NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture & Technology

ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT

Edifice to Courthouse:
“The Case of the Marcos Hall of Justice in
Laoag City”
AD 09 – Thesis Research Writing

BY

DELOS SANTOS, JANZEN RICH D.

GAPUSAN, MARC JONEL P.
TAMBIO, LORIE JANE R.
Sept. 09, 2024

This paper examines the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City, emphasizing its architectural
significance and functional challenges. Insights reveal the building's role as a symbol of justice, its
historical context, and the pressing need for modernization. Critiques highlight issues related to its
classical design and accessibility, alongside practical shortcomings such as inadequate parking and
sustainability. Additionally, concerns regarding safety and regulatory compliance are addressed.
The findings underscore the necessity for a comprehensive modernization strategy that preserves
the Hall's historical legacy while enhancing its functionality and accessibility.
Edifice to Courthouse: “The Case of the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City”
DELOS SANTOS_GAPUSAN_TAMBIO 9/8/2024

INTRODUCTION

“Justice delayed is justice denied.” - William E. Gladstone

This statement underscores the critical importance of timely justice. This suggests that

when justice is not delivered promptly, it is essentially equivalent to denying justice. This

principle is fundamental to the design and function of judicial buildings, which must facilitate

efficient and fair legal proceedings to uphold the rule of law.

The significance of this principle is particularly evident in the Marcos Hall of Justice. This

building symbolizes the community’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and ensuring that

legal proceedings are conducted efficiently. Its historical significance, especially in relation to

Ferdinand Marcos’ trial, highlights the pivotal role of timely justice in shaping history. The design

and function of Marcos Hall of Justice are intended to facilitate swift justice, reinforcing its role

as a pillar of judicial integrity and fairness. This encapsulates the fundamental values that Marcos

Hall of Justice represents, serving as a reminder of the ongoing commitment to promptly and

fairly deliver justice.

According to the principles of justice architecture, courthouses are designed not only to

facilitate legal proceedings but also to symbolize the rule of law and the community’s commitment

to justice. These buildings often embody the values of transparency, fairness, and authority,

serving as physical representations of the integrity and stability of the judicial system.

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Edifice to Courthouse: “The Case of the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City”
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Moreover, the architectural design of judicial buildings, such as the Marcos Hall of Justice,

plays a crucial role in ensuring accessibility and inclusivity. By incorporating features such as

barrier-free access, clear signage, and comfortable waiting areas, these buildings ensure that all

individuals can participate in the judicial process, regardless of their physical abilities. This

commitment to accessibility further reinforces the principle that justice should be available to all

without discrimination or delay.

In addition, the aesthetic elements of Marcos Hall of Justice are carefully curated to evoke

a sense of dignity and respect. The use of durable materials, grand entrances, and symbolic

artwork contributes to an environment that commands respect and underscores the gravity of the

judicial process. These design choices are not merely aesthetic, but serve to remind all who enter

the solemn duty of the judiciary to deliver justice impartially and efficiently.

The Marcos Hall of Justice stands as a testament to the enduring values of justice, fairness,

and rule of law. Its design and function are a reflection of the community’s unwavering

commitment to these principles, ensuring that justice is not only done but also seen to be done

promptly and fairly.

However, does the Marcos Hall of Justice incorporate sustainable design principles

that impact its functionality and maintenance, provide comfortable and stress-reducing

areas, reflect the values of transparency and fairness through its exterior design, support

the security needs of both the public and judicial staff without compromising accessibility

and openness, and integrate well with its surrounding urban environment to contribute

positively to the community’s architectural landscape?

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Edifice to Courthouse: “The Case of the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City”
DELOS SANTOS_GAPUSAN_TAMBIO 9/8/2024

THE MARCOS HALL

OF JUSTICE

Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, is a significant landmark in the

region’s judicial history. Originally known as Carcel Publica, this building has a rich history

dating back to its early days as a single-story edifice with a central quadrangle. Over the years, it

has evolved into a two-story structure that houses Regional, City, and Municipal Trial Courts.

This transformation reflects not only the growth of the judicial system in Laoag City but also the

community’s dedication to maintaining a robust legal framework.

Located at the heart of the city,

near Laoag Aurora Park, Marcos Hall of

Justice is strategically positioned to be

accessible to the public. It is situated

north of Laoag City Hall and southwest

of Provincial Capitol. This central

location underscores its importance as a

community landmark and symbol of the

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rule of law. The building is surrounded by significant landmarks such as the Ilocos Norte Capitol,

and Museo Ilocos Norte. Despite its historical significance, the building has faced challenges such

as the need for repairs and the lack of parking space, which have prompted discussions about

constructing a new Hall of Justice.

The hall is famously known as the place where young Ferdinand Marcos defended himself

in the trial of Nalundasan’s murder, a pivotal moment that marked his early legal career. This trial

is a significant part of the hall’s history, showcasing its role in shaping the careers of notable

figures in Philippine history. The building has witnessed numerous significant trials and legal

proceedings, making it a symbol of resilience and justice in the region.

In addition to its historical significance, the Marcos Hall of Justice has become part of the

local heritage, representing the community’s commitment to upholding justice and the rule of law.

The hall’s architectural evolution mirrors broader changes in the judicial system, reflecting the

community’s efforts to modernize and adapt to new challenges while preserving its historical

roots.

When examining the Marcos Hall of Justice, it is imperative to consider the diverse

perspectives that contribute to its significance. This landmark serves not only as a functional

judicial building, but also as a symbol of historical resilience, architectural evolution, and cultural

heritage in Laoag City. The following sections present key highlights from various essays, each

offering unique insights into the multifaceted nature of the Marcos Hall of Justice.

The transformation of the Marcos Hall of Justice from a single-story edifice to a modern

two-story courthouse reflects the community’s commitment to modernizing its judicial

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infrastructure while preserving historical heritage. Architecturally, it embodies principles of

transparency, fairness, and authority. Historically, it stands as a testament to resilience and justice,

having witnessed significant trials, including Ferdinand Marcos’ pivotal trial. Culturally, it

symbolizes the community’s dedication to justice and legal integrity, strategically located near

key landmarks, and serves as a central hub for legal and governmental activities.

The key highlights of each of our perceptions are as follows: delving into these aspects in

greater detail, providing a comprehensive understanding of the Marcos Hall of Justice and its

enduring impact on the region. By examining its architectural evolution, historical milestones,

and cultural significance, these essays highlight the multifaceted importance of this iconic

structure in Laoag City.

ESSENTIAL INSIGHTS: KEY POINTS OVERVIEW

Key Points from Essay 1

The main arguments and findings that Delos Santos pointed to the Marcos Hall of Justice

in Laoag City revolve around a comprehensive architectural and functional analysis that evaluates

both its merits and shortcomings. The analysis delves into the building's architectural style,

symbolic importance, integration within its urban context, and practical usability. Through this

lens, it offers a balanced critique, acknowledging the building's contribution to the civic

identity of Laoag City.

1. Form and Function: The design of the Marcos Hall of Justice follows the principle of

"form follows function," with its Contemporary Classical architecture symbolizing order,

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stability, and authority. The building’s layout efficiently supports its judicial function by

separating public areas from secure private spaces, which are essential for the legal

processes it houses.

2. Perception: A building’s classical architectural style is intended to command respect

and inspire authority. However, the lack of setbacks, parking, and open spaces negatively

affects accessibility and user experience, potentially leading to feelings of inconvenience.

3. Uniqueness vs. Generality: The architecture of the Marcos Hall of Justice is not unique

globally or nationally, as many judicial buildings utilize classical elements to project

authority. However, it gains a unique identity through its role in the local community of

Laoag City and its function as a judicial center in a rural province.

4. Contextual Fitting: The building aligns with the architectural style of nearby structures

such as Capitol and Heroes Hall, contributing to a cohesive visual landscape. This

architectural continuity established the area as a hub for governance an d law.

5. Continuity with the Past: The building’s classical architecture connects it to historical

traditions of judicial buildings, using symmetry and columns to evoke authority. However,

urban design elements, such as the lack of open spaces, represent a break from traditional

planning.

6. Contemporary Expression: While rooted in classical design, the building adapts to

modern concerns such as security and functionality. This blend of old and new highlights

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the challenges of modern urban development and the need for better integration wi th urban

surroundings.

Furthermore, Delos Santos’ perceptions critically assess the Marcos Hall of Justice,

highlighting both its architectural strengths and urban planning deficiencies. It offers valuable

insights into a building’s attempt to balance the timeless principles of classical design with the

practical demands of modern urban life. While the architectural merit of the structure lies in its

evocation of authority and tradition, it underscores the challenges it faces in terms of functionality,

accessibility, and sustainability, suggesting that these shortcomings hinder its ability to fully meet

contemporary standards.

Key Points from Essay 2

In contrast, the main arguments and findings that Gapusan observed regarding the Marcos

Hall of Justice highlight both its architectural significance and the pressing functional issues it

faces. These issues reveal a gap between the courthouse’s symbolic legacy and its ability to meet

the contemporary standards of efficiency, comfort, and sustainability. Gapusan’s observations call

for modernization efforts that will preserve the building’s historical importance while

addressing its current limitations.

Historical and Architectural Significance

1. Cultural Value: The Marcos Hall of Justice is a prominent legal and architectural

monument in Laoag City, reflecting its deep cultural, legal, and historical significance.

2. Neoclassical Design: Its neoclassical style symbolizes authority, order, and ideals of

justice but does not address modern functional needs.

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DELOS SANTOS_GAPUSAN_TAMBIO 9/8/2024

Practical Issues

1. Parking Shortage:

- Current Capacity: The building has parking for only 20-30 vehicles, while busy court

days can witness 150-200 visitors, leading to congestion.

- Demand Exceeds Supply: Studies show that modern courthouses require 70-100 parking

spaces for staff and 100-150 for public visitors during peak times.

2. Proximity to busy highways

- The courthouse’s location near a busy highway leads to significant noise and pollution,

disrupting court proceedings and safety.

Congestion is exacerbated by visitors parked along the roadside, thereby presenting

public safety hazards.

3. Lack of passive ventilation and green space

- The building lacks natural ventilation, making courtrooms uncomfortable owing to high

temperatures, especially in the tropical climate of Laoag City.

The absence of green elements diminishes environmental sustainability and the

psychological benefits that green spaces provide, such as improved focus and reduced

stress.

Issues of Continuity and Discontinuity

1. Continuity:

- The building reflects long-standing legal traditions and continues to play a central role

in the judicial system of Laoag City.

Its neoclassical architecture connects it to centuries of legal architecture.

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Edifice to Courthouse: “The Case of the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City”
DELOS SANTOS_GAPUSAN_TAMBIO 9/8/2024

2. Discontinuity:

- Outdated infrastructure does not meet modern standards for comfort, efficiency, and

sustainability, distancing it from contemporary architectural development.

- The facility's practical requirements, such as adequate ventilation and green spaces,

highlight the disconnection between its historical significance and modern functionality.

Therefore, Gapusan emphasizes the need for a comprehensive modernization of the

Marcos Hall of Justice that balances its historical and cultural significance with contemporary

demands for functionality. While its neoclassical architecture embodies legal traditions and

authority, the building's practical shortcomings, such as parking shortages, lack of ventilation,

and proximity to a busy highway, underscore the urgency of upgrading infrastructure. By

addressing these issues, modernization efforts can preserve the courthouse's legacy while ensuring

that it meets present-day standards of efficiency, comfort, and sustainability.

Key Points from Essay 3

Furthermore, Tambio identifies and distinguishes several key arguments and findings

regarding Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City, which are summarized as follows: These insights

not only shed light on the historical and political significance of the Hall but also explore its

architectural, functional, and community roles. Through these key points, it provides a

comprehensive overview of Hall's importance in both the legal and socio -political contexts.

1. Architectural Significance: The building is designed in a neoclassical style, which

conveys authority, stability, and cultural continuity, reflecting its judicial role and

historical connection to the Marcos family. This architectural choice reinforces the power

and dignity of the judicial system.

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2. Historical Context: The Marcos Hall of Justice is a key landmark that symbolizes law

and order while connecting to the political history of Ilocos Norte, particularly the Marcos

family's legacy. It plays an essential role in preserving a region's heritage.

3. Safety Concerns: The proximity of a building to a national highway presents significant

risks for pedestrians, necessitating effective traffic management strategies, such as

pedestrian crossings and designated drop-off zones, to enhance safety.

4. Parking Issues: There lack of adequate parking facilities, especially during busy court

sessions. This deficiency leads to illegal parking and traffic congestion, highlighting the

potential noncompliance with local ordinances that require sufficient parking for public

buildings.

5. Compliance with Regulations: The current situation at the Marcos Hall of Justice raises

compliance issues with the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and local ordinances

concerning safety and accessibility.

6. Modern Features: Despite their historical significance, buildings incorporate modern

materials and sustainable design practices such as passive design techniques and energy -

efficient HVAC systems, aligning them with contemporary architectural trends.

7. Overall Impact: Addressing these safety and parking issues is essential for the Marcos

Hall of Justice to better serve its users and contribute positively to the urban environment

of Laoag City despite the challenges it faces.

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In conclusion, Tambio provides a thorough analysis of the Marcos Hall of Justice in

Laoag City, highlighting its multifaceted significance. It emphasizes critical challenges, such as

safety concerns due to its location, inadequate parking facilities, and potential non-compliance

with local regulations. Despite these issues, the building’s integration of modern design elements

demonstrates a balance between preserving historical heritage and embracing contemporary

sustainability practices.

INTEGRATION OF IDEAS
(CONNECT THE DOTS)

The key points derived from the three distinct essays provide a comprehensive analysis of

the Marcos Hall of Justice in Laoag City, underscoring its architectural significance, historical

context, and the functional challenges it faces. By examining the perspectives of Delos Santos,

Gapusan, and Tambio, the essays collectively illuminate the building's vital role within the

community and the pressing need for modernization. The following graphs illustrate the

similarities and differences in their analyses, highlighting the critical themes that emerged from

their critiques:

Comparative Analysis of the Marcos Hall of Justice

Based on Essays

Essay 1 Essay 2 Essay 3

(Delos Santos) (Gapusan) (Tambio)
Contemporary Neoclassical; Neoclassical;
Architectural Style
classical; reflects emphasizes legal conveys power, ties
authority and order. tradition but outdated. to Marcos family.
Connection to local
Importance to civic
Symbolic Importance Represents legal political history,
identity of Laoag
tradition, authority. especially the Marcos
City.
family.

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Similar parking
Lacks parking, Major parking issues,
Functionality issues; raises
setbacks; poor noise pollution from
concerns about safety
accessibility. highway.
and traffic.
Integration with No direct mention of
Fits well with nearby
urban surroundings,
buildings (Capitol, No mention.
Surroundings more focus on
Heroes Hall).
compliance.

Blends classical Lacks ventilation, Incorporates passive

Modern Elements
design with modern green spaces; needs design and
security. modernization. sustainable materials.

Classical elements
Discontinuity in Highlights both
link to judicial
Continuity/Discontinuity infrastructure— historical continuity
tradition, but urban
outdated, inefficient, and the need for
issues break from
lacks sustainability. modern updates.
traditional planning.

Comparative Analysis of the Marcos Hall of Justice

Using Venn Diagram

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DELOS SANTOS_GAPUSAN_TAMBIO 9/8/2024

Explanation of Similarities and Differences

1. Architectural Style: All three essays agree that the Marcos Hall of Justice uses Classical

or Neoclassical architecture to project authority, stability, and connections to judicial

traditions. However, Essay 1 (Delos Santos) refers to it as "Contemporary Classical,"

while Essays 2 and 3 refer to it as "Neoclassical."

2. Symbolic Importance: All essays emphasize the building’s role in representing legal

authority. Essays 2 and 3 add deeper layers by connecting them to the Marcos family and

the local political history.

3. Functionality: All essays critique a building’s practical deficiencies, particularly

regarding parking, accessibility, and environmental sustainability. Essays 2 and 3 provide

more specific examples, such as noise pollution from nearby highways and lack of

ventilation.

4. Integration with Surroundings: Essay 1 highlights how the building fits into the

architectural landscape of Laoag City, while the other essays do not focus as much on its

relationship to other nearby structures.

5. Modernization and Sustainability: Essay 3 stands out for acknowledging the building's

incorporation of modern materials and sustainable practices, whereas Essay 2 heavily

criticizes its lack of green spaces and passive ventilation. Essay 1 discusses how the

building blends the classical style with some modern functional elements but lacks overall

sustainability.

6. Historical Continuity: All three essays acknowledge the building’s connection to

historical legal traditions through its classical design. However, Essays 2 and 3 focus more

on the gap between the building’s symbolic importance and its failure to meet

contemporary standards, calling for modernization efforts.

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The overlapping areas of the graphs reveal common themes, such as the urgent need for

modernization to balance the building's historical significance with contemporary functional

requirements. This synthesis of insights underscores the importance of addressing both

architectural integrity and practical usability to enhance the role of Marcos Hall of Justice in

Laoag City.

IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

The combined insights from the analyses of Marcos Hall of Justice offer several broader

implications for both the field of architectural studies and practical applications in urban planning

and public infrastructure. How do they contribute?

1. Architectural Identity and Cultural Significance

Implications: The varying interpretations of architectural styles highlight the importance

of local identity in public buildings. Understanding how architecture reflects civic pride

and its historical context can inform future design.

Contribution: This insight can guide architects and urban planners in creating structures

that resonate with community values and cultural heritage, thereby enhancing public

acceptance and engagement.

According to Herrle and Wegerhoff (2008), architecture can reflect and shape cultural

identity, emphasizing the importance of the local context in the public.

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2. Functional Design and Accessibility

Implications: Critiques regarding functionality and accessibility underscore the need for

buildings to serve their intended purposes effectively. Issues such as parking and

accessibility can significantly impact user experience.

Contribution: These findings advocate a user-centered approach in design, prompting

stakeholders to prioritize accessibility and functionality in public infrastructure projects,

ultimately improving service delivery.

Steinfeld and Maisel (2012) highlighted the principles of universal design, which aim to

create buildings that are accessible and functional for all users.

3. Integration of Modern Elements

Implications: Discussions on modern elements reveal a tension between preserving

historical significance and incorporating contemporary needs such as sustainability and

safety.

Contribution: This highlights the necessity of the adaptive reuse of historical buildings,

encouraging architects to integrate modern technologies and sustainable practices while

respecting historical contexts.

Macdonald (2011) explores the challenges and benefits of integrating modern elements

into historical buildings, emphasizing sustainability and safety.

4. Community Engagement and Public Perception

Implications: The emphasis on community perceptions and engagement reflects the

growing recognition of participatory design processes in architecture.

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Contribution: Engaging the community in the design process can lead to buildings that

not only meet functional requirements, but also foster a sense of ownership and pride

among residents.

Schuler and Namioka (1993) compiled various case studies and methodologies that

demonstrate the value of involving the community in the design process.

5. Urban Planning Considerations

Implications: The analyses point to a broader urban context, suggesting that architectural

decisions cannot be made in isolation from their surroundings.

Contribution: This reinforces the need for holistic urban planning that considers

transportation, safety, and environmental impacts, promoting a more integrated approach

to development.

Jacobs (1961) discussed the importance of considering the broader urban context in

architectural decisions, advocating holistic urban planning.

6. Historical Context and Evolution

Implications: The historical connections drawn by Tambio emphasize the importance of

understanding the evolution of public buildings and their roles in society.

Contribution: This perspective can inform future architectural scholarship and practice,

encouraging a deeper analysis of how historical narratives influence contemporary designs.

Rossi (1982) emphasizes the significance of historical context in understanding the

evolution of public buildings and their roles in society.

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7. Policy Implications

Implications: These insights can inform policymakers about the significance of investing

in public infrastructure that aligns with community needs and historical contexts.

Contribution: This can lead to more informed decision making and funding allocations

for public buildings that enhance civic life and reflect community values.

Aschauer (1989) highlights the economic benefits of investing in public infrastructure that

aligns with community needs and historical contexts.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, as Martin Luther King Jr. stated, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice

everywhere." The Marcos Hall of Justice is a significant landmark embodying the principles of

justice, authority, and community commitment. Its classical architecture not only reflects a rich

historical narrative, but also symbolizes the ideals of fairness and integrity within the judicial

system. However, the analysis reveals a disconnect between the building's historical significance

and the modern functional requirements necessary for effective operation.

Despite its architectural grandeur, the hall faces several challenges that hinder its usability.

Issues related to accessibility limit the ability of all community members to engage with the

judicial process, while parking shortages create logistical diffi culties for visitors and staff alike.

Additionally, the building's environmental sustainability practices are inadequate, raising

concerns about its long-term viability and impact on the surrounding ecosystem.

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To address these pressing issues, a strategic modernization plan is essential. This plan

should focus on enhancing accessibility features, expanding parking facilities, and integrating

sustainable design principles that align with contemporary standards. Importantly, any

modernization efforts must be undertaken with a commitment to preserving the hall's historical

and cultural significance, ensuring that its legacy continues to resonate with future generations.

By adopting a comprehensive approach to urban planning and community engagement,

stakeholders can not only improve the operational effectiveness of the Marcos Hall of Justice but

also reinforce its role as a cornerstone of the judicial system in Laoag City. Engaging the

community in the planning process will foster a sense of ownership and pride, ultimately

enhancing the hall's relevance and functionality within the urban landscape. Such efforts will

contribute to a judicial environment that is both accessible and reflective of the community's

values, ensuring that the hall remains a vital institution in the pursuit of justice.

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