Assignment # 01 (Solution)

CCN, W-16 (A-Section)

Q-1-Difference between Spatially shared capacity and temporally shared capacity?

Spatially shared: In spatial sharing many devices -one communication channel - several devices
want to communicate at one time Example: internet communication, Telephony communication.
Temporally shared: In temporal sharing many devices-one communications channel-several
devices want to communicate. In this situation all devices are given a time spam in which they
can utilize that single link. At that time other device will not send their data on link.it mean at a
time only one device will send data on link. Example: Mainframe computer working
environment-workstations send data to this mainframe computer.

Q-2-Difference between Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram

Protocol (UDP)?
TCP: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication
language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a
private network (either an intranet or an extranet).
UDP: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is part of the Internet Protocol suite used by programs
running on different computers on a network. UDP is used to send short messages called
datagrams but overall, it is an unreliable, connectionless protocol.

Q-3- Difference between Periodic and non-periodic Signals?

Periodic signal: A signal is called periodic if it completes a pattern within a measurable time
frame called a period and then repeats that pattern over identical subsequent periods

Non periodic: A non-periodic signal is the one that changes constantly without exhibiting a
pattern or cycle that repeats over time.
Q-4- Difference between Nyquist theorem and Shannon’s Theorem?

The Nyquist Theorem, also known as the sampling theorem, is a principle that engineers
follow in the digitization of analog signals. For analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) to result in a
faithful reproduction of the signal, slices, called samples, of the analog waveform must be taken
frequently.
It is also known as noise less channel
It’s formula is
Max data rate = Blog2 v
Shannon theorem : Maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a
communications channel of a specified bandwidth in the presence of noise.
It has the noise during communication of channel
Formula :
C = Blog 2 (1+SNR)
Q-5-Distinguish between synchronous and Asynchronous transmission?
Synchronous: Synchronous transmissions are synchronized by an external clock.
 We send bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps
 It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits
 The bits are usually sent as bytes and many bytes are grouped in a block (called frames
or packets) spaced by fixed interval
Asynchrounous: Asynchronous transmissions are synchronized by special signals along the
transmission medium.
 Slower Transmission due to additional bits
 Cheap and effective
 Used for low speed communication (between keyboard and computer)
 it can occur at any time and at irregular intervals

Q-6- What is the difference between packet and circuit switching? What are two types of
packet switching approach and provide the differences between them?
Packet switching: A mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of
parts which are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and
reassembled at the destination. Two approaches
 Datagram network approach
 Virtual circuit network approach
Circuit switching: Circuit switching is a methodology of implementing a telecommunications
network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated-communications channel (circuit)
through the network before the nodes may communicate.
Differences:
Packet switching Circuit switching
Use of Bandwidth at full potential Dedicated circuit to the call
Devices of different speeds can communicate No interference, no sharing
Availability Full bandwidth guaranteed for the entire
duration of the call
No waiting for a direct connection to become Guaranteed quality of service (minimal delay
available at each switch)
During a crisis or disaster Dedicated circuit to the call
Reliable Low efficiency

Q-7- A loss of 5db is observed at receiver when a signal is transmitted with the power P.
What will be the received power of the signal?

SNRdB =5dB
S=? N=1ms
SNRdB = 10 log 10 SNR
5 = 10 log 10 S/1ms
.5 log 10 =S
S= 316

Q-8- Spectrum of a channel is between 10 MHz and 1000 KHz. Its SNR dB is 10 dB.
Calculate capacity of the channel?
Spectrum of channel between 10MHz and 1000 KHz
Fn = 10MHz
FL = 1000 KHz
B= Fn - FL
=10MHz – 1000 KHz
9MHz
SNRdB = 10dB
10 = 10 log10 SNR
 SNR = 10
By Shannon capacity
C = B log2 (1+ SNR)
= 9 MHZ log 2 (11)
= 9e +6 * 3.46
= 3e+6bps
Q-9- Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 8 kHz. We need to multiplex 10
voice channels with guard bands of 1000 Hz using FDM. Calculate the required
Bandwidth.
Guard = 1GHz
Bandwidth = 8 KHz
For 10 channel 9 guard required = 1*9
= 9 KHz
Required bandwidth = 8*10 +1*9
= 89 KHz

Q-10- What is the maximum effect of 1-ms burst of noise on data transmitted at the rates
1000 bps, 120 kbps, 5 kbps, 500 Mbps?

Bits affected = Data rate * Burst time

1 ms = 10-3
= 1000 * 1 * 10-3
=1 bit
= 120 *
103 * 1 * 10-3
= 120 bits
=5*
103 * 1 * 10-3
= 5 bits
= 500 *
106 * 1 * 10-3
= 500 kbits

Q-11- Ten sources, six with a bit rate of 1500 kbps and four with a bit rate of 600 kbps are
to be combined using multilevel TDM with no synchronizing bits. Each output slot carries
1 bit from each source. Answer the following questions about the final stage of the
multiplexing:
 a. What is the size of a frame in bits?
b. What is the frame rate?
c. What is the duration of a frame?
d. What is the data rate?

Solution:
a. The size of a frame in bits
we have combine six 1500 kbps source into three 600kbps
Now we have seven 600kbps
Each output frame carries 1 bit from each of seven 600kbps line
Frame size = 7*1
= 7bits
b. Each frame carries 1 bit from each 600 kbps source
Frame rate = 600,000frame/sec
c. Frame deviation = 1/(frame rate )
= 1/600,000
1.6667us
d. Data rate = 6*1500 + 4*600
= 4.2Mbps

Q-12- A signal with 800 milli watts power passes through 20 devices, each with an
average noise of 3 microwatts. What is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?

Signal power = 800mW

Average noise = 3uW
SNR = S/N
= 800mW/ 3uW
266,666.667
SNRdB = 10 log 10 (S/N)
10 log 10 (266,666.667)
= 54.25dB
Q-13- Two channels, one with a bit rate of 250 kbps and another with a bit rate of 150
kbps, are to be multiplexed using pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. Each
output slot carries 1 bit from each source. Answer the following questions:
 a. What is the size of a frame in bits?
b. What is the frame rate?
c. What is the duration of a frame?
d. What is the data rate?

We need to add extra bit to second source to make both ratio

= 250kbps Now we have two sources each of 250 kbps
(a) The frame carries each 1 bit from each source
Frame size = 1+1 => 2 bit
(b) Each frame carries 1 bit from each 250 kbps
Frame rate = 250,000frame/sec
(c) Frame deviation = 1/ frame rate
= 1/250,000
= 4us
(d) Data rate = 250,000 frame *2bit/frame
=500kbps
Q-No- 14

(a) NRZ-I (11000111)

1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 - 1- 1

(b) Manchester (01101100101)

0 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 ---
 (c) Differential Manchester (10111000111)

1 - 0 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 -----
-

Q-No- 15

Sargodha lahore
Islamabad -------
De-mux

---
islamabad
Mux

Lahore sargodha
Q-No-16

We need to use synchronous TDM

20 sources

100 bps
a. Frame size = 20+1 = 21
b. Frame rate = 1/ frame deviation = 1/ input slot deviation
a. = 100,000 frame / sec
c. frame deviation = 1/frame rate = 0.01msec= 10use
d. Output data rate = frame rate * frame size
i. = 100Kbps *21
ii. = 2100Kbps => 2.1Mbps