Viscosity

As shown in Fig. below suppose that liquid fills the space between two parallel
plates of area (A) each and gap h, the lower plate is fixed, and force F is needed
to move the upper plate in parallel at velocity U.

In this case, the force per unit area necessary for moving the plate, i.e. the
shearing stress (Pa), is proportional to U and inversely proportional to h.
Using a proportional constant, µ it can be expressed as follows:
The shear stress τ on the suction dy, distance y from the solid wall, is given by the
following equation:

τ =μ --------------------------------- (8)
Where,
µ= viscosity or coeff. of viscosity between two layers usually in Pa.s. = N.sec/m2
dy= increasing in height between two layers
du= increasing in velocity between two layers
Note: F=m*a units : N= kg *m/sec2

Kinematic viscosity (ν):

ν dimension L2/sec and units m2/s

----------------------------------------------------------------(9)
Stokes equation, to be stated is utilised for measuring the viscosity, it is named
after him) while its 1/100 th part is 1 cSt (Centistokes).
Thus :

(2):
Table (2): Viscosity and kinematic viscosity of water and air at standard
atmospheric pressure.
Velocity distribution curve Stress strain curve
Notes:
1- All fluids in nature has its viscosity, the resistance of a fluid to shear depends
upon its cohesion and upon its rate of transfer of molecular momentum.

2- Fluids may be considered as an ideal or real (viscous) fluids.

3- In ideal fluid there is very small viscosity that could be neglected, so no friction
between the fluid layers.

4- in real fluid (viscous fluid), the cohesion and transfer of molecular momentum
effects on its viscosity, there is a friction between its layers at flow conditions.
(laminar, transition, and turbulent flow).

5- velocity =zero at or near the wall due to high friction (y=0 )

Velocity = maximum at y= H (far from the effect of the boundary ).
τ=0 when fluid at rest or fluid velocity reach constant velocity (dv/dy approach
zero).

6- The viscosity of a gas increases by increasing temp.

7- The viscosity of a liquid is decrease by increasing temp.

8- µ in liquids > µ in gases while ν liquids< ν gases.

H.W. : Read Ex.3, Ex.4, and Ex.5

EX.3
The space between two large inclined parallel planes is 6mm and is filled with a
fluid. The planes are inclined at 30° to the horizontal. A small thin square plate of
100 mm side slides freely down parallel and midway between the inclined planes
with a constant velocity of 3 m/ s due to its weight of 2N. Determine the viscosity
of the fluid.

Solution:
The vertical force of 2 N due to the weight of the plate can be resolved along and
perpendicular to the inclined plane. The force along the inclined plane is equal to
the drag force on both sides of the plane due to the viscosity of the oil.
Force due to the weight of the sliding plane along the direction of motion
= 2 sin 30 = 1N

Ex.4:

Solution:
Ex.5:

Solution:
 Viscosity

As shown in Fig. below suppose that liquid fills the space between two parallel
plates of area (A) each and gap h, the lower plate is fixed, and force F is needed
to move the upper plate in parallel at velocity U.

In this case, the force per unit area necessary for moving the plate, i.e. the
shearing stress (Pa), is proportional to U and inversely proportional to h.
Using a proportional constant, µ it can be expressed as follows:
The shear stress τ on the suction dy, distance y from the solid wall, is given by the
following equation:

τ =μ --------------------------------- (8)
Where,
µ= viscosity or coeff. of viscosity between two layers usually in Pa.s. = N.sec/m2
dy= increasing in height between two layers
du= increasing in velocity between two layers

Note: F=m*a units : N= kg *m/sec2

Kinematic viscosity (ν):

ν dimension L2/sec and units m2/s

----------------------------------------------------------------(9)
Stokes equation, to be stated is utilised for measuring the viscosity, it is named
after him) while its 1/100 th part is 1 cSt (Centistokes).
Thus :

(2):
Table (2): Viscosity and kinematic viscosity of water and air at standard
atmospheric pressure.
Velocity distribution curve Stress strain curve
Notes:
1- All fluids in nature has its viscosity, the resistance of a fluid to shear depends
upon its cohesion and upon its rate of transfer of molecular momentum.

2- Fluids may be considered as an ideal or real (viscous) fluids.

3- In ideal fluid there is very small viscosity that could be neglected, so no friction
between the fluid layers.

4- In real fluid (viscous fluid), the cohesion and transfer of molecular momentum
effects on its viscosity, there is a friction between its layers at flow conditions.
(laminar, transition, and turbulent flow).

5- Velocity =zero at or near the wall due to high friction (y=0 )

Velocity = maximum at y= H (far from the effect of the boundary ).
τ=0 when fluid at rest or fluid velocity reach constant velocity (dv/dy approach
zero).

6- The viscosity of a gas increases by increasing temp.

7- The viscosity of a liquid is decrease by increasing temp.

8- µ in liquids > µ in gases while ν liquids< ν gases.

Ex. Compute the horizontal force that required pulling the plate to the
left?

Solution:

τ=μ

F=τ*A
[A = L*w]
Ex. Compute the horizontal force that required pulling the rotating
cylinder (C.C.W.) to the right?

Solution:

V=r*ω

τ=μ

F=τ*A
A = (π*D2) * L
EX6: : A metal plate 1.25m×1.25m×6mm thick and weighing 90N is placed
midway in24mm gap between the two vertical plane surfaces as shown in the
figure below. The gap is filled with an oil of specific gravity 0.85 and dynamic
viscosity 3.0 N.s/m2.Determine the force required to lift the plate with constant
velocity of 0.15 m/s.
Solution: F=?

dy = (24-6 )/2 = 9mm

FORCES:

1- Weight of the plate ( w ) = ϒplate * VOL = 90 N ↓

2- Buoyant force on the plate (FB ) = ϒoil *Submerged volume

But : [r.d = ]
Then = r.doil * = r.doil * [ρw *g] = 0.85 * 1000 * 9.81 = 8338.5

Buoyant force on the plate (FB ) = ϒoil *Submerged volume

= 8338.5 * [1.25*1.25*0.006]
= 78.17 N↑
3- Shear stress ( τ ) = μ *
 There are two shear stress area one from left, and other on right, so we need
to calculate one shear stress. Then force on left equal to that on right since plate
is situated midway in the gap.

τleft = μ * = 3N * = 50 = 50 Pa.
Shear force left FL = τleft * AL
=50 *[1.25m*1.25m] = 78.125 N ↓

Total shear force = Fleft + Fright = 78.12 N+ 78.125 N = 156.25 N ↓

Summary:
Weight of the plate ( w = 90 N ↓
Buoyant force on the plate (FB )= 78.17 N↑
Total shear force = 156.25 N ↓
F = required force to lift the plate↑

↑ΣFY = 0

F + FB – W – F shear = 0
F + 78.17 – 90 – 156.25 N = 0
F= 168.08 N ↑ The required force to lift the plate up.