f: X → Y be a function from a non-empty set X to another non-empty set Y where X, Y⊆ R (set of
all real numbers), then we say that f is a real valued function or in short a real function
Features of a Mapping 𝐟: 𝐗 → 𝐘
1) For each element x ∈ X, there exists a unique element y ∈Y
2) The element y ∈ Y is called image of x under the mapping f
3) If there is an element in X which has more than one thing in Y, then f: X → Y is not a function.
But distinct elements of X may be associated to the same element of Y
4) If there is an element in X which does not have an image in Y, then f: X → Y is not a function.
Note:
Throughout this chapter a ‘function’ will mean a ‘real function’
Value of a Function
The value of a function y = f(x) at x = a is denoted by f(a). It is obtained by putting x = a in f(x)
Function
Consider two non-empty sets A and B. Function f from set A to set B is a rule or a correspondence
that assigns to each element x in A a unique value y in B
Range
The set of corresponding values y in B is called the range of the function f.
Place-wise Function
The functions which are defined by two or more rules are called piece-wise defined functions
Such functions are also known as Hybrid Functions or Step-wise defined functions
Types of Functions
Type-1: Algebraic Functions
a) Polynomial Functions
The function of the form
P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + an−2 x n−2 + ⋯ + a2 x 2 + ax + a0
is called polynomial function of degree n, where an ≠ 0 and n is any non-negative integer
Domain and range is real numbers
b) Linear Function
If the degree of the polynomial function is one, then it is called linear function. The general form
a linear function is f(x) = ax + b, where a ≠ 0 and a and b are real numbers
Domain and range of linear function is real numbers. The graph of a linear function is a
straight line.
c) Identity Function
For any non-empty set A, a function I: 𝐴 → A of the form I(x) = x for all x ∈ A is called an
identity function. Domain and range of identity function is same set A. For example y = x is an
identity function
d) Constant Function
Let two non-empty sets A and B of real numbers. A function C: A → B defined as C(x) = a for all
x∈A and y ∈B is called a constant function
Domain is all real numbers and the range is a singleton set consisting of only any constant ‘a’
e) Rational Function
P(x)
A function of the form where both P(x) and Q(x) are polynomial functions and Q(x) ≠0, is
Q(x)
called a rational function. The domain of a rational function is the set of real numbers for which
Q(x) ≠0.
The range is the set of real numbers.
Note:
Domain and range will be discussed later on. You have also studied domain and range of trigonometric
function in first year class in chapter 11.
Note:
Domain and range will be discussed later on. You have also studied domain and range of trigonometric
function in first year class in chapter 13.
Note
• Sum, difference and quotient of even (odd) functions are even (odd)
• Product of an even and odd functions is odd
• f(x) = 0 is the only function which is even and odd
i) Uniform Definition
If a function is defined as y = f(x), x ∈ [a, b], we say that it is
uniformly defined
Composition of Functions
Consider three non-empty sets X, Y and Z
Let f is a function from X to Y and g be a function from Y to Z then their composition g o f is a function
from X to Z and is defined as
(g ∘ f)x = g(f(x))∀ x ∈ X
OR Let: fX → Y
g: Y → Z
then g ∘ f: X → Z and is defined as
(g ∘ f)x = g(f(x))∀ x ∈ X
Note: In general g ∘ f ≠ f ∘ g
Inverse Functions
If the function f: X → Y is both one-one and onto, then we define
inverse functions f −1 : Y → X by the rule
y = f(x) ⇔ f −1 (y) = x, ∀ x ∈ X, y ∈ Y as shown in the figure
below
Algebraic Functions
• Denominator should be non-zero
• Expression under the square root should be non-negative
Trigonometric Functions
• sin x and cos x are defined for real values of x
π
• tan x and sec x are defined for all real values of x except x = (2n + 1) 2 , where n ∈ Z
• cot x and cosec x are defined for all real values of x except x = nπ, where n ∈ Z
Logarithmic Functions
• log b a is defined when a > 0, b > 0 and b≠1
Exponential Functions
• ax is defined for all real values of x, where a > 0
LIMITS
Introduction
We say that lim f(x) = 𝑙, if the value of f(x) get closer and closer to the number 𝑙 as x gets nearer and
x→a
nearer to a but not equal to a
Note: We are not concerned with what happens to f(x) when x equals a, but only what happens to it when
x is close to a. We emphasize that the limit must be the same as x approaches a from the left or from the
right
Properties of Limits
Evaluation of Limit
The problems on limits can be divided into the following categories
Limits
Algebraic Limits
The following methods are useful for evaluating limits of algebraic functions
Methods of Factorization
If f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and g(a) ≠ 0, then we have,
lim f(x)
Example 1:
x2 −3x+2
lim
x→2 x2 +x−6
Solution
x2 −3x+2 (x−2)(x−1)
lim = lim (x−2)(x+3)
x→2 x2 +x−6 𝑥→2
2−1 1
= =
2+3 5
Example 2:
x7 −128
Evaluate lim
x→2 x−2
Solution
x7 −128 x7 −27
lim = lim = 7 × 27−1
x→2 x−2 𝑥→2 x−2
xn −an
[∵ lim x−a = nan−1 , here n = 7, a = 2]
x→a
= 7 × 64 = 448
Trigonometric Limits
For finding the limits of trigonometric functions, we use trigonometric transformations and simplify. The
following results are quite useful
Solution
sin 3x 3 sin 3x
i) lim 5x
= lim 5 . 3x
x→0 x→0
3 sin 3x
= . lim
5 3x→0 3x
[∵ As x → 0, 3x → 0]
3 3
= 5×1 = 5
sin θ
[∵ lim θ
= 1]
θ→0
tan 3x tan 3x 5x 3
ii) lim tan 5x = lim ( 3x
. tan 5x . 5)
x→0 x→0
3 tan 3x 5x
= lim
5 x→0 3x
. lim tan 5x
x→0
3 1 tan θ
= . 1. [Using lim = 1]
5 1 θ→0 θ
3
=
5
tan−1 2x tan−1 2x 3x 2
iii) lim = lim × ×
x→0 sin 3x x→0 2x sin 3x 3
2 2
=1×1× =
3 3
Discontinuous of a Function
A function f(x), which is not continuous at a point x = a, is said to be discontinuous at that point
Types of Discontinuous
Removal Discontinuity
If lim f (a − h) and lim f(a + h) exists and are equal, but are not equal to f(a), then the function f(x) is
h→0 h→0
said to have a removable discontinuity at x = a. However, by suitably defining the function at x = a, f(x)
can be made continuous at x = a
MCQs
1
1. The domain of the function y = f(x) = x−1 is
√
a) (−∞, 1) b) (0, ∞) c) (1, ∞) d) (0, 1)
1
2. The domain of the function f(x) = 2 is
√x −3x+2
a) (−∞, 1) b) (−∞, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) c) (−∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞) d) (2, ∞)
6. The number of bijective function from a set A to itself when A contain 106 elements is
a) 106 b) (106)2 c) (106)! d) 2106
11. Let f: R → R, g: R → R be two function given by f(x) = 2x − 3, g(x) = x 3 + 5. Then (fog)−1 (x)
is equal to
x−7 1/3 x+7 1/3 7 1/3 x−2 1/3
a) ( 2
) b) ( 2
) c) (x − 2) d) ( 7
)
1
13. The number of points at which the function f(x) = is discontinuous, is
log|x|
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
15. If f(x) is an odd function, then its derivative is __________ Function, provided f(x) is
differentiable on R
a) Even b) Odd c) Neither even nor odd d) None of these
18. If f is an odd function and g is an even function, then fog is ________ function
a) Even b) Odd c) Both even and odd d) Neither even nor odd
sin x
20. The set of points of discontinuity of the function f(x) = |sin x| is
a) {0} b) {nπ; n integer} c) Φ d) None of these
x
21. Inverse function of y = is
x+5
x x x 5x
a) x+5
b) (x−5)
c) (1−x) d) (1−x)
24. For a function if right hand limit is equal to left hand limit, then which of the following must be
true
a) Function is continuous b) its limits exists c) Function is defined d) Both b)
& c)
25. The graph of the parametric equations x = t 2 and y = t, when -2≤ t ≥ 2 represents
a) Circle b) Parabola c) Ellipse d) Straight line
x 1
28. If f(x) = x−1 then f(− a), in simplified form, is equal to
1 1 a2
a) b) -1 c) (a+1) d) (1−a)
−1−a
31. If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) and value of limit of f(x) and h(x) as x tends to c are 2 then value of the limit
of g(x) as x tends to c is
a) < 2 b) > 2 c) = 2 d) Nothing can be said
34. If the degree of polynomial function is one then the function is said to be
a) Quadratic function b) Unit function c) Linear function d) Identity function
1
42. If f(x) = 4x + 2 for all x, then f −1 (2) =
1 1 3
a) 4 b) c) d) −
16 4 8
x−2
45. the range of the function f(x) = 2−x is
a) R b) R − {1} c) {-1} d) R – {-1}
1 1
46. If f(x) = 1 − , then f (f ( )) is
x x
1 1 x 1
a) x
b) 1+x c) x−1 d) x−1
x−1
47. Let f(x) = x+1 then f(f(x)) is
1 1 1 1
a) x
b) − x c) x+1 d) x−1
1+x2
48. The range of the function f(x) = x2
is equal to
a) [0, 1] b) (0, 1) c) (1, ∞) d) none of these
1 1
54. Let f (x + ) = x 2 + ,x ∈ R − {0}, then f(x) is equal to
x x2
2 2
a) x b) x − 1 c) x 2 − 2 d) none of these
x f(a)
55. If f(x) = x−1, then f(a+1) is equal to
1 a
a) f(−a) b) f (a) c) f(a2 ) d) f (− a−1)
56. If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x 2 + 1, then the value of f −1 (17) and f −1 (−3) respectively are
a) ϕ, {−4, 4} b) {−3, 3}, ϕ c) ϕ, {−3,3} d) {−4,4}, ϕ
58. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and g(x) = 2x then the solution set of (fog)(x) = (gof)(x) is
a) R b) {0} c) {0, -2} d) none of these
2x−1 3
59. Let 𝑓: 𝑁 → 𝑅: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
and g: θ → R: g(x) = x + 2 be two functions. Then (gof) (2) is equal
to
7
a) 3 b) 1 c) 2 d) none of these
62. Two functions f and g are said to commute if (fog)(x) = (gof)(x) for all x, then which one of the
following functions commute? (I is the set of integers)
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = x 3 , g(x) = x + 1 b) f(x) = √x, g(x) = cos x c) f(x) = x m , g(x) = x n , m ≠
n, m, n ∈ I
d) f(x) = x − 1, g(x) = x 2 + 1
ANSWERS
1. C 11. A 21. D 31. C 41. A 51. A
2. B 12. C 22. B 32. C 42. D 52. C
3. A 13. B 23. A 33. C 43. B 53. A
4. A 14. C 24. B 34. C 44. D 54. C
5. B 15. A 25. B 35. D 45. C 55. C
6. C 16. B 26. B 36. B 46. C 56. D
7. B 17. C 27. B 37. A 47. B 57. C
8. A 18. A 28. C 38. B 48. C 58. C
9. B 19. A 29. C 39. A 49. C 59. D
10. D 20. B 30. D 40. C 50. A 60. B
61. B
62. C
63. B
64. D
65. A
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution:
Domain is the set of all those value of independent variable where the function is defined
Here the given expression is not defined at x = 1 and for all value of x less than one
2. Solution:
1 1
f(x) = 2 =
√𝑥 −3𝑥+2 √(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Here the given expression is not defined at x = 1 and at x = 2
For f(x) to be defined (x – 1)(x – 2) > 0
x < 1 or x > 2
6. Solution:
The total number of bijective function from a set A to itself when A contains 106 elements is
(106)!
9. Solution:
f(x) = log(x + √𝑥 2 + 1)
=> f(−x) = log [−𝑥 + √(−𝑥)2 + 1]
=> f(x) + f(−x) = log(x + √𝑥 2 + 1) + log(−𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1)
= log(1) = 0
=> f(−x) = −f(x); odd function
12. Solution:
f(x) = sin x ; 𝑔(𝑥) = x 2
(fog)(x) = f(g(x))
= f(x 2 )
= sin x 2
13. Solution:
F(s) is not continuous at x = 0, 1and -1 at all other points f(x) is continuous
∴ At three points, function is discontinuous. (b)
19. Hint:
As the function Log|x| is not defined at x = 0, therefore the set of points of discontinuity is {0}
20. Hint:
The function is not defined for x = nπ. Hence the set of points of discontinuity is {nπ: n integer}
27. Solution:
The function is not defined at x = 2 and values greater than 2
44. Solution:
1−cos x
f(f(cos 𝑥)) = f ( ) = cos x (d)
1+cos x
45. Solution:
x−2 x−2
f(x) = 2−x = −(x−2) = −1 if x ≠ 2 c)
46. Solution:
1 1
f (f (x)) = f [1 − 1 ]
𝑥
x
= f(1 − x) = c)
x−1
47. Solution:
x−1
−1 1
f(f(x)) = x+1
x−1 = −x (b)
+1
x+1
48. Solution:
1
f(f(x)) = x2 + 1 > 1∀x ≠ 0 c)
51. Solution:
Replace x by –x we have
1 1
[f(x) + f(−x)] = [f(−x) + f(x)] (a)
2 2
52. Solution:
1
Given y = x−2
Take 2y 3 + y 2 = 0
1
y 2 (2𝑦 + 1) = 0 => − (𝑦 ≠ 0)
2
1
So y =
x−2
1 1
=> − 2 = 𝑥−2 => 𝑥 = 0 c)
53. Solution:
Given f(x) = x 2 + 1
(fof)(x) = f(f(x))
= (x 2 + 1)2 + 1
=x 4 + 1 + 2x 2 + 1
= x 4 + 2x 2 + 2 a)
54. Solution:
1 1 2
f (x + x) = (x + x) − 2
1
let z = x +
x
=> f(z) = z 2 − 2
=> f(x) = x 2 − 2 c)
55. Solution:
x
Given f(x) = x−1
a
f(a) a−1
= a+1
f(a+1)
a
a a
= ×
a−1 a+1
a 2
= a2 −1
2)
= f(a c)
56. Solution:
Let k = f −1 (17)
=> f(k) = 17
=> k 2 + 1 = 17
=> k = ±4
Similarly
f −1 (−3) = m
=> f(m) = −3
m2 + 1 = −3
m2 = −4 (not possible) d)
57. Solution:
Let y = 10x − 7
y+7
=> x =
10
x+7
g(x) = c)
10
58. Solution:
f(g(x)) = g(f(x))
f(2x ) = g(x 2 )
2
=> (2x )2 = 2x
=> x 2 = 2x
= x(x − 2) = 0
= x = 0, 2 c)
59. Hint:
3 3 3
(gof) ( ) = g (f ( )) ; which is not defined because ∉N (d)
2 2 2
60. Solution:
Let y = x 3 + 5
=> x = (y − 5)1/3 (b)
65. Solution:
Use componendo and dividend
f(x)+1 x−1+x+1
f(x)−1
= (𝑥−1)−(𝑥−1) = −𝑥
1+f(x)
=> x = 1−f(x)
2x−1
Now f(2x) = 2x+1
Putting value of x and simplify
3f(x)+1
f(2x) = (a)
f(x)+3
Chapter # 16
DIFFERENTIATION
SYNOPSIS
Derivative of a Function
Let y = f(x) be a function defined on the interval [a, b]. Let for a small increment δx in x, the
corresponding increment in the value of y be δy. Then
y = f(x) and y + δy = f(x + δx)
On subtraction, we get
δy = f(x + δx) − f(x)
δy f(x+δx)−f(x)
or =
δx δx
Taking limit on both sides when δx → 0 we have,
δy f(x+δx)−f(x)
lim 0 = lim
δx→ δx δx→0 δx
If this limit exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is written as
dy
or f’(x). Thus
dx
dy δy f(x+δx)−f(x)
= lim = lim
dx δx→0 δx δx→0 δx
Derivative at a Point
The value of f’(x) obtained by putting x = a, is called the derivative of f(x) at x = a and it is denoted by
dy
f’(a) or {dx}
x=a
Standard Derivatives
The following formulae can be applied directly for finding the derivative of a function
d
1) dx (sin x) = cos x
d
2) (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
3) (tan x) = sec 2 x
dx
d
4) (cot x) = −cosec 2 x
dx
Successive Differentiation
dy
Let y = f(x) be a function of x, then dx is again a function of x and is called the first derivative of y
w.r.t. x. If the first derivative is differentiable, its derivative is called second derivative of the original
d2 y
function and is denoted by or y2 . If the second derivative is differentiable, its derivative is called the
dx2
d3 y
third derivative of the original function and is denoted by dx3 or y 3 and so on. This process of
differentiation a function more than once is called successive differentiation
First derivative represents the change in the original function and second derivative represents the
change in the gradient or slope.
Decreasing Function
A function f(x) is said to be a decreasing function on an interval I, if
x1 < x2 => f(x1 ) ≥ f(x2 ), ∀ x1 , x2 ∈ I
Monotonic Function
A function f(x) is said to be monotonic on an interval I if it is either increasing or decreasing on I
(b) If f’(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases through a, then x = a is a point
of minimum
(c) f’(x) does not change sign as x increases through a, then x = a is neither a point of maximum
nor a point of minimum. Such a point is called a point of infection
Critical Point
The point c where f’(c) = 0 or undefined is called critical point
Stationary Point
Any point where if is neither increasing nor decreases but f’(c) = 0 is called stationary point
Equation of Tangent
The equation of a tangent to a curve y = f(x) at a given point P(x1 , y1 ) is given by
dy
y − y1 = ( ) (x − x1 )
dx (x1 ,y1 )
Equation of Normal
The equation of a normal to a curve y = f(x) at a given point P(x1 , y1 ) is given by
1
y − y1 = − dy (x − x1 )
( )
dx (x1 ,y1 )
MCQs
1 1 1
dy
1. If y = (1 + x 4 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 − x 4 ), then =
dx
a) 1 b) -1 c) x d) √𝑥
dy
2. If sin y = x sin(a + y), then is
dx
sin a sin2(a+y) sin2(a−y)
a) sin a sin2(a+y)
b) sin a
c) sin a sin2(a + y) d) sin a
ax
4. If the slope of the curve y = b−x at the point (1, 1) is 2, then the values of a and b are
a) 1, -2 b) -1, 2 c) 1, 2 d) none of these
7. The equation of the normal to the curve x 2 = 4y passing through the point (1, 2) is
a) x + y + 3 = 0 b) x − y − 3 = 0 c) x + y − 3 = 0 d) none of these
10. The slope of the tangent to the curve x = t 2 + 3t − 8, y = 2t 2 − 2t − 5 at the point (2, −1) is
22 6
a) b) c) -6 d) none of these
7 7
1+x
11. The differential coefficient of tan−1 1−x is
1 1 1 1
a) b) − c) d)
1+x2 1+x2 1+x √1−𝑥 2
d √x
13. dx
of is
√𝑥+1
1 1 1 1
a) 2√𝑥
b) 2 c) 2 d) 2
2√𝑥(√𝑥+1) √x+1 (2√x+1)
dy
15. If x = acos3 θ , y = bsin3 θ then dx will be
b b b sin θ b
a) − b) c) d) − tan θ
a a 𝑎 a
dy
16. If y = sec 2 2x then dx is
a) 2 sec 2 3x . tan2 x b) 4 sec 2 2x . tan 2x x) 2 tan2 2x sec 2x d) None of these
dy
17. If y = sin−1 x 2 then dx will be
2x 2x 2x
a) 1 b) 1 c) − d) None of these
(1−x4 )2 (x4 −1)2 x4 −1
1−cos x π
18. If f(x) = 1−sin x , then f ′ ( 2 ) is
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) Does not exist
dy
19. If √x + √y = 4, then at y = 1, is
dx
a) – 1 b) – 3 c) 3 d) none of these
dP
21. If PV = 81, then at V= 9 equals
dV
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 2 d) none of these
d
22. (cos−1 x + sin−1 x) is
dx
2 π
a) b) 2 c) 0 d) None of these
√1−x2
1−cos x dy
25. If y = tan−1 √1+cos x, then dx =
1 1
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) − 2
d
29. dx
sec 2x=?
a) 2. sec 2x . tan 2x b) 2.sec 2x. tan2 x c) 2. sec x . tan x d) sec 2x . tan 2x
32. The tangents to the graph y = 2x − x 2 at the points where it crosses the x-axis meet at
a) (-1, 1) b) (-1, 2) c) (1, 1) d) (1, 2)
33. For what value of x do the graphs y = 6x 2 − 7x and y = x 3 + 5x have the same gradient?
a) – 1 b) 0 c) 1 d) 2
π
34. If f(x) = a. cos 3x and f ′ ( ) = 6, then a equals
2
a) – 6 b) – 2 c) 2 d) 3
dy
36. If y = x 4 + 2x 2 + 2, then will be
dx
a) 4x√𝑦 − 1 b) 2x √𝑦 − 1 c) x√𝑦 − 1 d) None of these
d d d
37. [f(x). g(x)]
= f(x). dx g(x) + g(x) dx f(x): the rule is called
dx
a) Quotient rule b) Product rule c) Power rule d) Chain rule
dy
38. dx
of x 2 + y 2 = 4 is
y x x y
a) − x b) − y c) y d) x
d
40. dx
tan−1 x is
1 1 1
a) 1+x b) 1+x2 c) − 1+x2 d) None of these
d4 y
42. If y = x 3 + sin 𝑥, then 4 is
dx
a) sin 𝑥 b) cos 𝑥 c) tan 𝑥 d) sec 𝑥
d2 y
43. If y = a cos 𝑥 + b. sin 𝑥, then dx2 is
a) 𝑥 b) −x c) y d) – y
47. Derivative of ax is
a) ln a b) 𝑥. ln a c) ax . ln a d) a. ln x
50. If 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 then y4 is
3 6 5 4
a) − 4 b) − 4 c) − d)
x x x4 x4
d2 y
52. for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is
dx2
a2 a2 a2 y3
a) − y
b) − y3 c) y2 d) a2
d2 y
55. If ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1, then dx2 is equal to
ab−h2 h2 −ab h2 +ab
a) (hx+by)2
b) (hx+by)2 c) (hx+by)2 d) None of these
dy
57. If ex + ey = ex+y, then the value of dx at (1, 1) is
a) 0 b) – 1 c) 1 d) None of these
dy π
58. If y = [(tan x)tan x ]tan x , then dx at x = 4
is equal to
a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) None of these
dy
59. If xexy = y + sin2 x, then at x = 0, is equal to
dx
a) – 1 b) 1 c) 0 d) None of these
d2 y
60. If y = x + ex , then dx2 is
1 ex ex
a) (1+ex )2
b) − (1+ex )2 c) − (1+ex )3 d) ex
dy
61. If x y = ex−y, then is equal to
dx
x x−y (x+y) 1
a) log (1+log x)2 b) (1+log x)2 c) (1+log x)2 d) 1+log x
dy
63. If 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑥+𝑦 , then the value of dx at x = y = 1 is
a) 0 b) – 1 c) 1 d) 2
dy
64. If y = (sin x)tan x then dx is equal to
a) (sin x)tan x . (1 + sec 2 𝑥 . log sin 𝑥) b) tan 𝑥 . (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥−1 . cos 𝑥 c)
(sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 . log sin 𝑥
d) tan 𝑥. (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥−1
dy 18π
65. If 𝑥 = a cos2 2t and 𝑦 = b sin2 2t, then dx at t = 7
is
a b b
a) b) − c) d) None of these
b a a
66. The point where f is neither increasing nor decreasing but its derivative is zero at a certain value
is called
a) Point of inflection b) Critical point c) Stationary point d) None of these
dy
67. If dx = 0, the tangent is parallel to
a) x-axis b) y-axis c) y = x d) None of these
dy
69. If y = tan−1 x and z = cot −1 x, then =
dz
π
a) 2
b) 1 c) – 1 d) None of these
dy
70. If y = x sin y, then dx =
1−x cos y 1−x sin y 1−sin y
a) sin y
b) x cos y
c) 𝑥 cos y
d) None of these
dy
71. If x y . y x = K, then the value of dx at (e, e) is
a) 1 b) -1 c) log e + 1 d) None of these
d2 y
72. If y = xe5x, then 2 =
dx
a) 5e5x (5x + 2) b) 25 e5x c) e5x (25x + 2) d) None of these
dy
73. If x 3 + xy 2 + y 3 = 3a3 , then dx at (a, a) is
a) 4/5 b) -4a/5 c) -4/5 d) none of these
π
74. If f(x) = tan3 2x, then f ′ ( 8 ) =
a) 3 b) 6 c) 12 d) None of these
c dy
75. If x = ct, y = , then is
t dx
1 1 1 1
a) t
b) −t c) − t d) − t3
dy π
76. If x = cos3 t, y = sin3 t , at t = is equal to
dx 4
a) -1 b) 1 c) ½ d) -1/2
dy
77. If y = tan−1 3x, then dx =
1 1 3 3
a) b) 1+9x2 c) d) 1+9x2
√1−9x2 √1−9x2
dy
78. If y = sin−1(cos x), then dx =
1 1
a) sin x
b) cos −1 x c) – 1 d) 2
81. The slope of the tangent to the curve x = t 2 + 3t − 8, y = 2t 2 − 2t − 5 at the point (2, −1) is
22 6
a) 7 b) 7 c) – 6 d) none of these
dy
82. If y = ecot 3x , then dx is
a) y cosec 2 3x b) −3y cosec 2 3x c) 3y cosec 2 3x d) None of these
2
83. The derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 w.r.t. ex is
2
ex ex(1−x)
a) 2xex b) 2x
c) 2x
d) None of these
1−t 2t d2 y
85. If x = 1+t , y = 1+t, then dx2 at t = 5 is
a) 0 b) – 5 c) -1 d) none of these
dy
86. If x = acosh3 t and y = a sinh3 t, then =
dx
a) tanh t b) tanh2 t c) coth t d) − tanh t
−1 dy
87. If y = easin x , then dx at x = 0 is
a) 1 b) 0 c) a d) – 1
π
88. Which of the following is decreasing in (0, 2 )?
dy
a) sin x b) cos x c) tan x d) dx 𝑒 𝑥
dy
89. If x = ecos t and y = esin t , then =
dx
sin t−cos t
a) − cot t . e b) cot t . esin t−cos t c) tan t . esin t−cos t d)
− tan t . 𝑒 sint−cos t
d2 y π
90. If x = a cos3 θ , y = a sin3 θ, then dx2 at θ = 4
is
3a 4√2 3a a
a) 4√2
b) 3a
c) d) 4
√2 √2
d2 y π
91. If x = a cos3 θ , y = a sin3 θ, then at θ= is
dx2 4
3a 4√2 3a a
a) b) c) d)
4√2 3𝑎 √2 4√2
dy
92. If y = x1/x, then dx vanishes when
1
a) x = 0 b) x = 1 c) x = e d) x =
e
93. If y = ln 𝑥, then y4 is
3 6 5 4
a) − x4 b) − x4 c) − x4 d) x4
ANSWERS
1. B 16. B 31. C 46. C 61. A 76. A
2. B 17. A 32. C 47. C 62. A 77. D
3. C 18. D 33. D 48. D 63. B 78. C
4. C 19. D 34. C 49. B 64. A 79. C
5. C 20. A 35. B 50. B 65. A 80. D
6. A 21. B 36. A 51. A 66. C 81. B
7. C 22. C 37. B 52. B 67. A 82. B
8. D 23. C 38. B 53. C 68. (A, C) 83. C
9. B 24. B 39. B 54. C 69. C 84. D
10. B 25. C 40. B 55. B 70. D 85. A
11. A 26. B 41. B 56. B 71. B 86. A
12. D 27. C 42. A 57. B 72. A 87. C
13. B 28. C 43. D 58. B 73. C 88. B
14. D 29. A 44. A 59. B 74. C 89. A
15. D 30. C 45. C 60. C 75. C 90. C
91. B
92. C
93. B
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution
1 1 1
y = (1 + x 4 ) (1 + x 2 ) (1 − 𝑥 4 )
1 1
= (1 − x 2 ) (1 + 𝑥 2 )
y=1−x
dy
=> dx = −1 (b)
2. Solution
sin 𝑦
x = sin(a+y) Diff w.r.t. y
dx sin a
=> dy = sin2(a+y)
dy sin2(a+y)
=> dx = sin a
b)
dy dy dt 4t−2
3. Hint: Use chain Rule = × =
dx dt dx 2t+3
dy 6
Put t = 2 => |dx| =7 c)
𝑡=2
4. Solution
dy ab
Here = (b−x)2
dx
dy ab
=> |dx| = (b−1)2
1,1
5. Solution
f(x) = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
=> f ′ (x) = sec 2 x − 1 => tan2 x ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
=> f(x) never decreases c)
6. Solution
Take derivatives of the given curves
Here product of derivatives = -1
Hence, the two curves cut at right angles a)
8. Solution
dy dy dt 2t−1
Here dx = dt × dx = 2t
dy
Put =0
dx
2t−1
=> =0
2t
=> 2t − 1 = 0
1
t=2 c)
9. Solution
Equation of normal is given as
1
y − y1 = − dy (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
dx
dy
Here = cos x
dx
dy
=> | | = cos 0 =1
dx 0,0
Equation of normal is y – 0 = - 1(x – 0)
y = −x
y+x = 0 b)
10. Solution
Use chain rule
dy dy dt 4t−2
dx
= dt
× dx = 2t+3
dy (4(2)−2) 6
=> |dx| = (2(2)+3) =7 b)
(2,1)
π
22. Hint: cos−1 x + sin−1 x = 2
d d π
=> dx (cos−1 x + sin−1 x) = dx ( 2 ) c)
23. Hint
Let u = x 6 and v = x 3
du
We need to find
dv
du du dx
By chain rule = × = 2x 3 c)
dv dx dv
25. Hint: Multiplying and dividing by (1 + cos 𝑥) and simplify and then take derivative c)
dy
26. Hint: Here dx = 2𝑥 − 4
dy
32. Solution: Here dx = 2 − 2𝑥
dy
Put dx = 0
=> 2 − 2x = 0 => x = 1
Put in y = 2x − x 2 => y = 1
∴ Point = (1, 1) c)
dy d
33. Hint: Put (6x 2 − 7x) = (x 3 + 5x)
dx dx
=> 12x − 7 = 3x 2 + 5
∴ Point = (1, 1) c)
39. Solution
Let u = sin3 x and v = cos2 x
Then by Chain Rule
du du dx
dv
= dx × dv
3 sin3 𝑥.cos x 3
= −2 cos x.sin x = − 2 sin x a)
42. Hint: No need to take derivatives again and again; because the fourth derivative of x 3 will be
zero. So just take derivatives of sin 𝑥 a)
56. Solution
Let u y 2 and v = x 2
57. Solution
d d
(ex + ey ) = (ex+y)
dx dx
dy dy
ex + ey dx = ex+y [1 + dx]
dy ex+y −ex
=> dx = ey −ex+y
dy e2 −e
=> |dx| = e−e2 = −1 b)
1,1
58. Solution
Given y = [(tan 𝑥)tan 𝑥 ]tan x
Taking ln on both sides
ln 𝑥𝑦 = ln[(tan 𝑥)tan 𝑥 ]tan 𝑥
=> ln 𝑥𝑦 = tan2 𝑥 . ln tan 𝑥
1 dy 1
=> . = 2 tan 𝑥 . sec 2 x . ln tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
y dx tan 𝑥
dy
=> dx
= [(tan 𝑥)tan 𝑥 ]tan 𝑥 [2 tan 𝑥 . sec 2 x . ln tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥]
dy
=> |dx| π = 2 (b)
x=
4
59. Solution
xexy = y + sin2 𝑥
Diff. w.r.t.x
d d
[x xy ] = [y + sin2 x]
dx dx
d dx dy d
x dx exy + exy . dx = dy + x sin2 𝑥
dy dy
x [exy {x dx + y}] + exy = dx + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
dy dy
x 2 exy dx + xy. exy + exy = dx + 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
dy 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥−xy exy −exy
dx
= x2 exy −1
dy 0−0−1
=> |dx| = 0−1 = +1 b)
𝑥=0
63. Solution
If 2x + 2y = 2x+y
Diff w.r.t x
dy dy
=> ln 2 [2𝑥 + 2𝑦 dx] = ln 2 [2x+y {1 + dx}]
dy dy dy
=> 2x + 2y dx = 2x+y + 2x+y dx
[2y − 2x+y ]
dx
= 2𝑥+𝑦 − 2𝑥
64. Solution
y = (sin x)tan 𝑥
Taking ln on both sides
ln 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 . ln(sin 𝑥)
Diff. w.r.t. x
1 dy 1
=> y dx = tan 𝑥 [sin 𝑥 . cos 𝑥] + ln sin 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥
dy
=> dx = 𝑦[1 + sec 2 𝑥 . ln sin 𝑥]
= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 [1 + sec 2 x . ln sin 𝑥] (a)
dy dy dt
65. Hint: Use chain Rule dx = dt
× dx (b)
71. Solution
Take x y . y x = k
Diff w.r.t.x
d d
[x y . y x ] = (k)
dx dx
d dxy
=> x y dx y x + y x . dx =0
dy −𝑦 𝑥 .𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
=> = 𝑦 𝑥
dx 𝑥 .𝑦 .ln 𝑦
dy
=> |dx| = −1 (b)
(𝑒,𝑒)
dy
79. Hint: Find dx at t = 2 c)
dy dy
80. Hint: Use Chain Rule; find and put =0
dx dx
1
=> t = 2
(d)
dy
81. Hint: Find dx at (2, 1)
−1 𝑥 dy −1 𝑥 a
87. Hint: y = easin ; = 𝑒 asin . c)
dx √1−𝑥 2
92. Solution
Take y = x1/x
1
=> ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 1/𝑥 => ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Diff. w.r.t. x
d d 1
dx
ln 𝑦 = dx (x . ln 𝑥)
1 dy 1 d d 1
=> y . dx = 𝑥 dx ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 dx (𝑥)
1 dy 1 1 1
. = [ ] + ln 𝑥 [(− 2 )]
y dx 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 dy 1 ln 𝑥
= 2− 2
𝑦 dx 𝑥 𝑥
dy 1 ln 𝑥
|dx| = 𝑦 [𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 ] = 0 (c)
𝑥=𝑒
Chapter # 17
INTEGRATION
SYNOPSIS
The process of finding an antiderivative is called integration
Mathematical Notation
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. That is, the process of finding a function,
whose differential coefficient is knows, is called integration. If the differential coefficient of F(x) is f(x),
i.e.
d
[F(x)] = f(x)
dx
Then we say that the antiderivative or integral of f(x) is F(x), written as
∫ f(x)dx = F(x)
Here ∫{ } dx is the notation of integration. f(x) is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx
denotes the integration with respect to x.
Indefinite Integrals
d
We know that if dx [F(x)] = f(x), then
∫ f(x)dx = F(x) . Also, for any arbitrary constant C,
d d
[F(x) + C] = [F(x)] + 0 = f(x)
dx dx
∴ ∫ f(x) = F(x) + C,
This shows that F(x) and F(x) + C are both integrals of the same function f(x). Thus, for different
values of C, we obtain different integrals of f(x). This implies that the integrals of f(x) is not definite. By
virtue of this property F(x) is called indefinite integrals of f(x)
Definite Integrals
Let F(x) be any antiderivative of f(x), then for any two values of the independent variable x, say a
and b, the difference F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) from a to b and is denoted by
𝑏
∫𝑎 ∫ f(x) dx
Thus
𝑏
∫ ∫ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a)
𝑎
Where F(x) is anya ntiderivative of f(x), the number a and b are called the limits of integration; a is the
lower limit and b is the upper limit. Usually F(b) – F(a) is abbreviated by writing F(x)lba
Note: If the lower limit is a constant and the upper limit is variable, then the integral is a function of the
upper limit only an vice versa
Differential Equation
An equation which contains at least one dependent variable and its derivatives with respect to
one or more independent variable is called a differential equation
Order
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative appearing in it.
Degree
Degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative that appears in the
equation (When the differential coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions as far as the
derivatives are concerned)
Note The general solution of differential equation of order n contains n arbitrary constant which can be
determined by n initial values conditions
Differentials
Let y = f(x) is a differentiable function then dy = f ′ (x) is called differential of the function
Note
1) δy is the rise of function f(x) for a change δx in x at x whereas dy is the rise of the tangent line at
P corresponding to the same change δx in x.
2) f(x + δx) ≈ f(x) + dy
3) f(x + δx) ≈ f(x) + f ′ (x)dx
MCQs
cot 𝑥
1. ∫ dx is equal to
√sin 𝑥
1 2 2
a) 2√sin 𝑥 + C b) 2√sin 𝑥 + c c) − +C d) +𝐶
√sin 𝑥 √sin 𝑥
1
(𝑥−𝑥 3 )3
2. The value of ∫ 𝑥4
dx is
1 1 4/3 3 1 4/3 3 1 4/3
a) 8
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) b) 8 (𝑥 2 − 1) c) − 8 (x2 − 1) d) None of these
−4 −4 1
3. If ∫−1 f(x)dx = 4 and ∫2 (3 − f(x))dx = 7, then the value of ∫−2 f(−x)dx is
a) 30 b) 29 c) 28 d) None of these
2𝑥
4. ∫ (𝑥 2 +3) dx = ?
a) ln(𝑥 2 + 3) + c b) ln 2𝑥 + c c) ln(2𝑥 − 3) +c d)
ln(x 2 + 2x + 3) +c
(𝑥+2)
5. ∫ (𝑥−3) dx = ?
a) 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 3) + c b) ln(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐 c) ln(𝑥 − 3) + 𝑐 d) None of these
6. ∫ ln 𝑥 dx = ?
a) ln 𝑥 +c b) 𝑥. ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 +c c) 𝑥. ln 𝑥 +c d) 𝑥. ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
8. ∫ tan4 𝑥 dx = ?
1 1 1
a) 3 tan3 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + c b) 3 tan2 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + c c) 2 tan2 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c d)
1
2
tan3 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + c
9. ∫ sec 4 2𝑥 dx = ?
1 1 1 1 1
a) tan 2 𝑥 + tan3 2𝑥 + c b) tan2 𝑥 − tan3 3𝑥 +c c) tan3 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 d)
2 6 3 6 2
None of these
dx
10. ∫ x2 +4x+5 = ?
a) tan−1 𝑥 + c b) tan−1 (𝑥 + 2) + c c) tan−1(𝑥 − 2) + c d) tan−1(𝑥 − 3) +
c
11. ∫ 𝑥 2 ex dx = ?
a) 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2) + c b) 𝑒 𝑥 . (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) + 𝑐 c) 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 d) None of these
1 1
12. ∫ 𝑒^𝑥 {(1−𝑥) + 1−𝑥2 } dx = ?
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
a) 𝑒 𝑥 + c b) 1−𝑥 + c c) (1−𝑥)2 + c d) (1−𝑥)3 + c
13. ∫(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3) dx = ?
a) 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + c b) 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + c c) 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + c d) None of these
14. ∫ √4 − 2𝑡 dt = ?
1 2 1
a) − 3 √4 − 2𝑡 + c b) 3 (4 − 𝑡)2/3 + c c) − 6 (4 − 2𝑡)3 + c d) None of these
dx
15. ∫ 3(2x−1)2 = ?
1 1 6
a) (2𝑥−1)
+𝑐 b) (6−12𝑥) + c c) (2𝑥−1) + c d) None of these
cos √𝑥
16. ∫ dx = ?
√x
a) 2 cos √𝑥 b) sin √𝑥 c) 2 sin √𝑥 d) None of these
3𝑥 2
17. ∫ 𝑥 6 +1 dx = ?
a) log(𝑥 6 + 1) + c b) tan−1 𝑥 3 + c c) 3 tan−1 𝑥 3 + c d) tan 𝑥 3 + c
sin−1 𝑥
18. ∫ dx = ?
√1−𝑥 2
1
a) sin−1 𝑥 + c b) (sin−1 𝑥)2 + c c) 2 (sin−1 𝑥)2 + 𝑐 d) None of
these
20. ∫ 𝑥. tan−1 𝑥 dx = ?
1 1 1
a) 2 (𝑥 2 + 1) tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c b) 2 (𝑥 2 + 1) tan−1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + c c)
(𝑥 2 + 1) tan−1 𝑥 − 𝑥 + c d) None
𝑒 𝑥 (1−𝑥)
21. ∫ 𝑥2
dx =?
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥
a) 𝑥 + c b) − 𝑥
+c c) 𝑥 2 + c d) 𝑒 𝑥
a
22. ∫ xn dx = ?
axn+1 𝑎𝑥 1−𝑛
a) n+1
b) ax n−1 (n − 1) c) 1−𝑛
d) (𝑎𝑥)𝑛+1
1
23. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥 + ) dx = ?
1+𝑥 2
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
a) 𝑒 𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 + (1+𝑥2 ) + c b) 𝑒 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + c c) 𝑒 𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 + c d) (1+𝑥2 ) + 𝑐
𝑥
25. ∫ (𝑥 2 +8) dx = ?
a) ln(𝑥 2 + 8) + 𝑐 b) − ln(𝑥 2 + 8) + c c) ln(𝑥 2 + 8)1/2 + c
d) 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 8)1/2 + c
26. ∫ 43𝑥 dx = ?
1 43𝑥 43𝑥
a) 3.43𝑥 + c b) . 43𝑥 + 𝑐 c) +c d) +c
3 ln 3 3 ln 4
1
27. ∫ 𝑥 2 dx = ?
1 2
a) ln|𝑥| + 𝑐 b) ln|x 2 | + c c) − + c d) − +c
𝑥 𝑥3
d
28. dx
∫ 𝑔(𝑥) dx = ?
1
a) 𝑔(𝑥) b) 𝑔(𝑥) c) 𝑔′ (𝑥) d) 𝑔′′(𝑥)
(𝑥+4)
29. ∫ (𝑥+3) dx = ?
a) ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐 b) 4𝑥 + ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐 c) 𝑥 + ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐
d) 𝑥 2 + ln|𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐
−1
𝑒 tan 𝑥
30. ∫ (1+𝑥 2 )
dx =?
tan−1 𝑥 1 −1 𝑥
a) 𝑒 +c b) −1 𝑥 +c c) ln|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑐 d) ln|𝑒 tan |+𝑐
𝑒 tan
31. ∫ 𝑥. cos 𝑥 dx = ?
a) 𝑥. sin 𝑥 + c b) 𝑥. sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 c) 𝑥. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + c
d) −𝑥. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + c
cot(ln 𝑥)
32. ∫ 𝑥 dx = ?
a) ln[cos(ln 𝑥)] + c b) sin(ln 𝑥) + c c) ln sin(ln 𝑥) + c d) None of these
1
33. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (cosec −1 𝑥 − ) dx = ?
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
cosec−1 x cosec−1 x
a) 𝑒 𝑥 cosec −1 x + c b) cosec −1 x + c c) ex
+ c d) ex
+ c
dy
35. The solution of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 dx = 4 is
a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥 + c b) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 +c c) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐
d) 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 12𝑥 + 𝑐
37. The differential equation of all straight lines passing through origin is
dy dy dy
a) 𝑦 = √𝑥 dx b) dx = 𝑦 + 𝑥 c) dx = y − x d) None of these
d2 y
38. The solution of the equation dx2 = e−2x is y =
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
a) b) + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 c) + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑 d) None of these
4 4 4
dy
39. The solution of the differential equation dx = cos 𝑥 is
a) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 b) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 c) 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 d) None of these
40. The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of arbitrary constants equal to the
order of the differential equation is called the
a) Particular solution b) General solution c) Solution of differential equation
d) None of these
1
41. ∫−1(1 − 𝑥) dx
a) – 2 b) 0 c) 2 d) 4
dy sin 𝑥
44. Solution of the differential equation dx = sin 𝑦 is
a) cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 b) sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 c) sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 𝑐 d) cos y − cos 𝑥 =
𝑐
dy
46. Solution of dx = 𝑥 4 + 12 is
𝑥5 𝑥 5 +12𝑥+c 𝑥 2 +12𝑥
a) 𝑥 4 + 12 + c b) 5
+ 12𝑥 + c c) 5
d) 4+𝑐
47. The order of the highest derivative is called _________ of the differential equation
a) Order b) Degree c) Index d) None of these
4𝑥 3
48. ∫ 1+𝑥8 =
9𝑥 4 x4
a) 9+𝑥 4
b) tan−1 (1+x8 ) c) tan−1 (𝑥 4 ) d) None of these
𝑎
50. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
a) 1 b) 0 c) a d) None of these
1
51. ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) 2 b) 2 − 1 c) 2 + 1 d) 𝜋 + 1
𝑑𝑥
52. ∫ 4𝑥 2 −4𝑥+26 =
1 2𝑥−1 1 2𝑥+1 1 2𝑥−1
a) 5
tan−1 5 b) 10 tan−1 ( 5
) c) 10 tan−1 5
d) None of these
16
53. ∫0 𝑥 dx =
a) 128 b) – 128 c) 256 d) None of these
54. If the lower limit is a constant and the upper limit is a variable, then the integral is a function of
a) The lower limit b) the upper limit c) Either lower or upper limit d) None
of these
𝜋
55. ∫−𝜋 sin 𝑥 dx =
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) 𝜋
𝜋
56. ∫−𝜋cos 𝑥 dx –
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) 𝜋
𝑒
57. ∫1 ln 𝑥 dx =
a) 1 b) 0 c) ∞ d) 𝜋
58. The area between the x-axis and the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 from x = 1 to x = 2 is
10 10
a) 10 b) 3 c) 4 d) None of these
61. The general solution of differential equation of order n contains n arbitrary constants which can
be determined by ______ initial values conditions
a) 𝑛 + 1 b) n c) n – 1 d) none of these
dy
62. Solution of differential equation 𝑥 dx = 1 + y is
a) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 1 b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 c) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 1 d) none of these
64. ∫ tan−1 𝑥 dx =
1 1
a) 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + 1 log|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐 b) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 5 log|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐 c)
−1 1 2|
𝑥 tan 𝑥− log|1 +𝑥 +𝑐
2
1
d) 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 + log|1 + 𝑥2| + 𝑐
5
𝑑𝑥
65. ∫ (3𝑥+2)2 +16 =
1 3𝑥+2 1 3𝑥+2 1 3𝑥−2
a) 12
tan−1 ( 4 ) +c b) 4 tan−1 ( 4
)+ 𝑐 c) 12 tan−1 ( 4
)+ 𝑐 d)
1 3𝑥−2
6
tan−1 ( 4 ) + c
𝑑𝑥
66. ∫ =
√4−9𝑥 2
1 3x 1 2x 1 3𝑥 1 2x
a) sin−1 ( ) + c b) sin−1 ( ) + c c) sin−1 ( ) + c d) sin−1 ( ) + 𝑐
3 2 3 3 2 2 2 3
ex
69. ∫ ex +e−x dx =
1 1
a) 2
tan−1 (ex ) b) 2 log(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) c) tan−1(ex ) d) log(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)
1−cos 𝑥
70. ∫ √1+cos 𝑥 dx =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
a) log sec 2 b) 2 log sec 2 c) 4 log sec 2 d) None of these
1
71. The value of ∫ (𝑥−5)2 dx is
1 1 2
a) +c b) − +c c) (𝑥−5)3 + c d) −2(𝑥 − 5)3 + 𝑐
𝑥−5 𝑥−5
1
𝑒𝑥
72. ∫ 𝑥 2 dx =
1
1
a) 𝑒 1/𝑥 + c b) −𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 c) 𝑒 1/𝑥 + 𝑐 d) None of these
4
2
73. ∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 dx =
2𝑥
a) sin2 𝑥+ c b) sin 2 𝑥+ c c) 𝑒 sin 2𝑥 + c d) 𝑒 sin +c
1 𝑥3
76. ∫0 1+𝑥 8
dx =
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) 16 b) 4 c) 2 d) 8
dy
77. The solution of differential equation (1 + 𝑥 2 ) dx = 2x cot 𝑦, when x = 0, y = 0 is
a) sin 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 b) tan 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 c) sec 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 ) d) cos 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )
∞ 1
78. ∫−∞ x2 +1 dx
𝜋
a) ∞ b) c) 0 d) 𝜋
2
𝜋/2
79. ∫0 cos3 𝑥 dx =
2 3 2 1
a) 3
b) 2 c) − 3 d) 3
80. The differential equation of the family of lines through the origin is
a) 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 b) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑦 c) 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 d) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦′
81. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and x-axis from x = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝜋 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 4
𝜋
82. ∫0 sin 3𝑥 cos 2𝑥 dx =
2 6
a) 0 b) c) d) None of these
5 5
2
83. ∫−1|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
3 5
a) 2
b) 1 c) 2 d) 2
𝜋/2
84. ∫0 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 dx =
a) 𝑒 b) e + 2 c) e – 1 d) e + 1
4
85. ∫1 𝑥√𝑥 dx =
a) 12.4 b) 8.4 c) 8.8 d) 12. 8
2
86. ∫1 |1 − 𝑥| dx =
3
a) 0 b) – 1 c) 2 d) 2
ANSWERS
1. C 17. B 33. A 49. A 65. A
2. C 18. C 34. C 50. B 66. A
3. B 19. (B, C) 35. D 51. B 67. D
4. A 20. B 36. C 52. C 68. C
5. D 21. B 37. D 53. A 69. B
6. B 22. C 38. B 54. B 70. B
7. A 23. B 39. A 55. B 71. B
8. A 24. A 40. B 56. B 72. B
9. A 25. C 41. C 57. A 73. D
10. B 26. D 42. A 58. B 74. C
11. A 27. C 43. B 59. A 75. B
12. B 28. A 44. D 60. A 76. A
13. C 29. C 45. B 61. B 77. C
14. D 30. A 46. B 62. A 78. D
15. B 31. C 47. A 63. B 79. A
16. C 32. C 48. C 64. C 80. D
81. A
82. C
83. C
84. C
85. D
86. B
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution
cot 𝑥
∫ 𝑥
dx = ∫(sin 𝑥)−1/2 cot 𝑥 dx
√sin
1
cos 𝑥
= ∫(sin 𝑥)−2 . sin 𝑥 dx
= ∫(sin 𝑥)−3/2 . cos 𝑥 dx
3
(sin 𝑥)−2+1
= 3 +c
− +1
2
1
= −2(sin 𝑥)−2 +c
2
=− 𝑥
+c (c)
√sin
3. Solution
−4
Given ∫−1 f(x) dx = 4 and
−4
∫−1 (3 − f(x)) dx = 7
−4 −4
=> ∫−2 3dx − ∫−2 f(x) dx = 7
−2
=> ∫−4 f(x) dx = 25
1 2
Now ∫−2 f(−x)dx = ∫−1 f(x) dx
−4 2
= ∫−1 f(x) dx + ∫−4 f(x) dx
= 4 + 25
= 29 b)
8. Solution
∫ tan4 x dx = ∫ tan2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 dx
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 . (sec 2 x − 1) dx
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 . sec 2 x dx - ∫ tan2 x dx
tan3 x
= 3
− ∫ sec 2 x + ∫ dx
tan3 x
= − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 a)
3
9. Solution
∫ sec 4 2𝑥 dx
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 2𝑥) dx
= ∫ sec 2 2𝑥 dx + ∫ tan2 2𝑥. sec 2 2𝑥 dx
1 1
= 2 ∫ sec 2 2x (2) dx + 2 ∫ tan2 2𝑥 . sec 2 2𝑥 (2) dx
1 1
= 2 tan 2𝑥 + 6 tan3 2𝑥 + c a)
17. Solution
3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2
∫ 𝑥 6 +1 dx = ∫ 1+(𝑥3 )2 dx
= tan−1 𝑥 3 + c b)
24. Solution
∫(tan4 x + tan2 x) dx
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 . (tan2 𝑥 + 1) dx
= ∫ tan2 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 dx
tan3 𝑥
= +c a)
3
34. Solution
Take 𝑦 = sec(tan−1 𝑥)
Dy 1
dx
= sec(tan−1 𝑥). tan(tan−1 𝑥). 1+𝑥2
dy
= (1 + x 2 ) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐 c)
dx
35. Solution By taking derivatives of the options; it is clear that only option ‘d’ satisfies the given
differential Equation.
dy
OR x 2 + y 2 dx = 4
dy
=> 𝑦 2 = 4 − x 2
dx
=> y 2 dy = (4 − x 2 ) dx
Integrating
∫ 𝑦 2 dy = ∫ 4 dx − ∫ x 2 dx
y3 𝑥3
=> 3 = 4𝑥 − 3 + c
=> y 3 = 12x − x 3 + c
=> x 3 + y 3 = 12x + c (d)
37. Solution
The equation of all the straight lines passing through origin (0, 0) is y = mx
45. Solution
Put y = 0
=> ln 𝑥 = 0
=> ln 𝑥 = ln 1 => 𝑥 = 1
𝑒 𝑒
Area = ∫1 ln 𝑥 dx = [𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥]1
= (𝑒 ln 𝑒 − 𝑒′) − (1. ln 1 − 1)
= (e − e) − (0 − 1)
=1 (b)
d 4x3
48. Hint: dx tan−1 (𝑥 4 ) = 1+x8 c)
49. Solution
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
∫ sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥 dx = ∫ 1 sin 𝑥 dx
+
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sec 𝑥.cos 𝑥 1
=∫ dx = ∫ dx
1+sin 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
1−sin 𝑥
= ∫ cos2 𝑥 dx = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 dx − ∫ sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥 dx
= tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + c (a)
52. Solution
dx dx
∫ 4x2 −4x+26 = ∫ (2x−1)2 +25
1 2dx 1 1 2𝑥−1
= ∫ (2x−1)2 = [ tan−1 ( )] c)
2 +25 2 5 5
60. Hint: Separate the variables and integrate OR check the derivatives of options (a)
66. Solution
dx dx
∫ √4−9𝑥2 = ∫
√(2)2 −(3𝑥)2
1 3𝑥
= 3
sin−1 2 + c a)
69. Solution
ex e2x
∫ ex −e−x dx = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 +1 dx
1 2e2x
= 2 ∫ e2x +1 dx
1
= 2 ln(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) + c (b)
𝑥 𝑥
70. Hint: Use 1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2 2 and 1 + cos 𝑥 = 2 cos2 2 (b)
72. Solution
1
1
𝑒𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥2 dx= − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− 𝑥 2 ) dx
1
= −𝑒 𝑥 + c b)
d
73. Hint: dx sin2 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 (d)
76. Solution
1 x3 1
∫0 1+x8
dx = 4 [tan−1 𝑥 4 ]10
1
= 4 [tan−1 (1) − tan−1 (0)]
𝜋
= 16 (a)
80. Solution
Eq. of line through the origin is y = x
Check option ‘d’
y = xy′
dy
y = x dx
Separate the variables and integrate
dx dy
∫ x
=∫ y
=> ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑦
=> x = y (d)
2𝜋
81. Hint: ∫0 sin 𝑥 dx = 0 (a)
83. Solution
2 0 2
∫−1|𝑥| dx = ∫−1(−x) dx + ∫0 𝑥 dx
5
=2 c)
86. Solution
2 1 2
∫0 |1 − 𝑥| dx = ∫0 −(1 − 𝑥)dx + ∫1 (1 − 𝑥) dx
= −1 (b)
Chapter # 18
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
SYNOPSIS
Introduction to Analytical Geometry
• Two lines which are perpendicular/orthogonal to each other form a ‘coordinate system’
• The point of intersection of these two lines is called ‘origin’
• The horizontal lines is called ‘x-axis’
• The vertical line is called ‘x-axis’
• These two lines are called ‘coordinate axes’
• The xy-plane consists of too many points. Each point has two components, called coordinates
• Consider a point P(x, y) in plane. Here y is called y-coordinate or ordinate of point P, and it
shows the distance of the point from x-axis
• Consider a point P(cx, y) is plane. Here x is called x-coordinate or abscissa of point P, and it
shows the distance of the point from y-axis
• On x-axis, y is always zero. On y-axis, x is always zero
• The coordinate axes divide the plane into four equal parts, these parts are called “Quadrants”
• Quadrants 1:
• All points (x, y) with x > 0 (+ve) and y > (+ve) e.g. (3, 5), (4, 0), (7, 7) etc
• Quadrants 2:
All points (x, y) with x < 0 (-ve) and y > 0 (+ve) e.g., (-3, 5) (2, -7), (-7, 6) etc
• Quadrants 3:
All points (x, y) with x < 0 (-ve) and y < 0 (-ve) e.g., (-3, -5), (-2, -7), (-7, -6) etc
• Quadrant 4:
All points (x, y) with x > 0 (+ve) and y < 0 (-ve) e.g., (4, -5), (3, -4) etc
• The Distance Formula
If P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) are two points in xy-plane, then the distance d = |P1 P2 | between
them is given by
P2 (x2 , y2 )
P1 (x1 , y1 )
B(x2 , y2 )
K2
P(x, y)
K1
A (x1 , y1 )
In ∆ABC such that A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) and C(x3 , y3 ) are the coordinates, the in-center is given as
ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay2 + by2 + cy3
( , )
a+b+c a+b+c
• The centroid of a ∆ABC is a point that divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1
• Centroid has coordinates
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
( , )
3 3
• Bisector of angles of a triangle are concurrent
A B
• Collinear Points
The three points P1 (x1 , y1 ), P2 (x2 , y2 ) and P3 (x3 , y3 ) are said to be collinear (lie in a same line) if:
x1 y1 1
|x2 y2 1| = 0
x3 y3 1
Important Tips:
In order to prove that a given figure is a
i) Square: Prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonal are also equal
ii) Rhombus: (But not a square
Prove that the four sides are equal but the diagonals are not equal
iii) Rectangle: Prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonal are also equal
iv) Parallelogram: (but not a rectangle)
Prove that the opposite sides are equal, but diagonals are not equal
Note that in each of these cases diagonals bisect each other
• Translation of Axes
Consider we have xy-coordinate system. Let P(x, y) is any point in xy-coordinate system. Origin
is the point of intersection
y Y
O′ (h, k) X
O(0, 0)
Let the axes be translates through this point O′ (h, k). The new axes are O′ X and O′Y. Coordinates
of the point P(x, y) w.r.t. new system are P(X, Y)
Also X = x − h and Y = y − K
Further
x = X+h ; y = Y+K
(Translational eq’s)
Here (x, y) represents the coordinates of point w.r.t. xy-system
(X, Y) represents the coordinates of point w.r.t. XY-system
And O′ (h, k) represents new origin
• Rotation of Axes
Consider the xy-coordinate system. Let P(x, y) is any point in xy-plane
Now, we rotate the axes Ox and Oy about the origin O(0, 0) through an angle θ(0 < θ < 90o ) so
that the new-axes are OX and OY
The coordinates of P become P(X, Y)
Here X = x cos θ + y sin θ
Y = y cos θ − x sin θ
These equations are called equations of rotation
From figure, α is called inclination of the line and 0 < α < 180o
Note In each case, we have to measure the angle of the line that is made with positive x-axis
Rise y
m= = …… (i)
Run x
Also from figure
y
tan α = ……(ii)
x
Comparing
m = tan α
where α is the inclination of the line
• If line is parallel to x-axis. Then α = 0
So slope of a parallel line is zero
• If line is perpendicular to x-axis, then α = 90o
So m = tan 90o
=> m is undefined (∵ tan 90o → α)
So slope of perpendicular line is undefined
• Collinear Points
The three points A, B and C are said to be collinear (lie in a same line) if
Slope of AB = Slope of BC
A B C
m1
m2
𝑙1
• For y-intercept
If a line intersects y-axis at (b, 0) then b is called y-intercept of the line x-component is zero at y-
axis |B| is called the length of the intercept of the line of y-axis
• Slope-Intercept Form
If we are given only the slope m and y-intercept c of a non-vertical line; then its equation is
y = mx + c
where
m = slope of line
c = y-intercept
Note: If we are given only slope m and x-intercept ‘c’ of a non-vertical line, then its equation is
1
x = my + c
where
m = slope of line
c = x − intercept
P(x1 , y1 )
• Intercept Form
If we have non-zero x and y-intercept of a non-vertical line, then its eq. is
x y
(a + b) = 1
Where;
a = x − intercept
and b = y − intercept
• Normal Form
Consider a non-vertical line ‘𝑙’. Take P(x, y) on the line and let p is the length of
perpendicular from the origin to the line and α is the inclination of the perpendicular with x-axis,
then equation of line is
x cos α + y sin α = p
where; a, b and c are constant and are not simultaneously zero
Method II:
Consider a line 𝑙: ax + by + c = 0 and a point P(x1 , y1 ). Now, if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the
same sign, then P(x1 , y1 ) lies above the line.
If ax1 + by1 + c and b have the opposite sign, then P(x1 , y1 ) lies below the line
• Consider two lines:
𝑙1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
𝑙2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
The lines will be parallel if a1 b2 − b1 a2 = 0
The lines will be perpendicular iff a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0
a b c
The lines will be coincident if a1 = b1 = c1
2 2 2
a1 b1
The lines will be intersecting, if ≠
a2 b2
i.e., if they are neither coincident nor parallel
• Two non-parallel lines intersect each other at one and only one point
• By solving two given equation, we can find point of intersection of these two lines
• If the lines are parallel then solution does not exist.
Where;
m1 = slope of 𝑙1
m2 = slope of 𝑙2
Similarly the angle θ from 𝑙2 to 𝑙1 is
m −m
tan θ = 1 2
1+m1 m2
Acute angle θ is given by
m1 −m2
tan θ = 1+m m
1 2
• Concurrent Lines
Three lines 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 and 𝑙3 will be concurrent if matrix
a1 b1 c1
[a2 b2 c2 ] is singular
a3 b3 c3
• The graph of any linear equation in x and y is a straight line
• Homogeneous Equation
Let f(x, y) = 0 be any equation in the variable x and y. Equation is called a homogenous equation
of degree n if:
f(kx, ky) = k n f(x, y)
where n is a positive integer and k is any real number
• Second degree equation in x and y
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
represents a pair of straight lines
• Homogenous Second Degree Equation
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 provided a, h and b are not simultaneously zero
Second degree homogeneous equation represents a pair of lines through the origin
Nature of Lines
The lines are real and distinct, if h2 > ab or h2 − ab > 0
The lines are real and coincident if h2 = ab or h2 − ab = 0
The lines are imaginary if h2 < ab or h2 − ab < 0.
• If the lines are imaginary, they will intersect at (0, 0)
MCQs
1. The point of intersection of all the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
a) Circumcentre b) In centre c) Orthocentre d) Centroid
3. The length of the medium through A of a triangle whose vertices are A(-1, 3), B(1, -1) and C(5,
1) is
a) 5 b) 4 c) 1 d) None of these
4. The coordinate of A, B and C are (6, 3), (-3, 5) and (4, -2) respectively and P is any point (x, y).
The ratio of the areas of triangles PBC and ABC is
(x+y−2) |x+y−2| (x+y+2)
a) 7
b) 7 c) 7 d) None of these
5. The values of k for which the points (k, 2 – 2k), (-k+1, 2k) and (-4-k, 6-2k) are collinear, is
1 1
a) 2 b) − 2 c) 1 d) – 1
6. The locus of the point whose distance from x-axis is twice that from y-axis, is
a) y = x b) y = 2x c) x = y d) x = 2y
8. If P(1, 2), Q(4, 6), R(5, 7) and S(a, b) are the vertices of a parallelogram PQRS, then
a) a = 2, b = 4 b) a = 3, b = 4 c) a = 2, b = 3 d) a = 3, b = 5
9. The point which divides the join of (1, 2) and (3, 4) externally in the ratio 1 : 1
a) Lies in the IIIrd quadrant b) lies in the IInd quadrant c) lies in the first quadrant
d) cannot be found
10. The triangle with vertices at (2, 4), (2, 6) and (2 + √3, 5) is
a) Right angled and isosceles b) always isosceles c) equilateral d) none of these
11. The new coordinate of a point (4, 5) when the origin is shifted to the point (1, -2) are
a) (5, 3) b) (3, 5) c) (3, 7) d) None of these
12. The point (-5, 3) is the center of a circle and P(7, -2) lies on the circle. The radius of the circle is
a) 2 b) 13 c) 7 d) 8
13. The center of a circle of radius 10 is on the origin. Which of the following point lies with in the
circle?
a) (10, 0) b) (8, 8) c) (8, 4) d) (0, 10)
14. The centroid of a triangle is a point that divides each ____ in the ratio ___
a) Median, 1:2 b) Altitudes, 2:1 c) Medians, 2:1 d) None of these
16. The points (7, 9), (3, -7) and (-3, 3) are the vertices of
a) A right angled triangle b) an isosceles triangle c) an equilateral triangle d) a
right angled isosceles triangle
17. The points (4, -2), (-2, 4) and (5, 5) are the vertices of a triangle. Then the coordinates of the in
centre of the triangle are?
7 2 3 3 5 5
a) ( , ) b) ( , ) c) ( , ) d) (3, −3)
2 7 2 2 2 2
22. Find ‘b’ if the line through (3, 4) and (-1, b) is parallel to the line through (2, 3) and (-5, 1)
20 11
a) 20 b) 17 c) d) −
7 15
23. The equation of the line through the points (2, 4) and (7, 1) is
a) 5𝑦 + 3𝑥 = 0 b) 5𝑦 + 3𝑥 − 26 = 0 c) 2√5𝑦 + 16𝑥 − 13 = 0 d) 9𝑥 +
2𝑦 + 17 = 0
26. If the origin is shifted to (-4, -6) then the point P(-6, -8) will be shifted into
a) (-2, 1) b) (-2, -2) c) (0, -2) d) (2, 2)
27. The xy-coordinates are related about origin at an angle 180o , the coordinates of the point P(4, -1)
are
a) (1, 4) b) (-1, 4) c) (-4, 1) d) (-4, -1)
28. Find the point three-fifth of the way along the line segment from A (-5, 8) to B(5, 3)
a) (5, -1) b) (1, 5) c) (6, -1) d) (-1, 6)
30. The equation of the straight line, if its slope is 2 and y-intercept is 5 is given as
𝑥 4 𝑥 4 6 4
a) 𝑦 = 6 + 3 b) 𝑦 = 6 − 3 c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 d) None of these
31. The coordinates of a point on the line x + y = 4 that lies at a unit distance from the line 4x + 3y –
10 = 0 are
a) (3, 1) b) (-7, 11) c) (3, -1) d) (7, 11)
32. The acute angle between the line x + y = 3 and the line joining the points (1, 1) and (-3, 4) is
3 3 1 1
a) tan−1 (7) b) π − tan−1 (7) c) tan−1 (7) d) π − tan−1 (7)
4
33. The equation of the straight line, having x-intercept equal to − 5 and is perpendicular to the line
2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 8 = 0
a) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4 = 0 b) 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0 c) 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0 d) 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 +
4=0
34. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points (1, 4) and (3, 6)
is
a) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7 = 0 c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 7 = 0 d) None of these
35. The equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the lines x – y = 1
and 2x – 3y + 1 = 0 and parallel to the lines 3x + 4y = 14 is
a) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 24 = 0 b) 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 24 = 0 c) 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 24 = 0 d) 4𝑥 +
3𝑦 − 24 = 0
36. The equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of lines 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 7 =
0 and 12𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 13 = 0 and perpendicular to the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5 = 0 is
a) 33𝑥 + 22𝑦 + 13 = 0 b) 33𝑥 + 22𝑦 − 13 = 0 c) 33𝑥 − 22𝑦 + 13 = 0 d)
None of these
39. A line passes through the point (2, 3) and is perpendicular to the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3. Its y intercept
is
1 2 4
a) 3 b) 3 c) 1 d) 3
3
40. The equation of the line with slope − 2 and which is concurrent with the lines 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
and 8𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 1 = 0 is
a) 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 b) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 = 0 c) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 63 = 0 d) None of
these
42. If the lines 𝑎𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑏𝑥 + 13𝑦 + 1 = 0, and 𝑐𝑥 + 14𝑦 + 1 = 0 are concurrent, then a,
b, c are in
a) H.P b) G.P c) A.P d) none of these
43. The lines passing through (0, 1) and perpendicular to the lines 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 11 = 0 is
a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 11 = 0 b) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 c) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 d) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 =
0
44. Two points (a, 0) and (0, b) are joined by a straight line. Another point on this line is
a) (-3a, 2b) b) (a, b) c) (3a, -2b) d) (𝑎2 ,ab)
47. The equation of straight line passing through point of intersection of the straight lines 3𝑥 − 𝑦 +
2 = 0 and 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0 and having infinite slope is
a) 𝑥 = 2 b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 c) 𝑥 = 3 d) 𝑥 = 4
48. If the equation 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑦 2 = 0 represents two perpendicular lines, then the value of k is
a) 3 b) – 3 c) 2 d) none of these
49. If the lines represented by 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘𝑦 2 = 0 are coincident, then the values of k is
a) 8 b) – 8 c) 4 d) none of these
51. If the equation 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚𝑦 2 = 0 represents a pair of lines inclined at an angle 𝜋, then m is
equal to
a) 3 b) 6 c) 9 d) any real number
54. The angle between the pair of lines given by the equation 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a) 3 b) 6 c) 2 d) 0
56. The equation of line passing through point (4, −6) and making an angle of 45𝑜 with positive x-
axis is
a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10 = 0 b) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 c) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 − 0 d) 𝑦 − 𝑥 +
10 = 0
57. If a line passes through points (4, 3) and (2, k) and perpendicular to 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3, then k is equal
to
a) -1 b) 1 c) -4 d) 4
58. The measure of the angle from the first line to the second line whose slopes are 0 and 3, is
1 1
a) tan−1 (3) b) tan−1 3 c) 2 tan−1 7 d) 2 tan−1 3
4𝑥
60. Which point is above the line 3 + 𝑦 = 1?
a) (−3, −1) b) (−3, 1) c) (3, 1) d) (−4, −1)
62. (4, 0), (0, −5) and (0, 0) are the vertices of a/an
a) Isosceles triangle b) right triangle c) equilateral triangle d) oblique triangle
63. The point (x, y) is on x-axis and its distance is 6 units from (5, 2), then coordinates of P are
a) (2, √5) b) (√3, 4) c) (2, 10) d) none of these
64. Equation of straight line passing through (3, 4) and having x-intercept ‘1’ is
a) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 b) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 c) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 d) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 10 = 0
65. The equation of straight line passing through a point (−1, 7) and // to line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0 is
a) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7 = 0 c) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 9 = 0 d) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 8 =
0
5
66. The mid point of P(x, y) and (3, 1) is (4, 2), then coordinates of point P are
a) (3, 2) b) (4, 5) c) (5, 4) d) (1, 5)
67. The equation of the line passing through (-6, 5) and having slope 7 is
a) 7𝑥 − 47 b) −7𝑥 − 47 c) 7𝑥 + 47 d) −7𝑥 + 47
68. The equation of straight line passing through the intersection of lines 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 +
5𝑦 − 9 = 0 and at distance √5 from the origin is
a) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 b) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 c) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 d) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1
70. The area of the triangle with vertices at the points (a, b + c), (b, c + a), (c, a + b) is
a) 0 b) a + b + c c) ab + bc + ca d) none of these
73. A line passes through the point (2, 2) and is perpendicular to the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3. Its y intercept
is
a) 1/3 b) 2/3 c) 1 d) 4/3
ANSWERS
1. A 15. C 29. A 43. B 57. D
2. C 16. D 30. D 44. C 58. B
3. A 17. C 31. (A, B) 45. A 59. D
4. B 18. B 32. C 46. B 60. C
5. D 19. A 33. D 47. C 61. B
6. B 20. C 34. B 48. B 62. B
7. A 21. B 35. B 49. A 63. D
8. C 22. C 36. A 50. A 64. B
9. D 23. B 37. B 51. A 65. C
10. C 24. C 38. B 52. D 66. C
11. C 25. A 39. D 53. D 67. C
12. B 26. B 40. B 54. C 68. C
13. B 27. C 41. A 55. A 69. A
14. B 28. B 42. C 56. C 70. A
71. B
72. A
73. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
4. Solution
𝑥 𝑦 1
1
Area of ∆PBC = |−3 5 1|
2
4 −2 1
= 7x + 7y − 14
6 3 1
1
Area of ∆ABC = |−3 5 1| = 49
2
4 −2 1
Area of ∆PBC |7x+7y−14|
∴ Area of ∆ABC = 49
|x+y−2|
= 7
(b)
6. Hint: Let the coordinates of the point P be (α, β). Then, distance of P from x-axis is β and from
y-axis is α
We have, β = 2α (given)
∴ the locus of P is y = 2x (b)
|c2 −c1 |
24. Hint: Use distance =
√a2 +b2
|8+2| 10
= = =2 c)
√14+9 5
31. Solution
Simply check the options which satisfy the Eq. x + y = 4 (a, b)
33. Hint: Check options. Starting of the required line will be like 5x + 2y + k = 0. Further we can
check x-intercept as well (d)
34. Solution
Midpoint of the line joining (1, 4) and (3, 6) is (2, 5)
Now the point (2, 5) satisfy the equation
x+y−7=0 (b)
3
40. Hint: First check the option such that the slope of line is − 2. Option (a) cannot be the rifght
answer.
Secondly, check the point of intersection of two given lines i.e., (-8, 13)
OR Point of intersection (-8, 13) satisfies the eq. of line 3x + 2y − 2 = 0 (b)
43. Hint: Only option (b) can be the answer because its slope is “-2” and point (0, 1) satisfies it as
well (b)
b
44. Hint: Slope of given two points = − a
Only the point (3a, -2b) has the same slope with given points c)
47. Hint: Option (b) cannot be the answer because its slope is finite. Point of intersection of given
lines is (3, 11)
So x = 3 is the required line (c)
57. Solution
k−3
Slope of line joining (4, 3) and (2, k) = 2−4
Slope of given line = 2
k−3
Put (2−4) (2) = −1
k−3 =1
=> k = 4 (d)
63. Hint: If point is on x-axis, its y-component must be zero. So there is no option in which y-
component is zero (d)
66. Solution
x+3 y+1 5
Here 4 = 2
and 2
=2
=> 𝑥 = 5; 𝑦 = 4
c)
67. Solution
Let y = mx + c be the required line
Here m = 7
∴ y = 7x + c
If line passes through (-6, 5), we have
5 = 7(−6) + 𝑐
c = 47
Therefore, required line is
y = 7x + 47 c)
71. Hint: Every point of 1 has a same values of ordinate, that is y-component because line is parallel
to x-axis, so perpendicular distance of line from x-axis will remain same (b)
72. Solution
2 1
m1 = − 3 and m2 = β
73. Hint: Find equation of line with slope m = - 3 and find its y-intercept by putting x = 0 in equation
of line (d)
Chapter # 19
SYNOPSIS
Inequalities
Inequalities are of four types
Inequalities Symbols
Greater than >
Less than <
Greater than or equal to ≥
Less than or equal to ≤
Linear Inequalities
General a linear inequality in two variables x and y can be of the following four forms
i) ax + by < c
ii) ax + by ≤ c
iii) ax + by > c
iv) ax + by ≥ c
Half Planes
Every inequality divides a plane into two half planes
Linear Programming
Linear programming is a branch of mathematic that deals with an important class of constrained
optimization problems
Problem Constraints
The system of linear inequalities involved in the problem concerned is called problem constraints
Feasible Region
A region which is restricted in first quadrant under certain constraints is called the feasible region
Feasible Solution
Each point of the feasible region is called feasible solution
Convex Region
If the line joining any two points of a region lies entirely with in the region, then the region is called
convex
Objective Function
A function which is to be maximized or minimized but not both is called objective function
Optimal Solution
The feasible solution which maximized or minimizes the objective function is called optimal solution
MCQs
1. A function which is to be maximized or minimized is called ________ function
a) Optimal b) Feasible c) Objective d) Corner
2. The feasible solution which maximized or minimized the objective function is called
a) Feasible solution b) Optimal solution c) Either feasible or optimal d) None of these
11. A point of a solution region where two of its boundary lines intersect is called
a) Vertex b) Corner point c) Both a) and b) d) None of these
13. If the line segment obtained by joining any two points of a region lies entirely within the region,
then the region is called
a) Feasible region b) solution region c) convex region d) none of these
ANSWERS
1. C 8. C
2. B 9. D
3. D 10. D
4. C 11. C
5. C 12. C
6. A 13. C
7. C
Chapter # 20
CONIC SECTION
SYNOPSIS
Circle
A circle is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point always
remains constant. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is called the radius of the
circle.
If the centre of the circle is at the origin and radius is a, then the equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 = a2
Parametric Equation
x = a cos θ , y = a sin θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π is said to be parametric equation of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 in terms
of the parameter θ
Notes
Let S be a circle and P(x1 , y1 ) and Q(x2 , y2 ) be two points in the plane of S, then they lie
• On the same side of S iff S1 and S2 have same signs
• On the opposite sides of S iff S1 and S2 have opposite signs
Let S be a circle with centre C and radius a. Let l be any line in the plane of the circle and d be the
perpendicular distance from C to the line 𝑙, then
1. 𝑙 intersects S in two distinct points iff d < a
2. 𝑙 intersects S in one and only point iff d = a, i.e., the line l touches the circle if perpendicular
distance from the centre to the line l is equal to radius of the circle
3. 𝑙 does not intersect S iff d > 1
r1 x2 + r2 x1 r1 y2 + r2 y1
C=( , )
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
iii. Touch each other internally if and only if
AB = |r1 − r2 |, and their point of contact C is given by
r1 x2 − r2 x1 r1 y2 −r2 y1
C=( , )
r1 − r2 r1 − r2
Condition of Tangency
The straight line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the circle
x 2 + y 2 = a2 if c = ±a√1 + m2
Note A line will touch a circle if and only if the length of the perpendicular from the centre of the circle to
the line is equation to the radius of the circle
The length of the tangent that can be drawn from the point P(x1 , y1 ) to the circle S = 0is √S1, where
the coefficients of x 2 and y 2 in the equation of the circle are unity. Thus the length of the tangent from the
point P(x1 , y1 ) to circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by
PT = √x12 + y12 + 2gx + 2fy1 + c
Introduction
Conic section is the curve obtained when a conical surface is intersected by a plane. If the intersecting
plane cuts both extensions of the cone, it yields a hyperbola, if it is parallel to the side of the cone, it
Cone
A cone is the surface or the solid figure formed by moving a line so that the line always intersects a
plane (called the directrix) and passes through a fixed point (called the vertex) See figure (a) and (b).
In a right circular cone figure (a) the axis is perpendicular to (forms a 90o angle with) the directrix
Rotating a right triangle around one of its shorter sides (making the side the axis will produce a right
circular cone. In an oblique circular cone figure (b) the axis does not form 90o angle with the
directrix.
2. Section of a right circular cone by a plane, which is parallel to its base, is a circle
3. Section of a right circular cone by a plane, which is parallel to a generator of the cone, is a
parabola
4. Section of a right circular cone by a plane, which is not parallel to any generator and not parallel
or perpendicular to the axis of the cone, is an ellipse
5. Section of a right circular cone by a plane, which is parallel to the axis of the cone, is a hyperbola
A conic section or conic is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from a fixed point is in a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight line
The fixed point is called a focus, the fixed straight line is called a directly, and the constant ratio is
called the eccentricity, which is denoted by ‘e’
From the definition, we have
PS
PK
= Constant = e,
If e = 1, the curve is a parabola
If e < 1, the curve is an ellipse
If e > 1, the curve is a hyperbola
The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis of the
conic.
A point of intersection of conic with its axis is called a vertex of the conic.
Note: It is assumed that the point P moves in the plane in which, the fixed point and the fixed straight line
lie.
We proceed to find the equation of the simplest of these curves, namely that in which the eccentricity is
equal to unity. This curve as you know, is called a parabola
General Equation
The general equation of second degree ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents
• A pair of straight lines if ∆= 0 where ∆= abc + 2fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2
a h g
or ∆= |h b f |
g f c
• A circle if ∆≠ 0, a = b and h = 0
• A parabola if ∆≠ 0 and h2 = ab
• An ellipse if ∆≠ 0 and h2 < ab, and
• A hyperbola if ∆≠ 0 and h2 > ab
Parabola
A parabola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point (called
the focus) is equal to its distance from a fixed straight line (called the directrix)
Let S be the focus, QN be the directrix and P be any point on the parabola. Then, by definition, PS = PN
where PN is the length of the perpendicular from P on the directrix QN
Also be definition,
LSL′ = 2(√4a. a) = 4a
= double ordinate (Any chord of the parabola y 2 = 4ax which is ⊥ to its axis is called the double
ordinate through the focus S)
Note Two parabolas are said to be equal when their latus recta are equal
Ellipse
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(called focus) and a fixed line (called directrix) is a constant which is less than one. This ratio is called
eccentricity and is denited by e. For an ellipse, e < 1
PS
Let S be the focus, QN be the directrix and P be any point on the ellipse. Then, by definition, = e or
PN
PS = ePN, e < 1, where PN is the length of the perpendicular from P on the directrix QN.
An Alternate Definition
An ellipse is the locus of a point that moves in such a way that the sum of its distances from two fixed
points (called foci) is constant.
2. Focal
It S and S’ are the two foci of the ellipse and their coordinates are (ae, o) and (-ae, 0) respectively,
then distance between foci is given by:
SS ′ = 2ae
3. Directrices
a a
If Zm and Z’M’ are the two directrices of the ellipse and their equations are x = and x = −
c e
respectively, then the distance between directrices is given by
2a
ZZ′ =
e
4. Axes
The lines AA′ and BB′ are called the major axis and minor axis respectively of the ellipse.
The length of major axis = AA′ = 2a
The length of minor axis = BB ′ = 2b
5. Centre
The point of intersection C of the axes of the ellipse is called the centre of the ellipse. All chords,
passing through C are bisected at C.
6. Vertices
The end points A and A’ of the major axis are known as the vertices of the ellipse
7. Focal Chord
A chord of the ellipse passing through its focus is called a focal chord
8. Latus Rectum
If LL′ and NN′ are the latus rectum of the ellipse, then these lines are ⊥ to the major axis AA′,
passing through the foci S and S′ respectively
Standard Equation 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐 𝐱𝟐 𝐲𝟐
+ = 𝟏(𝐚 > 𝐛) + = 𝟏(𝐚, 𝐛)
𝐚𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐛 𝟐 𝐚𝟐
Shape of the ellipse
Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that the ratio of its distances from a
fixed point (called focus) and a fixed line (called directrix) is a constant which is greater than one.
This ratio is called eccentricity and is denoted by e. for a hyperbola, e > 1
Let S be the focus, QN be the directrix and P be any point on the hyperbola. Then, by definition,
PS
PN
= e or PS = ePN, e > 1
Where PN is the length of the perpendicular from P on the directrix QN
An Alternate Definition
A hyper bola is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points (called foci) is constant
Asymptotes of Hyperbola
x2 y2 bx
The lines a2 − b2 = 0 i.e. y = ± a are called the asymptotes of the hyperbola
The curve comes close to these lines as x → ∞ or x → −∞ but never meets them. in other words,
asymptotes to a curve touches the curve at infinity
Notes:
x2 y2 b
1. The angle between the asymptotes of a2 − b2 = 1 is 2 tan−1 (a)
2. The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola
Rectangular Hyperbola
If asymptotes of the standard hyperbola are perpendicular to each other, then it is known as
Rectangular Hyperbola
Transformations
Translation of Axis
To transform the given equations referred to the new origin O′ (h, k) put x = X + h, y = Y + k in the
given equation of the curve.
Rotation of Axis
To find the new equation when axis are rotated through an angle θ, put x = X cos θ − Y sin θ, y =
X sin θ + Y cos θ in the given equation
MCQs
1. The equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through the point (4, 6) is
a) x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4y − 20 = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4y − 20 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y − 20 = 0 d) None of these
5. The number of tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 − 8x − 6y + 9 = 0 which pass through the point
(3, -2) is
a) 2 b) 1 c) 0 d) None of these
10. The equation of the circle, the end points of whose diameter are the centre of the cirlces
a) x 2 + y 2 + x − 2y − 41 = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 + x + 2y − 41 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + x + 2y + 41 = 0 d) None of these
12. The equation of that diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y − 8 = 0, which passes through the
origins, is
a) x − 3y = 0 b) x + 3y = 0 c) 3x − y = 0 d) none of these
13. Equation of tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 10, at the point whose abscissa is 1, is
a) x + 3y = 10 b) 3x + y = 10 c) x − 3y = 10 d) 3x − y = 10
16. The equation of a parabola is (y − 2)2 = −16(x − 1). The latus rectum and focus are
respectively
a) 16 and (2, -3) b) -16 and (-2, -3) c) 16 and (-3, 2) d) None of these
17. The slope of the tangent at the point (h, h) of the circles x 2 + y 2 = a2 is
a) 0 b) 0 c) -1 d) Depend upon h
20. The area of a circle centered at (1, 2) and passing through (4, 6) is
a) 30π sq. units b) 5 π sq. units c) 15 π sq. units d) 25 π sq. units
21. The equation of tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 which are inclined at angle of 30o to the x-
axis are
a) y = x√3 ± 5 b) √3y = x ± 10 c) ±√3y = x + 10 d) None of these
23. The value of k for which the line x + y + 1 = 0 touches the parabola y 2 = kx is
a) – 4 b) 4 c) 2 d) – 2
24. The equation of the normal to the parabola y 2 = 4x, which passes through the point (3, 0) os
a) y = 0 b) y = x − 3 c) y = −x + 3 d) All of these
25. For all parabola x 2 + 4x + 4y + 16 = 0, the equation of the axis and the directrix are given by
a) x + 2 = 0, y − 2 = 0 b) x − 2 = 0, y + 2 = 0 c) x + 2 = 0, y + 2 = 0 d) None
26. If (4, 0) is the vertex and y-axis, the directrix of a parabola, then its focus is
a) (8, 0) b) (4, 0) c) (0, 8) d) (0, 4)
30. The slope of the normal at the point (at 2 , 2at) of the parabola y 2 = 4ax is
1 1
a) t b) t c) −t d) − t
33. The parabola y 2 = 4ax passes through the point (2, -6) then the length of its latus rectum is
a) 9 b) 16 c) 18 d) 6
37. The equation of the ellipse referred to its axis as the axes of coordinates with latus rectum 8 and
1
eccentricity 2 is
√
a) x 2 + 2y 2 = 64 b) 2x 2 + y 2 = 64 c) x 2 + 4y 2 = 16 d) None of these
38. The sum of the focal distances from any point on the ellipse 9x 2 + 16y 2 = 144 is
a) 32 b) 18 c) 16 d8
39. If P(x, y), F1 (3, 0), F2 (−3, 0) and 16x 2 + 25y 2 = 400, then PF1 + PF2 equals
a) 8 b) 6 c) 10 d) 12
x2
40. The number of values of c such that the straight line y = 4x + C touches the curve + y 2 = 1 is
4
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) infinite
x2 y2
42. If F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1 and P(x, y) a point on it, the value of PF1 +
PF2 is
a) 2b b) 2a c) a – b d) a + b
x2 y2
50. The parametric equation of the hyperbola a2 − b2 = 1 are
a) x = a tan θ, y = b sec θ b) x = a sec θ, y = b tan θ c) x = √2, y = b d) None
x2 y2
52. The equation of the normal to the hyperbola − = 1 at (4, 0) is
16 9
a) y = 0 b) y = x c) 𝑥 = 0 d) x = −y
x2 y2
54. Equation of conjugate axis of hyperbola a2 − b2 = 1 is
a) x = 0 b) y = 0 c) x = a d) y = x
x2 y2
55. Length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola a2 − b2 = 1 is
e a a 2b2
a) a
b) e c) 2b2 d) a
56. Hyperbola is: I. An open curve II. A closed curve III. It extends to infinity
a) I and III b) II only c) II and III d) I only
57. ax 2 + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a hyperbola if: I. a ≠ 0 II. b ≠ 0. III a and b have
different signs
a) I and II b) I, II and III c) II and III d) none of these
59. The equation of hyperbola with centre at the origin, focus (8, 0), directrix x = 4 is
a) x 2 − y 2 = 4 b) x 2 − y 2 = 1 c) x 2 − y 2 = 16 d) x 2 − y 2 = 32
3
60. The equation of hyperbola with centre at the origin, directrix x = 3, e = 2 is
a) 20x 2 − 16y 2 = 405 b) x 2 − y 2 = 4 c) 2x 2 − 2y 2 = 6 d) none
61. The equation of hyperbola with centre at the origin, length of the latus recture = 64/3, transverse
axis along y-axis, e = 5/3 is
a) 7x 2 − 8y 2 = 5 b) 3x 2 − 6y 2 = 8 c) 16x 2 − 9y 2 = 576 d) None
62. For the parabola x 2 + 4x + 4y + 16 = 0, the equation of the axis and the directrix are given by
a) x + 2 = 0, y − 2 = 0 b) x − 2 = 0, y + 2 = 0 c) x + 2 = 0, y + 2 = 0 d) None
x2 y2 x2 y2
67. The sum of the square of the eccentricities of the conics 4
+ 3
= 1 and 4
− 3
= 1 is
7
a) 2 b) 2 √3 c) √7 d) None of these
68. With respect to the parabola y 2 = 2x, the points P(4, 2) and Q(1, 4) are such that
a) P and Q both lie inside the parabola
b) P lies inside whereas Q lies outside the parabola
c) P lies outside whereas Q lies inside the parabola
d) P and Q both lie outside the parabola
70. The distance between the foci is 16, eccentricity = 1/2, then the length of the major axis of the
ellipse is
a) 32 b) 16 c) 64 d) 8
x2 y2
72. The eccentricity of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 if its latus rectum is equal to one half of its minor axis
a b
is
1 √3 1
a) b) c) d) None of these
√2 2 2
73. The eccentricity of the ellipse, if the minor axis is equal to the distance between the foci is
√3 2 1
a) 2
b) c) d) √2
√3 √2
76. A parabola has its focus at (−4, 0) and its directrix is 𝑥 = 4, its equation is
a) y 2 = −16x b) x 2 = −8y c) y 2 = 8x d) x 2 = 9y
x2 y2
78. In an ellipse a2 + b2 = 1, if the distance between the directrices is 3 times the distance between
the foci, then the eccentricity is
1 1 1 1
a) 2 b) 3 c) 2 d) 3
√ √
79. In an ellipse the distance between its foci is 6 and length of its minor axis is 8. Then its
eccentricity is
3 1 1 4
a) b) c( d)
5 √52 2 5
80. The general second degree equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
hyperbola when
a) h2 − ab < 0 b) h2 − ab > 0 c) h2 = ab d) both (b) and (c)
81. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is half of its transverse axis, is
1 2 3
a) b) √3 c) √2 d) None of these
√2
x2 y2
82. The number of tangents to the hyperbola 4
− 3
= 1 through (4, 1) is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) 3
x2 y2
84. The radius of the circle passing through the foci of the ellipse + = 1 and having its centre at
16 9
(0, 3) is
7
a) 4 b) 3 c) √12 d) 2
1
85. The equation to the ellipse whose foci are (±2, 0) and eccentricity is
2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
a) 12
+ 16 = 1 b) 16 + 12 = 1 c) 16 + 8
=1 d) None of these
𝑥2 𝑦2
87. The length of conjugate axis of 25 − 16 = 1 is
a) 5 b) 4 c) 10 d) 8
ANSWERS
1. C 17. C 33. C 49. C 65. C
2. C 18. D 34. C 50. B 66. C
3. A 19. B 35. A 51. C 67. A
4. C 20. D 36. C 52. A 68. B
5. A 21. B 37. D 53. C 69. B
6. B 22. A 38. A 54. A 70. A
7. A 23. B 39. D 55. D 71. C
8. B 24. D 40. C 56. A 72. B
9. B 25. C 41. C 57. B 73. C
10. A 26. A 42. C 58. A 74. C
11. B 27. C 43. B 59. D 75. D
12. B 28. C 44. D 60. A 76. A
13. A, C 29. A 45. C 61. D 77. B
14. B 30. C 46. A 62. C 78. B
15. D 31. C 47. A 63. B 79. A
16. C 32. C 48. D 64. A 80. B
81. C
82. B
83. A
84. A
85. B
86. C
87. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Hint: Method-I: Find radius and use the equation of circle (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2 where
centre C (h, k) = C (1, 2)
Method-II: The point (4, 6) satisfies the eq.
x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y − 20 = 0 (c)
4. Solution: Take x 2 ± 8x + y 2 + 6y + 25 = 0
=> x 2 − 8x + 16 + y 2 + 6y + 9 = 0
=> (x − 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 0
Here radius is zero c)
5. Hint: The point (3, -2) lies outside the circle, so two tangents can be drawn from this point (a)
9. Solution Take x 2 + y 2 − 8x + 4y + 4 = 0
Comparing it with general form; we have
2g = −8; 2f = 4; c = 4
=> g = −4; f = 2; c = 4
Therefore; Centre = (−g, −f) = (4,2)
Radius = √g 2 + f 2 − c
= √16 + 4 − 4 = 4
10. Hint: Method-1: Find the centre of given circle and with the help of centres find radius and
centre of required circle
Use (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2
Method-2: Find any one centre of given circles and check the options
Option (a) satisfies the point
18. Hint: There is no point given which satisfies both the given eq’s of circle (d)
24. Hint: Point (3, 0) satisfies all the given eqs. (d)
26. Hint: Distance between directrix and vertex is equal to the distance between vertex and focus.
Distance of focus from the directrix = 2 × 4 = 8
∴ Coordinates of the focus, which lies on x-axis = (8, 0) (a)
28. Solution: The give equation of parabola can be written in the form (x − 3)2 = 3(y + 1)
∴ Eq. of the axis of parabola is x − 3 = 0
That is x = 3 c)
dy 2a
30. Hint: Slope of Tangent = =
dx y
dy 2a 1
=> dx |(at2 ,2at) = 2at = t
Slope of normal = -t c)
31. Hint: Use length of latus rectum = 4a
The given eq. of parabola can be written as
5 2 1
(y − 2) = 2 (x − 4)
1
Length of latus rectum = 4a = 2 c)
32. Solution:
Given parabola is x 2 = 4xy (1)
And line is y = mx + c (2)
Eliminate between (1) and (2) we get
x 2 − 4amx − 4ac = 0 (3)
If line (2) touches the parabola (1), then the roots of (3) must be real and equal. So put
b2 = 4ac = 0
=> (−4am)2 − 4(1)(−4ac) =0
=> c = −am2 c)
2b2
37. Latus Rectum = = 8 => b2 = 4a (1)
2
1
Also e = b2 = a2 (1 − e2 ) => a = 8, b2 = 32
√2
x2 y2
Eq. of ellipse is 64 + 32 = 1
=> x 2 + 2y 2 = 64 a)
c = ±√65 c)
45. Hint: 3x 2 − y 2 = 4
x2 y2
=> 4 − 4
=1
3
4 16
=> a2 = 3 ; b2 = 4; c 2 = a2 + b2 = 3
c
Now e = a
4
√3
2
e= =2 c)
√3
Note: Eliminate the options which represents eccentricity less than one
48. Solution:
x2 y2
The line of y = mx + c touches the hyperbola a2 − b2 = 1
If c 2 = a2 m2 − b2
=> m = 4; a2 = 1; b2 = 1
c 2 = 16 − 1 => c = ±√15 d)
52. Solution:
dy 9x
Here =
dx 16y
dy 9(−4)
=> | = →∞
dx (−4,0) 16(0)
1
Eq of normal is y − 0 = − ∞ (x + 4)
=> y = 0 a)
x2 y2
53. Solution Take 169 + 25 = 1
Here a2 = 169; b2 = 25
a = 13; b = 5
61. Hint: There is no equation given which satisfies all the given conditions d)
68. Hint: Simply put the point into equation of parabola and check the answer whether positive or
negative b)
71. Solution 5y 2 = 4x
4
y2 = 5 x
Comparing with y 2 = 4ax
4
=> 4a = 5
1
=> a = 5
Equation of directrix is
x = −a
1
x=−
5
=> 5x + 1 = 0 c)
x2 y2
72. Solution Given eq of ellipse is a2 + b2 = 1
2b2
Its latus rectum = a
and minor axis = 26
1
Given latus rectum = 2 (Minor axis)
2b2 1
=> = (2b) => a = 2b
a 2
2 a2 −b2 4b2 −b2 3b2 3
Now e = a2 = 4b2 = 4b2 =4
√3
=> e = 2 b)
x2 y2
81. Solution: Let the eq of hyperbola be − =1
a2 b2
1
Given latus rectum = (transverse axis)
2
2b2 1
a
= 2 (2a) => 2b2 = a2
=> 2a2 (e2 − 1) = a2
3
=> e2 = 2
3
=> e = √2 c)
82. Hint: Put (4, 1) into equation and check the answer, its positive
So point (4, 1) lies outside the curve
Two tangents can be drawn b)
b
83. Hint: Use y = ± x Here b = 5; a = 4
a
5
=> y = ± 4x
x2 y2
85. Solution: Let the ellipse be a2 + b2 = 1
1
It is given that e = 2 and ae = 2
=> a = 4
Now b2 = a2 (1 − e2 )
Chapter # 21
VECTORS
SYNOPSIS
Vector
“A directed line segment is called a vector”
Scalar Quantity
“A physical quantity that can be described only with magnitude and units is called scalar quantity”
Examples:
Mass, time, density, temperature, length, volume, speed, work, etc
Vector Quantity
“A physical quantity that can be described with magnitude units and directions as well is called vector
quantity”
Examples:
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, weight, force, momentum, electric field etc
A
Note: A is called initial point and B is called Terminal point
Unit Vector
A vector whose magnitude is one is called a unit vector
A unit vector of a vector v is denoted by v̂ and is given as
v
v̂ = |v |
Vector
So, unit vector vo vector = Magnitude of vector
Null Vector
A vector whose magnitude is zero is called null or zero vector
If terminal point B of a vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB coincides with the initial point A, then magnitude AB = 0 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0, which is called zero vector or null vector
AB
Negative Vector
Two vectors are said to be negative of each other if they have same magnitude but opposite direction
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = v
Then -AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = -v
Parallel Vectors
“Two vectors are said to be parallel vectors if they are non-zero scalar multiple of each other”
If we have two vectors u and v and we are able to write
u =Kv, where K is any scalar quantity, then u and v are parallel to each other, otherwise not
Position Vector
“The distance of any point from the origin is called position vector of a point”
OR
“The vector whose initial point is the origin O and whose terminal point is any other point P is
plane/space called position vector of the point P”
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is P.V. of P.
In figure; OP
Reciprocal Vector
1
Let |a| the modulus of the given vector a. Then a vector whose direction is that of a but modulus is |a|
(reciprocal of modulus of a) is called the reciprocal of a and is written as a−1
1 a
Thus a−1 = |a| â = |a|2
Co-initial Vectors
The vectors which have the same initial point are called co-initial vectors
Free Vectors
A vector, in which the initial point is not specified, i.e., there is no restriction to choose its origin, is called
a free vector
Vector in Plane
The set,
R2 = {(x, y): x, y ∈ R} is called two dimensional or plane
The xy plane consists of too many points. Each point has the form of P(x, y)
In plane
u = [x, y] where x and y are called the component of u
Addition in Plane
let u = [x1 , y1 ]
and v = [x2 , y2 ]
then u + v = [x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ]
Scalar Multiplication
If u = [x, y]
Then ku = [kx, ky]
Negative of a Vector
If u = [x, y]
Then −u = [−x, −y]
Zero Vector
O = [0, 0]
Equal Vector
u=v
iff x1 = x2 and v1 = v2
Position Vector
The distance of any point P(x, y) in plane from the origin O(0, 0) is called position vector. It is
represented by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP
Magnitude of a Vector
For any vector u = [x, y] in plane magnitude is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|u| = |OP
|u| = √x 2 + y 2
So i and j are called unit vector along x-axis and y-axis respectively
In plane:
u = [x, y]
Further
u = xi + yj
Ratio Formula
Consider two points A and B such that
a = p.v. of A and
b = p.v. of B
Let P is the point that divides the line segment AB in ratio p:q; then position vector of P is r and is given
as
qa+qb
r = p+q
Note:
1. In ratio formula if P is the mid point of AB; then
p : q = 1:1 and we have
a+b
r=
2
2. The diagonals of a Parallelogram bisect each other
Addition in Space
If u = [x, y, z] and v = [x1 , y1 , z1 ]; then
u + v = [x + x1 , y + y1 , z + z1 ]
Scalar Multiplication
If u = [x, y, z]
Then ku = [kx, ky, kz]
Negative of Vector
If u = [x, y, z]
Then −u = [−x, −y, −z]
Null Vector
O = [0,0,0]
Position Vector
The distance of any point P(x, y, z) in space from the origin O(0, 0, 0) is called position vector
Magnitude of Vector
If u = [x, y, z] then
Magnitude of u = |u| = √x 2 + y 2 + z 2
i = [1, 0, 0] s. t. |i| = 1
j = [0, 1, 0] s. t. |j| = 1
and k = [0, 0, 1] s.t |k| = 1
So, i, j and k are the unit vector along x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively
In space if u = [x, y, z]
Then u = xi + yj + zk
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
d = |P 2 2
1 P2 | = √(x2 − x1 ) + (y2 − y1 ) + (z2 + z1 )
2
Important Result
The given triples (of angles) will be the direction angles of a single vector if:
cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1 or 𝑙 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Note:
x
cos α = |r|
y z
cos β = |r| and cos γ = |r|
Note:
Dot Product of two vector is commutative i.e.,
u. v = v. u
8. Projection Law
In any triangle ABC with usual notation
a = b cos C + c cos B
Similarly,
b = c cos A + a cos C
c = a cos B + b cos A
Important Results
If i, j and k are the unit vectors along x, y and z-axis, then
i × j = |i||j| sin 90o k = k
Similarly,
j × k = I and k × i = j
Also i × i = 0; j × j = 0; k × k = 0
Properties of Cross-Product
1. If u × v = 0 then u and v are parallel to each other. (Because in this case either θ = 0o or 180o )
2. u × v = −v × u
3. u × v = 0
4. Zero vector is parallel to every other non zero vector
5. If u = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k
and v = a2 i + b2 j + c2 k; then
i j k
u × v = |a1 b1 c1 |
a2 b2 c2
|a×b|
6. sin θ = |a||b|
a×b
7. A unit vector perpendicular to a and b = |a×b|
8. In any triangle ABC with usual notation
a b c
sin A
= sin B = sin C
Area of Parallelogram
A = |u × v|; where u and v are two vectors along adjacent sides
1
Area of triangle = 2 |u × v|
Note
1
1. If three points A, B and C are given then area of ∆ABC = |AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 1 |Ba
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × AC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × BC
2 2
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= |CA CB| 2
2. If four points A, B, C and D are given then first we show that they represent parallelogram
ABCD.
To find area:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × AD
Area = |AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, where AB
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and AD
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ should be two adjacent sides
(The formula may be different for different sides)
Note
1. [u v w] = [v w u] = [w u v]
2. If u = a1 i + b1 j + c1 k; v = a2 + b2 j + c2 k
Coplanar Vectors
The vectors u, v and w are said to be coplanar iff [u v w] = 0. Because in this case volume formed
by parallelepiped is zero
Note
1. [u v w] = 0 Similarly [v w w] = 0
2. Scalar triple product is a scalar quantity
Note: If a number of forces are acting on a particle then the sum of the works done by the forces
is equal to the work done by the resultant force
Note
The algebraic sum of the moments of a system of forces about any point is equal to the moment
of their resultant about the same point.
MCQs
1. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the vectors 2i + 3j − k and 4i − 3j + 2k is
1 1 1
a) 37 (6i + k) b) 37 (6i + j) c) 37 (6j + k) d) none of these
√ √ √
2. If a = (2, 1, −1), b = (1, −1, 0) and c = (5, −1, 1), then the unit vector parallel to a + b − c, but
in the opposite direction is
1 1 1
a) − 3 (2i − j + 2k) b) 3 (2i − j + 2k) c) 3 (2i + j − 2k) d) none of these
3. The value of ‘a’ such that the vectors 2i − j + k, i + 2j − 3k and 3i + aj + 5k are coplanar, is
a) 4 b) – 4 c) 2 d) – 2
6. The volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are the points 0(0, 0, 0), A(1, -1, 1), B(k, 0, 1) and
5
C(0, 1, k) is 6 cubic units, if the value of k is
a) -3 b) 3 c) -2 d) 2
8. If the angle between two vectors with magnitude 8 and 2 is 60o then their scalar product is
a) 12 b) 8 c) 16 d) 1
10. Let a = 2i − 3j − 6k and b = −2i − 2j − k then the value of (the projection of a on b)/ (the
projection of b on a) is equal to
7
a) b) 2 c) 4 d) none of these
3
13. i. (j × k) + j. (k × i) + k(i × j) =
a) 1 b) 3 c) -3 d) 0
17. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to vectors a = (1, 1, 0) and b = (0, 1, 1) is
a) One b) two c) three d) infinite
18. i × (j × k) =
a) 1 b) 0 c) -1 d) none of these
19. The work done in moving an object along the vector 3i + 2j − 5k, if the applied force is F = 2i −
j − k is
a) 11 b) 8 c) 9 d) none of these
21. If cross product of two non-zero vectors is zero, then the vectors are
a) Co-terminus b) co-initial c) co-directional d) collinear
23. [i j k] + [k j i] + [j k i] =
a) 1 b) 3 c) – 3 d) – 1
30. The volume of the parallelepiped whose co-terminus edges are 2i − 3j + 5k, i + 2j − 2k and 6i +
j − k in the cubic units is
a) 44 b) – 22 c) 11 d) 22
36. The value of p for which the vector i + 3j − 2k, 2i − j + 4k, 3i + 2j + pk from the parallelepiped
of volume 49 cc is
a) – 5 b) 4 c) 8 d) 10
38. (i + j) × (j + k). (k + i) =
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) [i j k]
ANSWERS
1. A 11. C 21. D 31. D
2. B 12. B 22. C 32. B
3. B 13. B 23. C 33. C
4. C 14. C 24. D 34. C
5. A 15. B 25. A 35. B
6. (A, D) 16. A 26. B 36. A
7. B 17. B 27. D 37. D
8. B 18. B 28. A 38. C
9. C 19. C 29. D 39. B
10. A 20. B 30. D
SOLUTIONS / HINTS
1. Solution:
Resultant vector = 6i + 0j + k
6i+k
Req. unit vector = 36+1
√
6i+k
= a)
√37
2. Solution:
a + b − c = 2i + 1j − k + 1i − 1k
= −2i + j − 2k
(−2i+j−2k)
Req. vector = − 4+1+4
√
2i−j+2k
= 3
b)
3. Solution:
If given vectors are coplanar; then we have
2 −1 1
|1 2 −3| = 0
3 a 5
=> a = −4 b)
(a×b)
4. Hint: Unit vector = |a×b|
c)
1 0 0
5. Hint: [i j k] = |1 2 −3| = 0 a)
3 a 5
6. Solution:
1 −1 1
1 5
Put 6 |k 0 1| = 6
0 1 k
=> k = −3, k = 2 (a, d)
9. Solution:
Given a + b + c = 0
=> (a + b + c)2 = 0
=> a2 + b2 + c 2 + 2a. b + 2b. c + 2a. c = 0
=> 1 + 1 + 1 + 2(a. b + b. c + a. c) = 0
=> 3 + 2(a. b + b. c + a. c) = 0
3
=> a. b + b. c + a. c = − 2 c)
14. Solution:
a. b = |a||b| cos θ ≥ 0
if cos θ ≥ 0
π
i.e. 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 c)
15. Solution:
We have a + 3b is perpendicular to 7a − 5b
=> (a + 3b). (7a − 5b) = 0
=> 7a2 + 16a. b − 15b2 = 0 (1)
Also given (a − 5b). (7a + 3b) = 0
=> 7a2 − 32a. b − 15b2 = 0 (2)
Subtracting (2) from (1)
π
=> 48a. b = 0 => θ = 2 b)
16. Solution:
The given conditions means that r is perpendicular to all the vectors a, b and c. This is possible
only if they are coplanar, which is equivalent to saying that the scalar triple product [a b c] is
equal to zero a)
17. Solution:
A unit vector perpendicular to the vectors a and b is
a×b i−j−k
= |a×b| = ±
√3
There are two vectors of unit length b)
23. Solution:
[i j k] + [k j i] + [j k i] = −1 + (−1) + (−1)
= −3 c)
28. Solution:
5
Given cos θ =
7
Use a. b = |a||b| cos θ
5
= (7)(3) (7)
38. Solution:
(i + j) × (j + k). (k + i)
= (i − j + k). (k + i)
=1+1=2 c)