BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Experiment -1(a)
Aim:- - To verify Thevenin’s theorem.

Apparatus Required: - Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.

Theory: - Sometimes it is necessary to find a particular branch current in a circuit as the resistance of
that branch is varied while all other resistances, voltage sources and the current sources remain the
same.

This theorem states that,” Any two terminal network containing a number of e.m.f. sources and
resistances can be replaced by an equivalent series circuit having a voltage source V TH in series with a
resistance RTH.”

Where, VTH = Open circuit voltage between two terminals.

RTH = The resistance between two terminals of the circuit obtained by looking in at the
terminals with removed and voltage sources replaced by their internal resistances, if any.

The load current is given by:

IL =

Fig no.1

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Fig no.2

Fig no.3

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Fig no.4

Procedure:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the values of load current at different load
resistance. It is IL1, IL2 & IL3.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Disconnect the load resistor (R L) from output
terminals and measure the open circuit voltage (V TH) by connecting analog voltmeter. Open
circuit voltage will appear across 100Ω resistor:

V=

3. For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance across open circuit terminals X-Y, disconnect the
12V voltage source and short the voltage source open circuit terminals A-B as shown in fig. 3.
Connect the digital multimeter across terminal X-Y. Find the value of R TH.

Now measure the resistance across X and Y.

RTH

1.Now, above circuit between X & Y can be replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as
shown in fig 4.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

VTH = 1.8 V, RTH = 173.4 Ω

For RL = 25 Ω

IL1 = = ……….mA

For RL = 50 Ω

IL1 = = ……….mA

For RL = 75 Ω

IL1 = = ……….mA

1.Compare the calculated and measured values.

Observation Table:-

EQUIVALENT
S.NO. MEASURED VALUES CALCULATED VALUES
VALUES

1. RTH,VTH

2. RTH,VTH

3. RTH,VTH

Precautions:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

1.The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.

2.Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.

3.Avoid parallax error.

4.Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down.

1.Result:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Experiment -1(b)
Aim: To verify Superposition theorem.

Apparatus: Experimental Kit, Connecting Probes.

Theory: When there is only one source of e.m.f. or only one current source, then it is very easy to
calculate the current or the voltage. But in a complex circuit where there are a number of sources
acting simultaneously, then it is very difficult to calculate the current or the voltages. In these
situations superposition theorem is used.

The theorem states that, “If a number of current or voltage sources are acting
simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the
currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone replacing all other sources by their
internal resistances.”

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 01

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Fig no.2

Fig no.3

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. Measure the current i1, i2 and i3.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 2. Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V.
Short the second 5V source. Measure the current i1’, i2’ and i3’ (One ammeter is connected at a
time, other ammeter is shorted).

3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 3. Consider only 5V voltage source. Short the second
12V source. Measure the current i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’.

4. Calculate the value of i1’ , i2’ , i3’, i1’’, i2’’ and i3’’.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:

Sr. No. Measured Value Calculated Value

i1’

i2’

i3’

i1”

i2”

i3”

i1

i2

i3

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Calculations:

Consider only one voltage source at a time, first 12V.

RT = 50 + = 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

ITH =

IT = i1’

i3’ =

i2’ = i1’ - i3’ =……….

Therefore,

i1’ =……….

i2’=……….

i3’=……….

Now, considering 5V voltage source only:

RT = 50 + = 50 + 8.33 = 58.33 Ω

ITH =

IT = i3’’

i3’ =

i1’ = i3’ - i2’ =……….

Therefore,

i1’ =……….

i2’=……….

i3’=……….

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

According to superposition theorem,

Current through resistance R1 = i1’ - i1’’ =……….

Current through resistance R2 = i2’ – i2’’ =……….

Current through resistance R3 = i3’ – i3’’ =……….

Precautions:

1.The positive & negative terminals of the power supply should not be connected together.

2.Supply for the experimental kit should be switched ON only after the connections are verified.

3.Avoid parallax error.

4.Check the polarities of the meter before the observations are noted down

Result:

Ques1: What are the conditions in application of superposition theorem?

Ans: Superposition theorem can be applied if-

1) The network is linear
2) The solution of the network is unique

Ques2: What is the Superposition Theorem for an Electrical Network?

Ans: The superposition theorem for states that the response (Voltage or Current)in any branch of a bilateral linear
circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of the responses caused by each
independent source acting alone, while all other independent sources are replaced by their internal

Ques3: The applied voltage in a circuit equals the sum of the circuits individual what?

Ans: For a series circuit, the applied voltage equals the sum of the voltage drops.

Ques4: When do we use thevenin's theorem?

Ans: We use Thevenin's theorem when we want to reduce complex circuits.

Ques5: An ideal voltage source should have

Ans: Zero internal resistance.

Experiment -2
Aim :- Study of transformer name plate rating.

Apparatus Required :-Transformer.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Theory:- The transformer specifications give the rating and performance expectations of the
transformer. These are broadly as below:

1.KVA rating 2. Rated voltage 3. Number of phases(1-Փ or 3- Փ). 4. Rated frequency. 5.

Connections(-------). 6. Tappings if any 7. Type of core (core or shell). 8.Type (power or
distribution). 9. Ambient temperature (generally average 40 0 c) 10. type of cooling[(a) cooling
medium -air ,oil or water (b) circulation type -natural or forced (c) simple or mixed cooling].11.
Temperature rise above ambient in 0c depending upon the class of winding insulation.12. Voltage
regulation[(a) percent or pu (c) reactance -percent or per unit] 13. No load Current in amperes or
percent of rated current at rated voltage and rated frequency.14. Efficiency -in percent or per unit

at full load,1/2 load,3/4 load at unity pf or .8 pf.

The specifications items and limitations are laid down by the following IS

specifications:

IS : 1180-1964: specifications for outdoor type three phase distribution

transformer upto and including 100 Kva and 11 kv.

IS :2026-(PART I,II,III.IV 1977: Specificatins for power transformers beyond

Kva.

Outdoor type distribution transformers (IS : 1180-1964)

According to this the standard ratings for distribution type transformers are

16,25,40,50,63,80and Kva.

The no load voltage ratios are 3300/433v,6600/433v and 1100/433v.

The tapping shall be provided on hv side and shall be in 5 steps.

The ranges shall be + 2.5 and +5%.Off load tap changers are used.

Connections :------- with neutral brought out to a seperate insulated terminal.

Cooling is by low viscocity transformer oil.

Conservator tank is provided on transformer of rating 50 Kva or above.

Limits of Temperature Rise : The following temperature rises shall be permitted over the
ambient temperature of 450c.

1.Temperature rise in winding mmeasured by resistance method -55 0c.

2. Temperature rise in oil measured by thermometer in the top oil-45 0c.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

The above temperature rises are for ON, OB AND OW type cooling.

IMPEDENCE: The percentage impedence at 750c is 4.5% subject to the tolerence

limits of +10%.

Power transformers(IS 2026-1962)

The standard Kva ratings for 3-Φ transformers are

25,40,63,100,125,160,200,250,315,400,500,630,800,1000,1250,1600,2000,2500,3125,4000,6
300,8000,10000,12500,16000,20000,25000,31500,40000,50000,63

000,and 80000 Kva.

The standard ratings for 1-phase transformers are 1,2,5,10,16 and 25 KVA.

Above 25 kva ,the standard rating for single phase transformers shall be one-third of

the value given for 3-phase transformers.

Tapping's : The standard tapping ranges are +2 1/2% and +5%.

Tap changing is carried out by means of an externally operated off-circuit

switch capable of being locked in positions.

If required ,the transformers may be equipped with on-load tap -changer.

Ques1: What is a function of transformer.

Ans: The function of a Transformer is to transform energy from one voltage level to

another voltage level.

Ques2: What do you understand by step-up and step-down transformer.

Ans: When the transformer raises the voltage when the output voltage is higher than

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

its input voltage, it is called the step up .

When the transformer lowers the voltage, it is called the step- down transformer.

Ques3: what is normally the efficiency of a transformer.

Ans: Typical transformer efficiencies at full load lie between96% and 97% and with extremely large transformer they
may be as high as 99%

Ques4: what name is given to the coils across which load is connected.

Ans: secondary winding.

Ques5: Does the flux linking both the winding of a transformer remains same.

Ans: Yes the flux linking the primary and secondary windings is the same.

Experiment -3(a)
Aim : - To find the polarity of primary and secondary winding on a single phase Transformer.

Apparatus Required :-

(1.)Basic knowledge about Xmers.

(2.) Concept of primary & secondary winding.

(3.) Concept of polarity.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Description of Apparatus:-

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QTY.

1. VOLTMETER M.I. 0-300 02

2. VOLTMETER M.I. 0-600 01

3. TRANSFORMER - 2KVA 01

4. VARIAC 1ɸ 260V 01

5. CONNECTING WIRE - - -

Underlying Concepts:-

Polarity: - Each of the terminal of primary as well as secondary windings of a transformer is

alternately positive and negative with respect to each other . It is essential to know the relative
polarities at any instant of the primary and secondary terminals for making correct connections under
the following type of the transformer.

(I) When two single phase transformer are to be connected in parallel to share the total load on the
system

(II) For connecting the 3 single phase transformer to form a 3 phase bank with proper connections of
primary and secondary windings.

Referring fig , if at any instant , the induced emf E1 in the primary acts from the terminals marked A2
to A1 the induced emf E2 in the secondary winding will act from a2 to a1 i.e. if at any instant A1 is
positive and A2 negative with respect to the applied voltage V1 across the primary winding then the
terminal voltage V2 across the secondary winding will be positive at a1 and negative at a2 .

If the two winding are connected by joining A 1 to A2 as shows in fig, and an alternating voltage
V1 applied across the primary, then the marking are corrected if the voltage V 3 is less than V1. Such a
polarity is generally termed as. Subtractive polarity, in which the induced emfs in the primary and
secondary winding are subtractive. The standard practice is to have subtractive polarity for
transformer connections, because it reduce the voltage stress between the adjacent loads. In case V 3 is
grater than V1, the emfs induced in the primary and secondary windings have an additive polarity.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

POLARITY TEST

Procedure :-

(a) Polarity test:-

1.Connect the circuit as per fig.

2.Switch on single phase ac supply.

3.Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3. It is advisable to use a single voltmeter with probes to
measure these three voltages. In case V3 <V1, the polarity is subtractive.

4.Repeat step 3, after connecting the terminals A 1 and A2. The transformer should be disconnected
before making. This change in this case V3>V1, which indicates additive polarity.

5.Switch of the ac supply.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

As V3 > V1 Additive Polarity

As V3 < V1 Subtractive Polarity

Observation Table: - May be tabulated as follows:-

S. No. V1 V2 V3

Experiment -3(b)
Ratio test
Aim :- To measure voltage ratio of primary and secondary windings

Pre-Requisits:-

Basic knowledge of transformers.

Concept of voltage ratio.

Description of Apparatus:-

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

S.No. NAME TYPE RANGE QTY.

1. VOLTMETER MI. 0-300V 02

2. TRANSFORMER 1Ø 1 KVA 01

3. VARIAC 1Ø 0-270V 01

4. CONNECTING WIRE - - -

Underlying Concepts:-

Voltage Ratio:-

The induced emf per phase in the primary and secondary winding of a transformer is given by,

Induced emf in primary, E1 = 4.44 f Φm T1.

Induced emf in secondary, E2=4.44 f Φm T2

However, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2

Hence, the voltage ratio, V2/V1 = T2/T1

Circuit Diagram -: Given in fig

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

RATIO TEST

Voltage Ratio test:-

Procedure:-

1.Connect the circuit as per fig.

2.Switch on ac supply.

3.Record the voltage V1 across the primary and V2 across various tapping of the
secondary. It will be preferred, if all the voltage are measured by the same voltmeter.

4.Switch off the ac supply.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:-

SNO. V1 V2 V1/V2

Ques1: How transformation ratio is symbolized?

Ans: K= Secondary winding / primary winding

Ques2: Why the transformer is also called the static transformer.

Ans: Since basic construction of transformer does not require any moving part, it is

also called the static transformer.

Ques3: what name is given to the coils across which load is connected.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans: Secondary winding.

Ques4: Why polarity test is performed in a transformer?

Ans: To find the additive and subtractive polarity of a transformer.

Ques5: Why transformer rating is always in KVA?

Ans: Because efficiency of a transformer depends upon core loss and iron loss.

Experiment -4
Aim : - To Perform Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on transformer.

Apparatus Required: -

Sr. No. NAME RANGE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter 0-5AMP 1

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

2 Ammeter 0-1 AMP 1

3 Voltmeter 0-300V 1

4 Autotransformer 0-270V 1

5 Wattmeter 0-375Watt 1

6 Single Phase Transformer 2KVA,220V,50Hz 1

Theory: - In various experiments, transformer is being operated normally under one of the following
condition.

1. No load or open circuit: - Generally high voltage Winding is open circuited is open circuited.
Such a test is performed at rated voltage applied to low voltage winding no load test is performed to
find out the no load / core losses.

2. Load:-Load on the secondary winding varied in steps to ascertain behaviour of transformer under
loaded conditions.
3.Short circuit: - Low voltage winding is generally short circuited and quite low Voltage applied to
high voltage winding. Such a test is normally performed under full Load current condition. This test is
performed to find out full load losses.

4.

Procedure:-

(a). Open Circuited Test :-

oConnect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

oEnsure that the setting of the variac is at now output voltage.

oSwitch on the supply and adjust rated voltage across the transformer circuit .

oRecord no load current, voltage applied and no load power, corresponding to the rated
voltage of the transformer winding.

oSwitch off the AC supply.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

(b)Short Circuit Test :-

oConnect the instruments as per the circuit diagram.

oAdjust the setting of the variac so that the output voltage is zero.

oSwitch on the AC supply to the circuit.

oIncrease the voltage applied slowly till the current in the winding of the transformer is
full load rated value.

oRecord short circuit current, corresponding applied voltage and power with full load
current under short circuit condition.

oSwitch off the AC supply.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Observation Table:-

S.No Open circuit test Short circuit test

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Vo Io Wo Vsc Isc Wsc

Calcuations:-

open circuit test

Wo =Vo Io CosØo

CosØo = Wo / Vo Io

Io CosØo = Ic or Iw

Io sin ϕo = Iµ or Im

(Io)² = (Ic2 + Iµ2)

R o = Vo / I c

Xo = V o / I m

short circuit test

Wsc = Isc2 Req.

Req. = Wsc / Isc2

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Zeq. = Vsc / Isc

(Xeq) ² = Z2 – R2

Precautions :-

1. Make the connection correct & according to the circuit diagram.

2. All connection should be made with power supply off.

3. Signal should not be applied to the input while the instrument power supply on.

Ques1 What are the various tests that give the complete parameter of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.

Ans: Open-circuit and short-circuit test.

Ques2 How can copper loss measured in a transformer.

Ans: Copper loss can be determined form short-circuit test.

Ques3 How can IRON loss measured in a transformer

Ans: Iron loss can be determined form open-circuit test

Ques4 What is meant by magnetizing current.

Ans: Magnetizing current is quad-rate or wattles component of exciting current of transformer and is used
to create alternating flux in the core.

Ques5 Does the transformer draw any current its secondary is open.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans: Yes; no load primary current.

Experiment -5
Aim:- Measurement of power drawn by three phase resistive load using two wattmeters & power
factor of the load from the watt-meters readings.

Apparatus required:-

S.NO NAME TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1. WATTMETER DYNAMOMET-ER 5/10A,150/300/600 2

V

2. AMMETER MI 0-10A 1

3. VOLTMETER MI 0-300/600A 1

4. VARIAC 3-F 0-470V,A 1

5. LOAD RESISTIVE KW 1

Theory:- Power consume by a 3 phase balanced or unbalanced load(star or delta connected)can be

measured by using two watt meters properly connected in the load circuit the current coil of the watt-
meters are connected in the series with the load in any two lines, where as the two pressure coil are
connected between this lines& the third line as shown in fig.

The phasor diagram of this circuit assuming balanced lagging load has been shown in fig as such
r.m.s. Value of current Ir,Iy&Ib are taken equal in magnitude & lagging by an angle of phase with
respect to its own phase voltage. Similarly, r.m.s. Value of phase voltages are also equal in magnitude

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

but displaced by 120.the phase sequence has been assumed as RYB as on the phasor diagram. Power
consumed & the power factor of load can be calculated from the reading of two wattmeter W 1 &W2 as
explained below.

Power consumed by the load:-

Current through the current coil of wattmeters ,W1=Ir

voltage across the pressure coil of wattmeter ,W1=Vrb.

Phase difference between Ir & Vrb(ref phasor diagram)=30-phase angle.

Hence ,reading of wattmeter, W2=Ir Vrb cos(30-phase angle) equation 1

similarly, reading of wattmeter ,W1=Ir Vrb cos(30+ phase angle) equation 2

moreover ,Ir=Iy=Ib=Il(line current) equation3

also Vry=Vyb=Vbr=V1(line voltage) equation4

substituting equation(3)& equation(4) into equation (1) &(2) then adding these,

=W1+W2

= power drawn by three phase load equation5

hence , the sum of two watmeter readings is equal to the power drawn by a three phase

balanced load.

Power factor of the load:-

subtracting equation(2) from equation(1)

=W1-W2

hence ,the power factor of the load can also be calculated from the observed readings of the

two wattmeters.

Observation Table:-

SNO. V I W1 W2 W1+W2 W1-W2 POWER

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

FACTOR

Conclusion:

Following important conclusions can be drawn the above derivations , regarding the balanced

inductive load.

When the power factor of the load is low(less than 0.5) the reading of wattmeter W2 will be

negative.

When the power factor of the load is 0.5 lagging reading of wattmeter W2 will be zero.

When the power factor of the load is greater than 0.5 ,both the wattmeters will be record positive
readings.

When the power factor of the load is unity , the readings of both the wattmeters will be the same.

Ques1: What do you understand by power factor of a circuit

Ans: Power factor may be defined as the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current.

Ques2: What do you mean by three phase balance load ?

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans: Any 3 Phase load will be balance when the loads (impedances) connected in 3 phase are same in magnitude as
well as in phase.

Ques3: What is the effect of frequency on inductive reactance

Ans: Inductive reactance of an inductor increases Proportionately with the increase in supply frequency.

Ques4: What is the relation between apparent power, true power , reactive power

Ans: Apparent Power = √ (True Power) 2+ (Reactive Power)2

Ques5: What is three unbalance load.

Ans: Any three phase load will be unbalanced if impedances in one more Phase differ from the impedance of
the remaining Phase. .

Experiment -6

Aim - Identification of different Electronics components.

Apparatus Required – Various type of resistors

Resistor and their codes – A resistor is an electrical component, which has been manufactured with
a specified amount of resistance. The resistor can conduct current in both the directions. Thus the
resistors may be connected in an electric circuit without concern for lead polarisation. The resistors
are used mainly for two purpose, namely controlling the flow of electric current and providing de-
sired amounts of voltage in electric or electronic circuits.

The resistance are specified in terms of their resistance values, tolerance, power rating and ther-
mal stability. By tolerance, we mean the allowed variation permited in the normal or marked value
of the resistor. It means that the actual value of the resistor may be either greater or smaller than
that of the indicated value, by a factor given by the specified tolerance. Thus resistor are manufac-
tured with a specified tolerance.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Diagram

Classification of resistor- The resistor basically two types, namely linear and non-linear resistors.
Each type is further subdivided into many types as shown in fig.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Colour Code Resistance - In this system, the bands of different colours are used to identify the re-
sistance value and tolerance ratings of the resistor. The power rating is determined from the physical
size of a resistor.

There are two common systems of colour code designation namely a four band system and five
band system. But the four band colour code system is more common. In the four band system, the
first two bands represent the significant figures, while the third band is the multiplier and the fourth
band represents the tolerance band.

Colour 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band

(Multiplier) (Tolerance)

Black 0 0 x1 -

Brown 1 1 x10 -

Red 2 2 X100 +_2%

Orange 3 3 x10000 -

Yellow 4 4 X10 000 -

Green 5 5 X100 000 -

Blue 6 6 X1 000 000 -

Violet 7 7 - -

Gray 8 8 - -

White 9 9 - -

Gold - - X 0.1 +_5%

Silver - - X 0.01 +_10%

Plain - - - +_20%

Capacitors – A capacitor is an electronic component manufactured with a specified amount of ca-

pacitance. This component has an ability to charge or store energy, which neither a resistance nor an
inductor can do. It opposes any change of voltage in the circuit in which it is connected. Some of the
important application of a capacitor are in starting motors, blocking d.c. Current, filtering unwanded
signals, tunning circuit to a specify frequency, coupling the electronic circuits, bypassing signals etc.

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by a dielectric. The dielectric is an insulating
material in which an electric field can be established with litle or no leakage current.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

The capacitor are specified with the type of a dielectric, capacitance value,working voltage, capaci-
tance tolerance and its physical size. Depending upon type of dielectric used, the capacitance of a ca-
pacitor is specified in either microfarads or picofarads. The capacitor are manufactured with capaci-
tance values that range from few picofarads to several thousands of microfarads.

Classification of capacitor – the capacitor are commonly classified on the basis of dielectric material
used for their manufacturing. It is because of the fact that characteristics of a capacitor are mainly
due to the properties of a dielectric. The capacitor may be classified into two types , namely fixed ca-
pacitor and variable capacitors. Each type is further subdivided in to many types as shown in fig.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Capacitaor

Fixed Variable

Electrostatic Electrolytic

Aluminum Tantalum
Ceramic Mica Plastic Paper

Transistor – the transistor is a main building block of all morden electronic system. It is three ter-
minal device whose output current, voltage , and/or power are controller by its input current. In
communication system, it is urdely used as the primary component in the amplifier. In digital com-
puter electronic, the transistor is used as a high – speed electronic switch that is capable of switching
between two operating states (open and closed)at a rate of several billions of times per second. A
transistor has, essentially, three regions known as emitter, base. And collector. All these three re-
gions are provided with terminals, which are labelled as E(for emitter), B(for base) and C(for collec-
tor) respectively.

There are two types of standard transistors, NPN and PNP, with different circuit symbols. The let-
ters refer to the layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor. Most transistors used
today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make from silicon

NPN transistor working – Figure shows the npn transistor with forward bias to emitter-base junc-
tion and reverse bias to collector-base junction. The forward bias causes the electrons in the n-type
emitter to flow towards the base. This constitutes the emitter current Ie. As these electrons flow
through the p-type base, they tend to combine with holes. As the base is lightly doped and very thin,
therefore, only a few electrons(less than 5%) combine with holes to constitute base current Ib. The
remainder (more than 95%) crossover into the collector region to constitute collector current Ic. In
this way, almost the entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit. It is clear that emitter cur-
rent is the sum of collector and base current. i.e. ie = ib + ic

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

PNP transistor working – The operation of the pnp transistor is similar to that of an npn transistor.
However, the current within a pnp transistor is due to the movement of holes, whereas in an NPN
transistor it is due to the movement of free electrons. PNP transistor with its emitter- base junction
as forward- biased and collector- base junction as reverse biased. The forward biased on the emitter-
base junction cause the holes in the emitter region to flow towards the base region. This constitutes
the emitter current (IE). The holes, after reaching in the base region, tend to combine with the elec-
trons. If these holes combine with the electrons in the base, they constitute base current(IB). How-
ever, most of the holes do not combine with the electrons in the base region. It is due to the fact
that base width is made extremely small and holes do not get sufficient electrons for recombination.
Thus most of the holes diffuse to the collector regions and constitue collector current(IC). This collec-
tor current is called injected current because this current is produced due to the holes injected from
the emitter region.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ques1:

Ans:

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

Experiment -7
Aim – Observing input and output waveform of rectifier

Half wave rectifier

Apparatus Required – Trainer kit, connecting wire, Power supply, etc.

Theory – The rectifiers are the cicuits, which are used in the initial stages of d.c. Power supply.The
d.c. Power supply is essential for the operation of many electronic devices and circuits. A rectifier is a
circuits, which used one or more diodes to convert a.c. Voltage into pulsating d.c.voltage.

Diagram & Waveform: -

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Working – Half wave rectifier circuit is consists of a single diode in series with a load resistor. The in-
put to the half- wave rectifier is supplied from the 50 Hz a.c. Supply, whose wavwform is shown in
fig. The working of a half wave rectifire circuit may be studied by considering separately the positive
and negative cycle of the a.c. Input voltage.

During the positive half cycle of the a.c. Input voltage, the diode is forward biased and conduct for all
instantaneous voltageas greater than the offset voltage.

During the negative half- cycle, the diode is reverse biased and hence it does not conduct. thus there
is no current flow or voltage drop across load resistor(RL) i. e. ID= 0 and v0= 0. The net result is that
only the positive half cycle of the a.c. Input voltage appear across RL.

That as the circut uses only one – half cycle of the a.c. Input voltage , therefore it is popularly known
as a half wave rectifier.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:-

S. No. VIN Vout Vout' Efficiency of

Rectifier
Input voltage Output voltage of Output voltage
Rectifier(volt)
( volt) of Filter (volt)

Procedure

1. Make connections as shown in the fig.

2.Connect 10V and 0V AC terminals from AC Power supply to terminals 1 and 2.

3. Disconnect capacitor C from the circuit.

4. Switch ON the instrument.

5. Connect terminals 3 and 4 to oscilloscope and observe output.

6.Now connect capacitor C at its place and observe output on oscilloscope.

7. Press AC/DC switch again i.e. Keep your oscilloscope in DC mode to see DC

voltage.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

8. Press AC/DC switch again i.e. Put the oscilloscope in AC mode again and observe ripple

9. Decrease load resistance and observe ripple.

Full wave rectifier

Apparatus Required – Trainer kit, connecting wires, power supply, etc.

Theory – The rectifiers are the cicuits, which are used in the initial stages of d.c. Power supply.

The d.c. Power supply is essential for the operation of many electronic devices and circuits. A recti-
fier is a circuits, which used one or more diodes to convert a.c. Voltage into pulsating d.c.voltage.

Working - A full- wave rectifier is a circut , which allows a unidirectional current to flow through the
load during the entire input cycle as shown in fig. The result of full wave rectification is a d. c. Output
voltage that pulsating every half cycle of the input. On the other hand , a half wave rectifier allows
the current to flow through the load during the positive half cycle only.

There are two type of full wave rectifiers namely center – tapped and bridge rectifier.

Center – tapped full- wave rectifier

Theory – The rectifiers are the cicuits, which are used in the initial stages of d.c. Power supply.The
d.c. Power supply is essential for the operation of many electronic devices and circuits. A rectifier is a
circuits, which used one or more diodes to convert a.c. Voltage into pulsating d.c.voltage

Diagram & Waveform -

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Working- the circuit uses two diodes, which are connected to the center-tapped secondary winding
of the transformer. The input signal is applied to the primary winding of the transformer. The center-
tap on the secondary winding of transformer is, usually, taken as the ground or zero voltage refer-
ence point. It may be noted that the voltage between the center- tap and either end of the sec-
ondary winding is half of the secondary voltage, i. e.

Vs = V2/2

Full wave bridge Rectifier

Theory- The rectifiers are the cicuits, which are used in the initial stages of d.c. Power supply.

The d.c. Power supply is essential for the operation of many electronic devices and circuits.
A rectifier is a circuits, which used one or more diodes to convert a.c. Voltage into pulsating d.c.volt-
age

Diagram & Wave form

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

D1

D4
230 V
50 Hz AC

D2
D3
RL CL

FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Working– It uses four diodes connected across the maun supply, as shown in fig. The operation of
the circuit may be studied as follows.

When the input voltage is positive the diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased and conduct some cur-
rent in the direction as indicate in the fig. A voltage is developed across the resistance RL due to the
current flow through it. The voltage looks like the positive half of the input cycle. At this time diodes
D3 and D4 are reverse biased.

When the input voltage is negative as shown in fig. The diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased and
conduct some current in the same direction through RL as during the positive half cycle . During this

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

time , the diodes D1 and D2 are reversed biased. As a result of this action, a full-wave rectifier out-
put voltage is developed across the resistance RL.

Observation Table:-

S. No. VIN Vout Vout' Efficiency of

Rectifier
Input voltage Output voltage of Output voltage
Rectifier(volt)
( volt) of Filter (volt)

Procedure :-

1. Make connection as shown in the fig.

2. Connect 10V – 0V – 10V AC terminals from AC power supply to terminals 1,2 and 3

3. Disconnect capacitor C from the circuit.

4. Switch ON the instrument

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

5. Connect terminals 4 and 5 to oscilloscope and observe output.

6. Now connect capacitor C at its place and observe output on oscilloscope.

7. Press AC/DC switch of oscilloscope i. e. Keep your oscilloscope i.e. Keep your oscilloscope in DC
mode to see DC voltage.

8. Press AC/DC switch again i.e. Put the oscilloscope in AC mode again and observe ripple.

9. Decrease load resistance and observe ripple.

10. Repeat above steps for bridge rectifier.

Precautions-

1. all the connection should be made as per circuit diagram with the correct

polarities

2.connections should be tight

Result- waveform is succesfully verify

Ques1:

Ans:

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

Experiment -8
Aim – To Draw and study the V I characteristics of diodes.

Apparatus Used – Power supply, Multimeter,Diode, connecting wires

Theory – The diode has two terminals namely anode and cathode. The anode refers to the P-type re-
gion and cathode refers to the N-type region. as shown in fig. Its circut symbol, points the direction
of current flow, when it is forward biased. It may be noted that it is the same direction in which the
movement of holes takes place.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Working – It is very important to know how a device responds when it is connected in an electrical
circuit. This information is obtained by means of a graph known as its volt-ampere (or V-I) character-
istics or simply characterisics.

It is a graph between the voltage applied across the terminals of a device and the current that flows
throught it. The complete graph can be divided into two parts namely forward characteristic and re-
verse characteristic.

Forward characteristic- In this circuit, the diode is connected to d. c. (Vaa) through a potentiometer
(P) and resistance (R). the potentiometer helpes varying the voltage applied across the diode . The
resistance (R) is included in the circuit, so as to limit the current through the diode.

Observation Table :- for forward characteristics

S. No. Voltage (volt) Current ( mA)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Reverse characterstics – This circuit is similar to the forward characteristics circuit, except two
changes namely the diode terminals are reversed and the milliammeter is replaced by a microamme-
ter.

Observation Table :- for Reverse characterstics

S. No. Voltage (volt) Current ( uA)

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Diode
++ma-
V
+-
PR

CircutDagmfoFwdhes

VI characteristics of Zener diode -

Theory – A zener diode is also called a voltage – reference , voltage regulator or breakdown diode.
Like a rectifier diode, it is also important in many power applications. It will be interesting to know
that the line at the end of the arrow looks like the letter Z

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Working – The zener diode is a silicon PN junction device, which differs from a rectifier diode, in the
sense, that it is operated in the reverse break down region. The breakdown voltage od a zener diode
is set by carefully controlling the doping level during manufacture.

Procedure –

1. Make a connection as shown in fig.

2.connect +12V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

3. Switch ON the power supply.

4. connect the voltmeter to the point 1 and ground

5. Rotate the potentiometer P1 at some value (0.1V, 0.2V, ......0.7V,...) to the point

1 and ground.

6. connect the ammeter between test point 8 and 9 to measure the output current.

7. Reapet the procedure for different sets of output current.

Precautions-

1. all the connection should be made as per circuit diagram with the correct

polarities

2.connections should be tight

Result - Verification of waveform is done succesfully.

Ques1:

Ans:

Ques2:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

Experiment -9
Aim - verification of Gates with their truth table

Apparatus Used - Experiment kit, connecting wires, Power supply, etc.

OR Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

each gate has one or two binary input variables designed by A & B and Q

The OR gate has two or more than two inputs and one output. This operation is representes by plus
sign

A+B = Q

OR gate have high output only when any or all input are high

Observation table -

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Procedure - 1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 1 & 2) with any two of the 8 Bit data
switches.

3. Connect OR Gate i.e. Pin no. 3 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 1 and 2 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5. Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

6. If the output is 0 (0V) the LED will not glow .

7. Apply 0 to pin no. 1 and 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED should glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 0 to pin no. 2 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED should glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 1 to pin no. 2 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED should glow.

13. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

AND Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output.

each gate has one or two binary input variables designed by A & B and Q

The AND gate has two or more than two input and one output. This operation is representes by dot
sign

A.B = Q

AND gate have high output only when all input are high

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table :-

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 1 & 2) with any two of the 8 Bit data
switches.

3. Connect AND Gate i.e. Pin no. 3 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 1 and 2 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5. Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

6. If the output is 0 (0V) the LED will not glow .

7. Apply 0 to pin no. 1 and 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED shouldn't glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 0 to pin no. 2 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED shouldn't glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 1 to pin no. 2 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED should glow.

13. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

NOT Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output.each gate has one
or two binary input variables . And one output variable. The NOT gate has only one input and one
output.

A=Q

The output is high when input is low and output is low when input is high.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:-

S. no. Input Output

0 1

1 0

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC with any one of the 8 bit data switch.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

3. Connect the ouput of NOT Gate i. e. Pin no. 2 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0 (0V) to pin no. 1 of IC as shown in fig. As per Truth Table.

5. Observe the ouput coming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

6. The output is 1 (5V) so the LED will glow

7. Apply 1 to pin no. 1 (5V) and observe the output.

8. LED shouldn,t glow.

9. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

NOR Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output. each gate has one
or two binary input variables designed by A & B and Q The NOR gate has two or more than two input
and one output. NOR gate complementof OR gate. The output is low if any input is high.

(A+B)' = Q

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:-

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 2 & 3) with any two of v the 8 Bit data
switches.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

3.Connect output of NOR Gate i.e. Pin no. 1 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 2 and 3 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5.Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

6.If the output is 1 (5V) the LED will not glow .

7.Apply 0 to pin no. 2 and 1 to pin no. 3(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED shouldn't glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and 0 to pin no. 3 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED shouldn't glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and 1 to pin no. 3 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED shouldn't glow.

13. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

NAND Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output. each gate has one
or two binary input variables designed by A & B and QThe NAND gate has two or more than two in-
put and one output. NAND gate complement of AND gate. The output is high if any input is low.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

(A.B)' = Q

Observation Table:-

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 1 & 2) with any two of the 8 Bit data
switches.

3. Connect output of NAND Gate i.e. Pin no. 3 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 1 and 2 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5. Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

6. If the output is 1 (5V) the LED will glow .

7. Apply 0 to pin no. 1 and 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED should glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 0 to pin no. 2 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED should glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 1 to pin no. 2 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED shouldn't glow.

13. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

Ex-OR Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output.

each gate has one or two binary input variables designed by A & B and Q

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

The Ex-OR gate has two or more than two input and one output. The output is high if the two inputs
x & y are different . The logic equation is

AB'+A'B = Q

Observation Table:-

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 1 & 2) with any two of the 8 Bit data
switches.

3. Connect output of EX-OR Gate i.e. Pin no. 3 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 1 and 2 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5. Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

6. If the output is 0 (0V) the LED will not glow .

7. Apply 0 to pin no. 1 and 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED should glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 0 to pin no. 2 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED should glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 1 to pin no. 2 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED shouldn't glow.

13. Note all the ouput coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

Ex-NOR Gate

Theory- logic gates are digital circuit with one or more input and only one output.

each gate has one or two binary input variables designed by A & B and Q

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

The Ex-NOR gate has two or more than two input and one output. The output is high if the two in-
puts x & y are same . The logic equation is

(AB)'+AB = Q

Observation Table:-

S. No. Input - 1 Input - 2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Procedure -

1.Connect +5V and 0V from DC power supply, at their indicated position.

2. Connect the input terminal or input pin of IC (pin no. 1 & 2) with any two of the 8 Bit data
switches.

3. Connect output of EX-NOR Gate i.e. Pin no. 3 to input of logic probe or 8 bit LED display.

4. Apply 0V to pin no. 1 and 2 of IC shown in the fig. As per the Truth Table.

5. Observe the output comming at 8 bit LED display or Logic probe.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

6. If the output is 0 (0V) the LED will glow .

7. Apply 0 to pin no. 1 and 1 to pin no. 2(5V) and observe the output.

8. LED shouldn't glow.

9. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 0 to pin no. 2 (0V) and observe the ouput.

10 LED shouldn't glow.

11. Apply 1 to pin no. 1(5V) and 1 to pin no. 2 (5V) and observe the output.

12. LED should glow.

13. Note all the outputs coming for these combination of input and verify it by the truth table.

Precautions –

1. All the connection should be made as per circuit diagram with the correct polarities

2. Connections should be tight

3. Voltage applied between the different leads

Result – The truth table of Ex-NOR gate is verifie

Ques1:

Ans:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

Experiment -10
Aim:- To study the transistor characteristics of CB, CE , CC,

Apparatus Used – Trainer kit, connecting wires, multimeter, power supply

Theory – For Common base connection.- In this configuration, the transistor is connected with the
base as a common terminal. The input is applied between the emmiter and base terminals. The out-

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

put is taken between the collector and base terminals. This type of configuration is used to explain
the operation of NPN and PNP transistor.

Diagram

Oservation Table 1:- For input characteristics

S. No. Input voltage VEB Input current IE(mA) at constant value of output voltage

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

VBC = 1V VBC = 3V VBC = 5V

1. 0.0V

2. 0.1V

3. 0.2V

4. 0.3V

5. 0.4V

6. 0.5V

7. 0.6V

8. 0.7V

9. 0.8V

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Procedure:-

1. Connect +5V and -12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source

2.Make a connection as shown in fig.

3.Switch ON the power supply.

4.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VBC at some constsnt value (1V, 2V)

5.vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VEB from zero to 0.9V in
step and measure the corresponding values of input current IE for differnt constant value of output
voltage VBC in an observation table1.

6.Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.

7.Reapet the procedure for differnt sets of output voltage VBC.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table2:- For ouput characteristics

S. No. Output voltage Output current IC(mA) at constant value of input current
VBC

IE =0mA IE = 1mA IE= 2mA IE = 3mA IE = 4mA

1. -1.0V

2. 0.0V

3. 0.5V

4. 1.0V

5. 2.0V

6. 3.0V

7. 4.0V

8. 5.0V

9. 6.0V

10. 7.0V

Procedure: -

1. Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IE at some constant value ( 0mA,
1mA).

2. Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VBC from zero to maxi-
mum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IC for different con-
stant value of input current IE in an observation table 2.

3. Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.

4 .Repeat the procedure for different sets of input current IE.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table:- for constant current transfer characteristics

S. No. Input current IE Output current IC (mA) at constant output voltage = 10V
(mA)

1. 0.0mA

2. 0.1mA

3. 0.2mA

4. 0.3mA

5. 0.4mA

6. 0.5mA

7. 0.6mA

8. 0.7mA

9. 0.8mA

10. 0.9mA

Procedure:-

1. Switch off the power supply.

2.Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW

3. Connect voltmeter between test Poin 6 and ground to measure output voltage VBC.

4. Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IE (mA) and other
Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current IC (mA).

5. Switch ON the power supply

6.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VBC at maximum value.

7.Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input current IE from zero to 10mA in
step and measure the corresponding values of output current IC in an observation Table3.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Result – Input Resistance Rin =...........

Output resistance Rout = ...........

Current Gain ᾳac =.............

For common emmiter Connection – In this configuration, the transistor is connected with the em-
miter as a common terminal. The input is applied between the base and emmiter terminals. The out-
put is taken between collector and emmiter terminals.

Diagram -

PNP

VEE
VCC

Common Emitter Configuration

Observation Table 1 :- For input characteristics

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

S. No. Input voltage Input current IB(uA) at constant value of output voltage
VBE

VCE = 1V VCE = 3V VCE = 5V

1. 0.0V

2. 0.1V

3. 0.2V

4. 0.3V

5. 0.4V

6. 0.5V

7. 0.6V

8. 0.7V

9. 0.8V

10. 0.9V

Procedure:-

1. Make connection as shown in fig.

2.Connect +5V and -12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source

3. Switch ON the power supply.

4.Set both potentiometer such that VCE and VBE equals to 0V.

5.Vary potentiomete P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant value (1V,3V)

6.Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VBE from zero to 0.9V in
step and measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant value of output
voltage VCE in an observation table 1.

7.Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.

Repeat the procedure from step for different sets of output voltage VCE.

Observation Table 2:- For Output characteristics

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

S. No. Output voltage Output current IC(mA) at constant value of input current
VCE

IB =0uA IB = 1uA IB= 2uA IB = 3uA IB = 4uA

1. 0.0V

2. 0.5V

3. 1.0V

4. 2.0V

5. 3.0V

6. 4.0V

7. 5.0V

8. 6.0V

9. 7.0V

10. 8.0V

Procedure:-

1. Switch ON the power supply.

2.Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value
(0uA,10uA......100uA)

3.Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VCE from zero to maxi-
mum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IC for different constant
value of input current IB in an observation table 2.

4.Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.

5.Repeat the procedure from step for different sets of input current IB.

Observation Table 3 :- for constant current transfer characteristics

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

S. No. Input current IB (uA) Output current IC (mA) at constant output voltage VCE = max

1. 00.0uA

2. 10.0uA

3. 20.0uA

4. 30.0uA

5. 40.0uA

6. 50.0uA

7. 60.0uA

8. 70.0uA

9. 80.0uA

10. 90.0uA

11. 100.0uA

Procedure :-

1. switch off the instrument

2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW direction.

3. Connect voltmeter between terminal 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.

4. Connect one Ammeter between terminal 2 and 3 to measure input current IB and other Ammeter
between terminal 4 and 5 to measure ouput current IC

5. Switch ON the power supply.

6. vary the potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at maximum value.

7. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input maximum current IB from zero to
10mA in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IC in an observation table.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Result– Input Resistance Rin =...........

Output resistance Rout = ...........

Current Gain βac =.............

For common collector connection - In this configuration, the transistor is connected with the collec-
tor as a common terminal. The input is applied between the base and collector terminals. The out-
put is taken between emmiter and collector terminals.

Obsevation Table 1 :- for input characteristics

S. No. Input voltage Input current IB(uA) at constant value of output voltage
VBc

VEC = 4.5V VEC = 5V VEC = 5.5V

1. 0.0V

2. 0.1V

3. 0.2V

4. 0.3V

5. 0.4V

6. 0.5V

7. 0.6V

8. 0.7V

9. 0.8V

10. 0.9V

Procedure :-

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

1. Connect -5V and +12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source.

2.Switch ON the power supply.

3.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of ouput voltage VCE at some constant value (4.5V, 5V,
5.5V, .......).

4.Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VCB in step and mea-
sure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant vlues of output voltage
VCE in an observation Table 1.

5.Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.

6.Repeat the procedure from step for different sets of output voltage VEC.

Observation Table 2 :- For output characteristics -

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

S. No. Output voltage Output current IE(mA) at constant value of input current
VCE

IB =0uA IB = 10uA IB= 20uA IB = 30uA IB = 40uA

1. 0.0V

2. 0.5V

3. 1.0V

4. 2.0V

5. 3.0V

6. 4.0V

7. 5.0V

8. 6.0V

9. 7.0V

10. 8.0V

Procedure :-

1.Switch ON the power supply.

2.Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value.

3.Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VEC from zero to maxi-
mum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IE for different constant
value of input current IB in an observation table2.

4.Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.

5.Repeat the procedure from step for different sets of input current IB.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Observation Table 3 :- for constant current transfer characteristics

S. No. Input current IB Output current IE (mA) at constant output voltageVEC = 3V

(uA)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Procedure:-

1.Switch OFF the power supply.

2.Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW.

3.Connect voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.

4.Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IB (mA) and other Am-
meter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current IE (mA).

5.Switch ON the power supply.

6.Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at constant value.

7.Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input current IB in step and measure the
corresponding values of output current IE in an observation table 3.

Precautions-

1. all the connection should be made as per circuit diagram with the correct polarities

2.connections should be tight

Result – Input Resistance Rin =...........

Output resistance Rout = ...........

Current Gain ᾳac =.............

Ques1:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Ans:

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

EXERCISE
Exercise 1. ________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Viva Voice

Ques1:

Ans:

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

EXERCISE
Exercise 1. ________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40

 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BE-104)

Viva Voice

Ques1:

Ans:

Ques2:

Ans:

Ques3:

Ans:

Ques4:

Ans:

Ques5:

Ans:

LAB MANUAL AND WORKBOOK 40