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D_C_Chapter_01_Topic 1 to 17.pptx
D_C_Chapter_02_Topic 18 to 28.pptx
D_C_Chapter_03_Topic 29 to 53 (Complete).pptx
D_C_Chapter_04_1Topic 54 to 60.pptx
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Introduction to the Course

The Need for

Communication

Trends and Advancements

What is taught in this

course?

What is NOT taught in this

course?

Tips and Tricks to do well

Text and References

Introduction to Data Communications

Communication: Sharing of
Information (Local or
remote)

Telecommunications:
Communication at a
Distance (includes
telephony, telegraph, and
television etc.)

Data communications:
Exchange of data between
two devices via some form
of transmission media
A Simple Communication Model
Characteristics of a Data Communication System

Effectiveness of a Data
Communication System:

• Delivery

• Accuracy

• Timeliness

• Jitter
Characteristics of a Data Communication System
Components of a Data Communication system
A data communications
system has five
components
Components of Data Communication system
Data Representation and Data Flow
Forms of Information

• Text

• Numbers

• Images

• Audio

• Video
Data Representation and Data Flow
Data Flow between two
devices:

• Simplex

• Half-Duplex

• Full-Duplex
Data Flow
Networks

• Network:
Interconnection of a set of
devices capable of
communication

• Host

• Connecting Device
Network Criteria

A network must be able to

meet a certain number of
criteria:

• Performance
 Throughput
 Delay

• Reliability

• Security
Physical Structures

Physical Network Attributes

• Link

• Type of Connection
 Point-to-Point
 Multipoint
Physical Structures
Physical Topologies

• Physical Layout of Network

• Links + Nodes = Topology

• Physical Topologies:
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring
Physical Topologies
Mesh Topology
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Networks Types

• Network classification:

 Size
 Geographical
Coverage
 Ownership

• Local Area Networks

(LANs)

• Wide Area Networks

(WANs)
Local Area Networks

• Usually Privately owned

• Connects some hosts in
a single office, building,
or campus
• Can be as simple as two
PCs and a printer in
someone’s home office
• Can extend throughout
a company

• Host Address
Local Area Networks
Wide Area Network

• Wider geographical span

than a LAN

• Spans a town, a state, a

country, or even the
world

• Interconnects connecting
devices such as switches,
routers, or modems

• Normally created and

run by communication
companies
Wide Area Network

• Point-to-Point WAN

• Switched WAN

• Internetwork
Point-to-Point WANs
Switched WANs
Internetwork
Switching

• Switching

 Circuit-Switched
Network

 Packet- Switched
Network
Circuit Switched Network
Packet Switched Network
The Internet

• An internet (note the

lowercase i) is two or
more networks that can
communicate with each
other

• The Internet (uppercase

I ), and is composed of
thousands of
interconnected
networks.

• Accessing the Internet

The Internet
Internet History

• Telegraph and Telephone

networks, before 1960:
 Constant-rate
communication only
• ARPANET- Packet
Switched
• Birth of the Internet
&TCP/IP
• MILNET
• CSNET
• NSFNET
• Internet Today
Internet Standards and Administration

• Internet draft

• Request for Comments

(RFC)
 Proposed Standard
 Draft Standard
 Internet Standard
 Historic
 Experimental
 Informational
Internet Standards
Internet Administration
Protocol Layering - Introduction
• Protocol
Rules that both the sender
and receiver and all
intermediate devices need
to follow to be able to
communicate effectively

• Protocol Layering
Simple Communication:
only one simple protocol

Complex Communication,
we need a protocol at each
layer, or Protocol Layering
Protocol Layering - Example Scenario 1
Protocol Layering - Example Scenario 2

Postal carrier facility

Protocol Layering - Advantages and Disadvantages
• Advantages
 Modularity
 Separation of Service &
Implementation
 Reduced Complexity &
Cost

• Disadvantages
 None Really!
Protocol Layering - Principles

• Two Principles

 Bidirectional
Communication  Each
Layer performs two
opposite tasks in each
direction

 Two objects under each

layer at both sites
should be identical
Protocol Layering - Logical Connections

• Logical Connections

 Imaginary connection
between each layer
Protocol Layering
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

 Protocol suite used in

Internet today

 Each Layer provides

specific functionality

 Hierarchical Protocol

 Presented in 1973 and

chosen to be the
official protocol of
Internet in 1983
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP Protocol Suite - Layered Architecture
TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Function of Layers

• Logical Connections
between TCP/IP Layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Function of Layers

Logical connections
TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Function of Layers

Identical objects (messages)

Identical objects (segment or user datagram)

Identical objects (datagram) Identical objects (datagram)

Identical objects (frame) Identical objects (frame)

Identical objects (bits) Identical objects (bits)

TCP/IP Protocol Suite – Layer Description
Encapsulation & Decapsulation

• Important Concept in
Internet Protocol Layering

• Layer Header
Encapsulation & Decapsulation
Addressing in TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Every communication
needs at least two
addresses:

 Source Address &

 Destination Address
• Addressing by Layer

• Physical Layer is an
exception
Addressing in TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

• International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)

• ISO established in 1947

• Close to three-fourths of
countries represented

• Introduced OSI Model in

late 1970s

• OSI: a 7-Layer Model

The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model
OSI Model vs TCP/IP Protocol suite

• Two Layers of OSI missing

from TCP/IP

• Application (TCP/IP) =
Application + Presentation
+ Session (OSI)
OSI Model vs TCP/IP Protocol suite
Lack of OSI Model’s Success

• Three reasons OSI did

not replace TCP/IP:

 OSI was completed

when TCP/IP was
fully in place

 Some layers in OSI

not fully defined

 Performance of
TCP/IP better than
that of OSI
Data Communication versus Computer Networks
Data Communication versus Computer Networks

• Analog & Digital

Transmission

• Transmission Media

• Switching

• Error Detection and

Correction

• Media Access and Data Link

Control

• Wired and Wireless LANs

Communication at Physical Layer
Analog & Digital Data

• Data  Analog or Digital

• Analog Data 
Continuous

• Digital Data  Discrete

• Examples: Analog Clock

vs. Digital Clock

• Human voice vs. Data in

Computer
Analog & Digital Signals

• Signals represent
Data

• Signals  Analog
or Digital

• Analog Signal 
Infinite Levels of
Intensity over
time

• Digital Signal 
Limited number
of defined values
Analog & Digital Signals
Periodic & Non-periodic Signals

• Analog/Digital Signal 
Periodic or Non-periodic

• Periodic Signal 
Pattern

• Period and Cycle

• Non-Periodic  No
Pattern

• Periodic ANALOG Signals

and Non-periodic
DIGITAL Signals
Periodic Analog Signals

• Periodic Analog Signals

 Simple or Composite

• Simple Periodic Analog

signal Sine wave

• Composite Periodic
Analog signal
Composed of multiple
sine waves
 Sine Wave

Value

•••
Time
Sine Wave – Peak Amplitude
Sine Wave –Frequency

• Period (T)  Amount of

time required to
complete 1 cycle

• Frequency (f)  No. of

Periods in 1 sec

• f = 1/T or T = 1/f
Sine Wave –Frequency
Sine Wave –Frequency
 Example
The power we use at home
has a frequency of 60 Hz.
The period of this sine
wave can be determined as
follows:
 Example
The period of a signal
is 100 ms. What is its
frequency in
kilohertz?.
Phase (or Phase Shift)

• Position of waveform
relative to time 0

• Phase describes the

amount of shift of the
wave

• Indicates start of the

first cycle
Phase
Phase
 Example

A sine wave is offset 1/6

cycle with respect to time
0. What is its phase in
degrees and radians?
Wavelength
Wavelength is another
characteristic of a signal
traveling through a
transmission medium.
Wavelength binds the
period or the frequency of a
simple sine wave to the
propagation speed of the
medium (see Figure 3.7).
Wavelength
Figure 3.7
Wavelength
Wavelength
Figure 3.7
Time & Frequency Domains
A sine wave is
comprehensively defined
by its amplitude, frequency,
and phase. We have been
showing a sine wave by
using what is called a time
domain plot. The time-
domain plot shows changes
in signal amplitude with
respect to time (it is an
amplitude-versus-time
plot). Phase is not explicitly
shown on a time-domain
plot.
Time & Frequency Domains
Example 3.7
The frequency domain is
more compact and useful
when we are dealing with
more than one sine wave.
For example, Figure 3.9
shows three sine waves,
each with different
amplitude and frequency.
All can be represented by
three spikes in the
frequency domain.
Time & Frequency Domains

Figure 3.9
 Composite Signals
So far, we have focused on simple
sine waves. Simple sine waves
have many applications in daily
life. We can send a single sine wave
to carry electric energy from one
place to another. For example, the
power company sends a single sine
wave with a frequency of 60 Hz to
distribute electric energy to houses
and businesses.
Composite Signals

• Single Sine Wave can

only carry limited
information

• Composite Signal is made

up of multiple simple
sine waves

• Can be periodic or non-

periodic
A Composite Periodic Signal
 Decomposition of Composite Periodic Signal
Amplitude

•••
Time

Amplitude

f 3f 9f Frequency

b. Frequency-domain decomposition of the composite signal

 Bandwidth
• An important characteristic that
measures Network Performance

• Bandwidth can be used in two

different contexts with two
different measuring values:
• Bandwidth in Hertz
• Bandwidth in bits per second
 Bandwidth

Bandwidth

Bandwidth in
Bandwidth in
Hertz
bps
Range of frequencies No. of bits a channel, link
in a composite signal or network can transmit
Bandwidth

• Range of frequencies
contained in a Composite
Signal

• The bandwidth is
normally a difference
between two frequencies
(the highest and the
lowest)
Bandwidth of a composite signal
 Example
If a periodic signal is
decomposed into five sine
waves with frequencies of
100, 300, 500, 700, and 900
Hz, what is its bandwidth?
Draw the spectrum,
assuming all components
have a maximum amplitude
of 10 V.
Digital Signals
In addition to being
represented by an
analog signal,
information can
also be represented
by a digital signal.
For example, a 1
can be encoded as
a positive voltage
and a 0 as zero
voltage. A digital
signal can have
more than two
levels.
Digital Signals
• Information can also be
represented by a digital
signal

• For example, a 1 can be

encoded as a positive
voltage and a 0 as zero
voltage

• A digital signal can have

more than two levels so
that we can send more
than one bit for each
level
 Digital Signals

In general, if a signal has

L levels, each level
needs log2 L bits. So, we
can send log2 2 = 1 bit
per level

log2 4 = 2 bits
Digital Signals
In this case, we can
send more than 1
bit for each level.
Figure 3.17 shows
two signals, one
with two levels and
the other with four.
Example 3.16
A digital signal has
eight levels. How
many bits are
needed per level?
We calculate the
number of bits
from the following
formula. Each
signal level is
represented by 3
bits.
 Example

A digital signal has

eight levels. How
many bits are
needed per level?
Example 3.17
A digital signal has nine
levels. How many bits are
needed per level? We
calculate the number of
bits by using the formula.
Each signal level is
represented by 3.17 bits.
However, this answer is
not realistic. The number
of bits sent per level
needs to be an integer as
well as a power of 2. For
this example, 4 bits can
represent one level.
 Example

A digital signal has

nine levels. How
many bits are
needed per level?
We calculate the
number of bits by
using the formula.
Bit Rate

• Number of bits
sent in 1 second

• Bit Rate is
expressed in bits
per second (bps)

• Most digital
signals are non-
periodic, and
thus period and
frequency are
not appropriate
characteristics
Bit Rate
Bit Rate
 Bit Rate
Most digital signals are
nonperiodic, and thus
period and frequency are
not appropriate
characteristics. Another
term—bit rate (instead of
frequency)—is used to
describe digital signals.
The bit rate is the number
of bits sent in 1s,
expressed in bits per
second (bps). Figure 3.17
shows the bit rate for two
signals.
Bit Rate

• Number of bits
sent in 1 second

• Bit Rate is
expressed in bits
per second (bps)

• Most digital
signals are non-
periodic, and
thus period and
frequency are
not appropriate
characteristics
Bit Rate
 Example
Assume we need to
download text
documents at the
rate of 100 pages
per second. What is
the required bit
rate of the
channel?
Example 3.18
Solution
From Table 3.1 we
find the
equivalents of 1 ms
(1 ms is 10–3 s) and
1 s (1 s is 106 μs).
We make the
following
substitutions:
 Example
A digitized voice
channel is made by
digitizing a 4-kHz
bandwidth analog
voice signal. We
need to sample the
signal at twice the
highest frequency
(two samples per
hertz). We assume
that each sample
requires 8 bits.
What is the
required bit rate?
Example 3.19
Solution
A page is an
average of 24 lines
with 80 characters
in each line. If we
assume that one
character requires
8 bits, the bit rate
is
Example 3.20
What is the bit rate for high-
definition TV (HDTV)?
Solution
HDTV uses digital signals to
broadcast high quality video
signals. The HDTV screen is
normally a ratio of 16 : 9 (in
contrast to 4 : 3 for regular
TV), which means the
screen is wider. There are
1920 by 1080 pixels per
screen, and the screen is
renewed 30 times per
second.
Example 3.20
Solution
Twenty-four bits
represents one
color pixel. We can
calculate the bit
rate as

The TV stations
reduce this rate to
20 to 40 Mbps
through
compression.
 Bit Length
We discussed the concept of
the wavelength for an analog
signal: the distance one cycle
occupies on the transmission
medium. We can define
something similar for a
digital signal: the bit length.
The bit length is the distance
one bit occupies on the
transmission medium.
Digital Signal as Composite Analog Signal
• Based on Fourier
analysis, a digital
signal is a composite
analog signal

• A digital signal, in the

time domain,
comprises connected
vertical and horizontal
line segments

• Infinite Bandwidth
Digital As Composite Analog
A vertical line in
the time domain
means a frequency
of infinity: a
horizontal line in
the time domain
means a frequency
of zero. Going from
a frequency of zero
to a frequency of
infinity implies all
frequencies in
between are part
of the domain.
Digital Signal as Composite Analog Signal

Vertical line in the time domain:

Frequency of infinity
Horizontal line in the time domain:
Frequency of zero
Digital Signal as Composite Analog Signal
Transmission of Digital Signals

• Digital signal, periodic or

non-periodic, is a
composite analog signal
with frequencies between
zero and infinity (Infinite
Bandwidth)

• Two approaches for

transmission:
 Baseband Transmission
 Broadband
Transmission
Transmission of Digital Signals
A vertical line in
the time domain
means a frequency
of infinity: a
horizontal line in
the time domain
means a frequency
of zero. Going from
a frequency of zero
to a frequency of
infinity implies all
frequencies in
between are
part of the domain.
 Baseband Transmission

Low Pass Channel

Sending a Digital Signal without changing it to an Analog

Signal
Baseband Transmission
Baseband Transmission
Baseband Transmission
Broadband Transmission (Modulation)
• Changing the
Digital signal to
an Analog signal
for transmission

• Modulation
allows us to use
a bandpass
channel—a
channel with a
bandwidth that
does not start
from zero

• More available
than a low-pass
Broadband Transmission (Modulation)
Broadband Transmission (Modulation)
Broadband Transmission (Modulation)
Transmission Impairments
• Transmission
media are not
perfect

• Cause Signal
impairments

• Signal sent is not

the same as the
signal received
Causes of Transmission Impairment
Transmission Impairment
What is sent is not
what is received.
Three causes of
impairment are
attenuation,
distortion, and
noise (see Figure
3.26).
Transmission Impairment
Signals travel
through
transmission
media, which are
not perfect. The
imperfection
causes signal
impairment. This
means that the
signal at the
beginning of the
medium is not the
same as the signal
at the end of the
medium.
Attenuation
Attenuation means a loss of
energy. When a signal,
simple or composite,
travels through a medium,
it loses some of its energy
in overcoming the
resistance of the medium.
That is why a wire carrying
electric signals gets warm,
if not hot, after a while.
Some of the electrical
energy in the signal is
converted to heat.
Attenuation
To compensate for this
loss, amplifiers are used
to amplify the signal.
Figure 3.27 shows the
effect of attenuation and
amplification..
Attenuation and amplification
Figure 3.27
Example 3.26
Suppose a signal travels
through a transmission
medium and its power is
reduced to one half. This
means that P2 = 0.5 P1. In
this case, the attenuation
(loss of power) can be
calculated as

A loss of 3 dB (−3 dB) is

equivalent to losing one-
half the power.
Example 3.27
A signal travels
through an
amplifier, and its
power is increased
10 times. This
means that P2 =
10P1. In this case,
the amplification
(gain of power) can
be calculated as
Example 3.28
One reason that engineers
use the decibel to
measure the changes in
the strength of a signal is
that decibel numbers can
be added (or subtracted)
when we are measuring
several points (cascading)
instead of just two. In
Figure 3.28 a signal travels
from point 1 to point 4.
The signal is attenuated
by the time it reaches
point 2.
Example 3.28
Between points 2 and 3,
the signal is amplified.
Again, between points 3
and 4, the signal is
attenuated. We can find
the resultant decibel value
for the signal just by
adding the decibel
measurements between
each set of points. In this
case, the decibel value can
be calculated as
Example 3.29
Sometimes the
decibel is used to
measure signal
power in
milliwatts. In this
case, it is referred
to as dBm and is
calculated as dBm =
10 log10 Pm, where
Pm is the power in
milliwatts.
Calculate the
power of a signal if
its dBm = −30.
Example 3.29
Solution
We can calculate
the power in the
signal as
Example 3.30
Sometimes the
decibel is used to
measure signal
power in
milliwatts. In this
case, it is referred
to as dBm and is
calculated as dBm =
10 log10 Pm, where
Pm is the power in
milliwatts.
Calculate the
power of a signal if
its dBm = −30.
Example 3.30
Solution
The loss in the
cable in decibels is
5 × (−0.3) = −1.5
dB. We can
calculate the power
as
Attenuation and Amplification - Decibel

• Unit of Signal strength is

Decibel or dB

• Decibel (dB) measures the

relative strengths of two
signals or one signal at two
different points

• Decibel is negative if a signal

is attenuated and positive if
signal is amplified
 Example
Suppose a signal
travels through a
transmission
medium and its
power is reduced
to one half. This
means that P2 = 0.5
P1. In this case, the
attenuation (loss of
power) can be
calculated as
 Example

A signal travels
through an
amplifier, and its
power is increased
10 times. This
means that P2 =
10P1. In this case,
the amplification
(gain of power) can
be calculated as
 Distortion
• Distortion means that the
signal changes its form or
shape.
• Distortion can occur in a
composite signal made of
different frequencies.
• Each signal component has
its own propagation speed
(see the next section)
through a medium and,
therefore, its own delay in
arriving at the final
destination.
Distortion
Differences in delay
may create a
difference in phase
if the delay is not
exactly the same as
the period
duration.
 Distortion

Figure 3.29
Noise
• Noise is another
cause of impairment.
• Several types of
noise, such as
thermal noise,
induced noise,
crosstalk, and
impulse noise, may
corrupt the signal.

• Thermal noise is the

random motion of
electrons in a wire,
which creates an
extra signal not
originally sent by the
Noise
• Induced noise
comes from
sources such as
motors.

• Crosstalk is the
effect of one
wire on the
other.
Noise
Noise
Figure 3.31
Noise – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
• Signal to Noise
Ratio (SNR) is
used to find the
theoretical bit
rate limit of a
signal
Noise – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Noise – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
 Example
The power of a
signal is 10 mW and
the power of the
noise is 1 μW; what
are the values of
SNR and SNRdB?
 Example
The values of SNR
and SNRdB for a
noiseless channel
are calculated as
Example 3.31
The power of a
signal is 10 mW
and the power of
the noise is 1 μW;
what are the values
of SNR and SNRdB?

Solution
The values of SNR
and SNRdB can be
calculated as
follows:
Example 3.32
The values of SNR and
SNRdB for a noiseless
channel are
Solution
The values of SNR and
SNRdB for a noiseless
channel are

We can never achieve

this ratio in real life; it is
an ideal.
Data Rate Limits
• How fast we can
send data, in bits
per second, over
a channel?

• Data Rate
depends on 3
factors:
 The
Bandwidth
available
 The level of
the signals
we use
 The level of
noise
Data Rate Limits

• Two theoretical formulas

developed to calculate
the data rate:

 one by Nyquist for a

noiseless channel

 another by Shannon
for a noisy channel
Noiseless Channel : Nyquist Rate
• For a noiseless
channel, the
Nyquist bit rate
formula defines
the theoretical
maximum bit
rate

• Finding balance
between Bit rate
and System
Reliability
 Example

Consider a
noiseless channel
with a bandwidth
of 3000 Hz
transmitting a
signal with two
signal levels. The
maximum bit rate
can be calculated
as
 Example

Consider the same

noiseless channel
transmitting a
signal with four
signal levels (for
each level, we send
2 bits). The
maximum bit rate
can be calculated
as
 Noisy Channel : Shannon Capacity

• In reality, we
cannot have a
noiseless
channel; the
channel is always
noisy

• In 1944, Claude
Shannon
introduced a
formula, to
determine the
theoretical
highest data rate
for a noisy
channel:
 Example
Consider an
extremely noisy
channel in which
the value of the
signal-to-noise
ratio is almost zero.
In other words, the
noise is so strong
that the signal is
faint. For this
channel the
capacity C is
calculated as
 Example

Theoretical highest
bit rate of a
Telephone line with
a Bandwidth of
3000 Hz assigned
for data
communication.
SNR is usually
3162. The capacity
is calculated as:
Using Both Limits
• In practice, we
need to use both
methods to find
the limits and
signal levels

• Shannon’s
formula gives us
the upper limit
while the
Nyquist formula
gives us the
signal levels
Example 3.37
Consider an
extremely noisy
channel in which
the value of the
signal-to-noise
ratio is almost zero.
In other words, the
noise is so strong
that the signal is
faint. For this
channel the
capacity C is
calculated as
Example 3.37
This means that the
capacity of this
channel is zero
regardless of the
bandwidth. In
other
words, we cannot
receive any data
through this
channel.
Example 3.38
This means that the
capacity of this
channel is zero
regardless of the
bandwidth. In
other
words, we cannot
receive any data
through this
channel.
Example 3.38
This means that the
highest bit rate for
a telephone line is
34.860 kbps. If we
want to send data
faster than this, we
can either increase
the bandwidth of
the line or improve
the signal-to-noise
ratio.
Example 3.39
The signal-to-noise
ratio is often given
in decibels. Assume
that SNRdB = 36 and
the channel
bandwidth is 2
MHz. The
theoretical channel
capacity can be
calculated as
Example 3.39
Example 3.40
When the SNR is
very high, we can
assume that SNR + 1
is almost the same
as SNR. In these
cases, the
theoretical channel
capacity can be
simplified to C 5 B 3
SNRdB. For example,
we can calculate the
theoretical capacity
of the previous
example as
Using Both Limits
In practice, we need
to use both methods
to find the limits and
signal levels. Let us
show this with an
example.
Example 3.41
We have a channel
with a 1-MHz
bandwidth. The SNR
for this channel is
63. What are the
appropriate bit rate
and signal level?
Solution
First, we use the
Shannon formula to
find the upper limit.
Example 3.41
The Shannon
formula gives us 6
Mbps, the upper
limit. For better
performance we
choose something
lower, 4 Mbps. Then
we use the Nyquist
formula to find the
number of signal
levels
Network Performance

• Data transmission
(in form of Signal)
over a network
and how network
behaves is
important

• More important
is the
performance of
the network

• How good is our

network?
 Network Performance

Network
Performance

Bandwidth Throughput Latency

• There are 3 characteristics of network

performance
Bandwidth
• An important
characteristic
that measures
Network
Performance

• Bandwidth can
be used in two
different contexts
with two
different
measuring
values:
• Bandwidth in
Hertz
• Bandwidth in
bits per
Example 3.42
The bandwidth of a
subscriber line is 4
kHz for voice or
data. The
bandwidth of this
line for data
transmission
can be up to 56,000
bps using a
sophisticated
modem to change
the digital signal to
analog.
Example 3.43
If the telephone
company improves
the quality of the
line and increases
the bandwidth to 8
kHz, we can send
112,000 bps by
using the same
technology as
mentioned in
Example 3.42.
 Bandwidth

Bandwidth

Bandwidth in
Bandwidth in
Hertz
bps
Range of frequencies No. of bits a channel, link
in a composite signal or network can transmit
Throughput

• Measure of how
fast we can
actually send
data through a
network.

• Bandwidth is not
the same as
Throughput

• A link may have

a bandwidth of
B bps, but we
can only send T
bps through this
link with T
 Example

A network with
bandwidth of 10
Mbps can pass only
an average of
12,000 frames per
minute with each
frame carrying an
average of 10,000
bits. What is the
throughput of this
network?
Throughput
The throughput is a
measure of how fast we
can actually send data
through a network.
Although, at first glance,
bandwidth in bits per
second and throughput
seem the same, they are
different. A link may
have a bandwidth of B
bps, but we can only
send T bps through this
link with T always less
than B.
Throughput
The latency or
delay defines how
long it takes for an
entire message to
completely arrive
at the destination
from the time the
first bit is sent out
from the source.
Throughput
We can say that
latency is made of
four components:
propagation time,
transmission time,
queuing time and
processing delay.

Latency =
propagation time +
transmission time +
queuing time +
processing delay
Example 3.44
A network with
bandwidth of 10
Mbps can pass only
an average of
12,000 frames per
minute with each
frame carrying an
average of 10,000
bits. What is the
throughput of this
network?
Example 3.44
Solution
We can calculate the
throughput as
Throughput =

(12,000X10,000)/60 =
2Mbps

The throughput is
almost one-fifth of
the bandwidth in this
case.
Example 3.45
What is the
propagation time if
the distance
between the two
points is 12,000
km? Assume the
propagation speed
to be 2.4 × 108 m/s
in cable.
Solution
We can calculate
the propagation
time as
Propagation time =
(12,000X10,000)/(2
.4X28)=
50 ms
Example 3.45
The example shows
that a bit can go
over the Atlantic
Ocean in only 50
ms if there is a
direct cable
between the
source and the
destination.
Example 3.46
What are the propagation
time and the transmission
time for a 2.5-KB (kilobyte)
message if the bandwidth
of the network is 1 Gbps?
Assume that the distance
between the sender and
the receiver is 12,000 km
and that light travels at 2.4
× 108 m/s.
Example 3.46
Solution
We can calculate
the propagation
and transmission
time as

Propagation time =
(12,000 X 1000)/
(2.4X 108) = 50 ms

Transmission time
= (2500 X 8 ) / 109 =
0.020 ms
Example 3.46
Solution
Note that in this
case, because the
message is short
and the bandwidth
is high, the
dominant factor is
the propagation
time, not the
transmission time.
Example 3.47
What are the
propagation time
and the
transmission time
for a 5-MB
(megabyte)
message (an image)
if the bandwidth of
the network is 1
Mbps? Assume
that the distance
between the
sender and the
receiver is 12,000
km and that light
travels at 2.4 × 108
m/s.
Example 3.47
Solution
We can calculate
the propagation
and transmission
times as

Propagation time =
(12,000 X 1000) /
(2.4 X 108) = 50 ms
Transmission time
= (5,000,000 X 8) /
106 = 40s

We can calculate
the propagation
and transmission
times as
 Latency or Delay

• Latency or delay defines

how long it takes for an
entire message to
completely arrive at the
destination from the
time the first bit is sent
out from the source
 Example
What is the propagation
time if the distance
between the two points is
12,000 km? Assume the
propagation speed to be
2.4 × 108 m/s in cable.
Delay – Bandwidth Delay Product

• Bandwidth and
delay are two
performance
metrics of a link

• Product of the
two, The
Bandwidth-
Delay Product
defines the
number of bits
that can fill a
link
Bandwidth-Delay Product

Case
1
Bandwidth-Delay Product

Case
2
Bandwidth-Delay Product
Example 3.48
We can think about
the link between
two points as a
pipe. The cross
section of the pipe
represents the
bandwidth, and the
length of the pipe
represents the
delay. We can say
the volume of the
pipe defines the
bandwidth-delay
product, as shown
in Figure 3.34.
Delay - Jitter

• Jitter is a problem
if different
packets of data
encounter
different delays
and the
application using
the data at the
receiver site is
time-sensitive
(audio and video
data, for
example)
Delay - Jitter

• Delay for first

packet is 20 ms
for the second is
45 ms, and for
the third is 40
ms, then the
real-time
application that
uses the packets
endures jitter
Digital-to-digital Conversion
• Data  Analog or
Digital

• Signals  Analog or
Digital

• Digital Transmission

• Analog Transmission
 Digital Transmission

Digital
Transmission

Digital to Digital Analog to Digital

Conversion Conversion
 Digital to Digital Conversion

Digital to Digital
Conversion

Line Coding Block Coding Scrambling

Always Needed May not be needed May not be needed

Signal Element versus Data Element

• A Data element is the

smallest entity that can
represent a piece of
information  Bit

• A Signal element is the

shortest unit of a digital
signal

• Data Elements: Carried

• Signal Elements: Carriers

Signal Element versus Data Element
Data Rate versus Signal Rate

• Data Rate is number of

data elements sent in 1
sec (bps)

• Signal Rate is number

of signal elements sent
in 1 sec (baud)

• Data Rate  Bit Rate

• Signal Rate  Pulse

Rate, Modulation Rate
or Baud Rate
 Example

A signal has a signal rate

of 100 bauds. What is the
Data rate if one data
element is carried per
signal element?
Line Coding
• Digital data to Digital
signals

• Data (Text, Numbers,

Pictures, Audio, or
Video) is stored in
computer memory as
sequences of bits

• Line coding converts a

sequence of Bits to a
Digital Signal
Line Coding and Decoding
Line Coding Schemes

• We can roughly divide

line coding schemes into
five broad categories
Line Coding Schemes
Unipolar NRZ scheme
Polar schemes (NRZ)
Polar schemes (RZ)
Line Coding Schemes

• We can roughly divide

line coding schemes into
five broad categories
Line Coding Schemes
Polar Biphase
Line Coding Schemes

• We can roughly divide

line coding schemes into
five broad categories
Line Coding Schemes
Bipolar schemes: AMI & Pseudoternary
Multilevel: 2B1Q
Table 4.1 : Summary of line coding schemes
Block Coding
• Block coding changes a
block of ‘m’ bits into a
block of ‘n’ bits (n>m)

• mB/nB encoding
technique

• We need Redundancy to
ensure Synchronization

• Block coding gives us

redundancy and improves
line coding performance
Block coding concept
Block Coding
• Block coding changes a
block of ‘m’ bits into a
block of ‘n’ bits (n>m)

• mB/nB encoding
technique

• We need Redundancy to
ensure Synchronization

• Block coding gives us

redundancy and improves
line coding performance
Using block coding 4B/5B with NRZ-I line coding
Block Coding
• Block coding changes a
block of ‘m’ bits into a
block of ‘n’ bits (n>m)

• mB/nB encoding
technique

• We need Redundancy to
ensure Synchronization

• Block coding gives us

redundancy and improves
line coding performance
4B/5B mapping codes
Block Coding
• Block coding changes a
block of ‘m’ bits into a
block of ‘n’ bits (n>m)

• mB/nB encoding
technique

• We need Redundancy to
ensure Synchronization

• Block coding gives us

redundancy and improves
line coding performance
 Example
We need to send data at a
1-Mbps rate. What is the
minimum required
bandwidth, using a
combination of 4B/5B and
NRZ-I or Manchester
coding?
Example
8B/10B block encoding
Scrambling
• Biphase schemes
suitable for LAN but not
for Long Distance

• Block Coding + NRZ-I

solves synch issue but
has DC component

• Bipolar AMI has a

narrow bandwidth (no
DC Component) but
synch issue (long series
of 0s)
Scrambling

• The system needs to

insert the required
pulses based on the
defined scrambling
rules
AMI used with scrambling
Types of Scrambling Techniques
• Two common
scrambling techniques
are B8ZS and HDB3

• Bipolar with 8-Zero

Substitution (B8ZS)

• High-density bipolar
3-zero (HDB3)
Two cases of B8ZS scrambling technique
Types of Scrambling Techniques
• Two common
scrambling techniques
are B8ZS and HDB3

• Bipolar with 8-Zero

Substitution (B8ZS)

• High-density bipolar
3-zero (HDB3)
Different situations in HDB3 scrambling technique
Analog-to-digital Conversion
• Analog Data to Digital
Data

• Process of Digitization

• Two techniques:
 Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM)

 Delta Modulation
(DM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Sampling

• Quantization

• Encoding
Three different sampling methods for PCM
Nyquist Sampling Rate
• Nyquist  fs = 2fh

• Sampling sine wave at

three sampling rates:

 fs = 4f (2 times the
Nyquist rate)
 fs = 2f (Nyquist rate)
 fs = f (one-half the
Nyquist rate)
Nyquist Sampling Rate
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Most common technique

• Employs a PCM Encoder

• A PCM encoder has three

processes:
 Sampling
 Quantization
 Encoding
Components of PCM encoder
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Sampling

• Quantization

• Encoding
Quantization & encoding of a sampled signal
• Sampling  Series of
pulses with amplitude
values between min and
max signal amplitude
• Infinite set with non-
integral values not
suitable for encoding
• We quantize the
sampling output into
certain levels based on
range of amplitudes and
how much accuracy is
needed
Quantization & encoding of a sampled signal
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Encoding

 Sampling

 Quantization

 Encoding

• Decoding
Original Signal Recovery- PCM Decoder
Analog-to-digital Conversion
• Analog Data to Digital
Data

• Process of Digitization

• Two techniques:
 Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM)

 Delta Modulation
(DM)
Delta Modulation (DM)
• PCM is a very complex
technique

• Delta modulation is a
simpler technique

• PCM finds the value of

the signal amplitude for
each sample; DM finds
the change from the
previous sample

• No code words
The process of delta modulation
Delta Modulation (DM)

• Delta modulation is a
simpler technique

• DM finds the change

from the previous
sample

• No code words
Delta Modulation Components
Delta Demodulation Components
Transmission Modes
• Transmission of Data:
 Wiring
 Data Stream

• Do we send 1 bit at a
time; or do we group
bits into larger groups
and, if so, how?

• Parallel or Serial
Transmission
Data transmission modes
Parallel Transmission
• Binary data (1s ad 0s)
organized in groups of
‘n’ bits

• We send ‘n’ bits at a

time instead of just one

• ‘n’ wires required to

send ‘n’ bits at one time
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
• In serial transmission
one bit follows another

• Only one
communication channel
rather than ‘n’ to
transmit data
Serial Transmission
Asynchronous Transmission
Serial Transmission
• In serial transmission
one bit follows another

• Only one
communication channel
rather than ‘n’ to
transmit data
 Synchronous Transmission

Direction of flow
Frame Frame Frame

11110111 11111011 11110110 ••• 11110111 11110011

Isochronous Transmission
• Real time Audio and
Video

• Synchronization
between characters is
not enough

• Entire stream should be

synchronized

• Isochronous guarantees
fixed rate data
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
• Process of changing one
of the characteristics of
analog signal based on
the information in digital
data

• A sine wave is defined by

3 characteristics:
 Amplitude
 Frequency
 Phase

• By changing one of these

characteristics, we can
use it to represent a
digital signal
Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Types of Digital to Analog Conversion
Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• Before we discuss
specific methods of
digital-to-analog
modulation, two basic
issues must be
reviewed:

 Bit and Baud rates

and
 The Carrier Signal
 Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• In Analog Transmission
of Digital Data, Baud
Rate is less than or
equal to the Bit Rate
 Data Element vs.
Signal Element
 Data Rate vs. Signal
Rate

• Bandwidth Required ∝
Signal Rate (except FSK)

• Carrier Signal
Aspects of Digital to Analog Conversion
• Before we discuss
specific methods of
digital-to-analog
modulation, two basic
issues must be
reviewed:

 Bit and Baud rates

and
 The Carrier Signal
 Example
An analog signal carries 4
bits per signal element. If
1000 signal elements are
sent per second, find the bit
rate?
 Example
An analog signal has a bit
rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How
many data elements are
carried by each signal
element? How many signal
elements do we need?
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The amplitude of the
carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements

• Both frequency and

phase remain constant
while the amplitude
changes

• Binary ASK or On-Off

Keying (OOK)
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (Binary ASK)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• The amplitude of the
carrier signal is varied to
create signal elements

• Both frequency and

phase remain constant
while the amplitude
changes

• Binary ASK or On-Off

Keying (OOK)
Implementation of Binary ASK
 Example
We have an available
bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz.
What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if
we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to
represent data
• The frequency of the
modulated signal is
constant for the duration
of one signal element,
but changes for the next
signal element if the
data element changes
• Both peak amplitude and
phase remain constant
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• The frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to
represent data

• Both peak amplitude and

phase remain constant
 Example
We have an available
bandwidth of 100 kHz
which spans from 200 to
300 kHz. What should be
the carrier frequency and
the bit rate if we modulated
our data by using FSK with
d = 1?
Implementation of BFSK
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• The phase of the carrier
is varied to represent
two or more different
signal elements

• Both peak amplitude and

frequency remain
constant

• PSK is relatively common

than ASK or FSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Implementation of BPSK
QPSK and its Implementation
 Example

Find the bandwidth for a

signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value
of d = 0.
Constellation Diagram
• Helps us define the
phase and amplitude of
a signal element when
we are using two carriers
(one in phase and other
in quadrature)

• Signal element is
represented as a dot
Constellation Diagram
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• PSK is limited by the
ability of the equipment
to distinguish small
differences in phase
which limits its potential
bit rate

• We have been altering

only one of the three
characteristics of a sine
wave at a time; but what
if we alter two?

• Why not combine ASK

and PSK?
Constellation diagrams for some QAMs
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
• Representation of
Analog information by
an Analog signal

• Amplitude Modulation
(AM)

• Frequency Modulation
(FM)

• Phase Modulation (PM)

Types of Analog-to-Analog Modulation
Amplitude modulation
Frequency Modulation
Analog-to-Analog Conversion
• Representation of
Analog information by
an Analog signal

• Amplitude Modulation
(AM)

• Frequency Modulation
(FM)

• Phase Modulation (PM)

Phase Modulation

VCO

d/dt

BPM = 2(1 + b )B

0
fc
Multiplexing
• Simultaneous
transmission of multiple
signals across a single
data link
• As data & telecomm use
increases, so does traffic
 Add individual links
each time a new
channel is needed
 Install higher-
bandwidth links and
use each to carry
multiple signals
Dividing a Link into Channels
Multiplexing
• Simultaneous
transmission of multiple
signals across a single
data link
Categories of Multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
• An analog technique
that can be applied
when the bandwidth of
a link (in hertz) is
greater than the
combined bandwidths
of the signals to be
transmitted

• Signals generated by
each sending device
modulate different
carrier frequencies
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
These modulated signals
are then combined into a
single composite signal
that can be transported by
the link
Frequency-Division multiplexing
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
• An analog technique
that can be applied
when the bandwidth of
a link (in hertz) is
greater than the
combined bandwidths
of the signals to be
transmitted
FDM Multiplexing
FDM De-Multiplexing
 Example
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a
bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
 Example
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?

= 540 KHZ
The Analog Carrier System
• Telephone companies
multiplex signals from
lower-bandwidth lines
on to higher-bandwidth
lines

• For Analog, FDM is used

Analog Hierarchy
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
• Designed to use the high-
data-rate capability of
fiber-optic cable

• Fiber data rate is higher

than the data rate of
metallic transmission
cable

• Using a fiber-optic cable

for a single line wastes the
available bandwidth

• Multiplexing allows us to
combine several lines into
one
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Prisms in Wave-Length Division Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing
• Digital process that
allows several
connections to share
the high bandwidth of
a link

• Time is shared i.e.

each connection
occupies a portion of
time in the link
TDM
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Time-Division Multiplexing
• Digital process that
allows several
connections to share
the high bandwidth of
a link

• Time is shared i.e.

each connection
occupies a portion of
time in the link
 Example
In Figure the data rate for
each input connection is 1
kbps. If 1 bit at a time is
multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit),
what is the duration of
• each input slot,
• each output slot, and
• each frame?
Interleaving
Time-Division Multiplexing
• Digital process that
allows several
connections to share
the high bandwidth of
a link

• Time is shared i.e.

each connection
occupies a portion of
time in the link
Multilevel Multiplexing
Multiple-SLot Multiplexing
Pulse Stuffing
Time-Division Multiplexing
• Digital process that
allows several
connections to share
the high bandwidth of
a link

• Time is shared i.e.

each connection
occupies a portion of
time in the link
Digital Hierarchy
DS and T Line Rates
T-1 Line
E Line Rates
Time-Division Multiplexing
• Synchronous TDM

• Statistical TDM
Empty slots
Statistical TDM
SPREAD SPECTRUM
• In wireless applications,
stations must be able to
share the medium
without interception by
an eavesdropper and
without being subject to
jamming from a
malicious intruder

• To achieve these goals,

spread spectrum adds
redundancy and spread
original spectrum
needed for each station
SPREAD SPECTRUM - Principles

• Bandwidth allocated to
each station needs to be
larger than what is
needed to allow
Redundancy

• Spreading process should

be independent of the
original signal
Spread Spectrum
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES

• Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

• Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
• ‘M’ different carrier
frequencies that are
modulated by the source
signal

• At one moment, signal

modulates one carrier
frequency and at next
moment, it modulates
another
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Frequency Selection in FHSS
FHSS Cycles
Bandwidth Sharing
DSSS
• DSSS also expands the
bandwidth of the
original signal, but the
process is different

• We replace each data bit

with ‘n’ bits using a
spreading code

• Each bit is assigned a

code of ’n’ bits, called
chips, where the chip
rate is ‘n’ times that of
the data bit
DSSS
Transmission Media
• Located below the
physical layer and are
directly controlled by the
physical layer

• Belong to layer zero

• Metallic Media i.e.

Twisted pair and Coaxial
Cable

• Optical Fiber Cable

• Free Space i.e. Air,

Vaccum
Transmission Media & Physical Payer
Transmission Media
• Located below the
physical layer and are
directly controlled by the
physical layer

• Belong to layer zero

• Metallic Media i.e.

Twisted pair and Coaxial
Cable

• Optical Fiber Cable

• Free Space i.e. Air,

Vaccum
Classes of Transmission Media
Guided Media
• Media that provides a
conduit from one device
to another

• Twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-
optic cable

• Signal traveling along

any of these media is
directed and contained
by the physical limits of
the medium
Twisted-Pair Cable
• Consists of 2 copper
conductors, each with
its own plastic
insulation, twisted
together

• One wire carries signals

and other is ground
reference

• Receiver uses difference

between the two

• Interference (Noise) &

Crosstalk
Twisted-Pair Cable
Twisted-Pair Cable
• UTP

• STP
Unshielded vs. Shielded Twisted Pair Cable
Categories of Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cables
UTP Connectors
UTP Performance
Coaxial Cable
• Carries signals of higher
frequency ranges than
those in twisted pair
cable
Coaxial Cable
Categories of Coaxial Cables
Coaxial Cable
• Carries signals of higher
frequency ranges than
those in twisted pair
cable
BNC Connectors
Coaxial Cable Performance
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Made of glass or plastic
and transmits signals in
the form of light

• Light travels in a straight

line as long as it is
moving through a single
uniform substance

• If a ray of light traveling

through one substance
suddenly enters another
substance (of a different
density), the ray changes
direction
Bending of Light Ray
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Made of glass or plastic
and transmits signals in
the form of light
Optical Fiber
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Made of glass or plastic
and transmits signals in
the form of light
Propagation Modes
Modes
Fiber-Optic Cable
• Made of glass or plastic
and transmits signals in
the form of light
Fiber Types
Fiber Composition
Fiber-Optic Cable Connector
Optical Fiber Performance
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Higher Bandwidth
• Less Attenuation
• Less EM Interference
• Light Weight

• Less corrosive than copper

• Installation/Maintenance
• Unidirectional
• Cost
Unguided Media
• Unguided medium
transport waves without
using a physical
conductor

• Often referred to
wireless communication

• Signals are normally

broadcast through free
space and thus are
available to anyone who
has a device capable of
receiving them
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Propagation Methods
Bands
Radio Waves
• Electromagnetic waves
ranging in frequencies
between 3 kHz and 1
GHz are normally called
radio waves

• Electromagnetic waves
ranging in frequencies
between 1 and 300 GHz
are called microwaves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Omnidirectional Antenna
Microwaves
• Electromagnetic waves
having frequencies
between 1 and 300 GHz
are called microwaves

• Microwaves are
unidirectional

• When an antenna
transmits microwaves,
they can be narrowly
focused
 AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
CS601- DTA
COMMUNICATION
(SOLVED MCQs)
FROM MIDTERM PAPERS
LECTURE (1-22)

[email protected] For More Visit: vulmshelp.com

[email protected]
JUNAID MALIK
(0304-1659294)
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
1)The original Ethernet technology with the data rate of 10Mbps is called_______?
a)Standard Ethernet
b)First Ethernet
C)Gigabit Ethernet
d)10 gigabit Ethernet
2)In pure ALOHA, vulnerable time is_______the frame transmission time.
a)same as
b)two times
c)three times
d)four times
3)Collisions in CSMA/CA are avoided through__________.
a)The interframe space
b)The contention window
c)Acknowledgement
d)All of the given
4)Which one of the following is a correct controlled access method?
a)Reservation
b)polling
c) token passing
d) all of the given
5)_______Works with topologies in which one device is designated as a primary
station and other devices are secondary stations.
a)polling
b)token
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c) reservation
d) none of the given
6)In ________Each band is reserved for a specific station, time and it belongs to the
station all the time.
a)FDMA
b)TDMA
c)CDMA
d)CSMA
7)In_________each station is forced to send a frame only at the beginning of time
slot.
a)Pure Aloha
b) slotted Aloha
c) Fragmented Aloha
d) none of the given
8)A personal computer or workstation on an Ethernet network must have______ card.
a)TDI
b)NIC
c)PCI
d)None of the given
9)In the context of Ethernet implementations, maximum medium length of 10 Base F
was________ meters.
a)500
b)1000
c)2000
d)150
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
10)What was the main drawback in Aloha Random-Access method?
a)Redundancy in data
b) inconsistent data rate
c) potential collision
d) all of the given
11)MAC address is of _________.
a)24 bits
b)36 bits
c)42 bits
d)48 bits
12)Collisions in CSMA/CA are avoided through _______.
a)The interframe space
b)Acknowledgements
c)The contention window
d)all of the given
13)Posts stand for
a)Plain old telephone set
b) plain old telephone service
c) plain old time sharing
d)Plain old telephone system
14)________Random access method was initially designed for a radio wireless LAN
but it Can be used on any shared medium now.
a)FDMA
b)CDMA/CD
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)CDMA/CA
d)ALOHA
15)In ________ each station stands a frame whenever it has a frame to send.
a)Pure ALOHA
b)slotted ALOHA
c)Fragmented ALOHA
d)none of the given
16)In CSMA/CA, _________ is the amount of time divided into slots.
a)Contention window
b) interframe window
c) fragmented window
d) collided window
17)Normally the value of Kmax in pure ALOHA is ______ .
a)10
b)15
c)25
d)30
18)In which controlled-access method all data exchanges must be made through
primary devices even when the ultimate destination is a secondary device?
a)Reservation
b)polling
c)Port forwarding
d)token passing
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
19)A personal computer or workstation on an Ethernet network must have ________
card
a)TDI
b)NIC
c)PCI
d)none of the given
20)Which of the following is a Random-Access protocol?
a)CDMA/CA
b)ALOHA
c)CDMA/CD
d)TDMA
21)Transmission technology second(based on Ethernet) provides a data rate of 1
billion bits per second.
a)10Base-T Ethernet
b)standard ethernet
c)Fast Ethernet
d)Gigabit Ethernet
22)In Ethernet the source address field in the MAC frame is the _______address.
a)Sender's logical
b)Previous station's physical
c)Next destination's physical
d) sender's service port
23) _______was used as the medium in 10 Base-T.
a)thick coaxial cable
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
b)I thin coaxial cable
c)Twisted pair cable
d) two mode fiber cable
24)In telephone network POP stand for_______?
a)Pride Of Place
b)Point Of Presence
c)Post order protocol
d)Proof Of Purchase
25)MAC address is of
a)24 bits
b)36 bits
c)42 bits
d)48 bits
26)In Ethernet frame, both destination and sender addresses are of length _______.
a)1byte
b)2 byte
c)4 byte
d)6 byte
27)When we represent the data in CDMA, if a ststement is idle then it
sends_________ .
a)0
b)1
c)-1
d)infinity
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
28)________ use fiber optic cable.
a)10Base 5
b)10Base2
c)10Base-T
d)10BBase-F2
29)________ Uses thick coaxial cable.
a)10 Base2
b)10Base5
c)10Base-T
d)10 Base-F
39)In ________ each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data.
a)NDMA
b)FDMA
c)TDMA
d)CDMA
40)In_______ a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the
transmission is successful.
a)CSMA/CD
b)CSMA/CA
c)CSMA
d)None of the given
41)Ethernet address is if _________ bytes.
a)4
b)6
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)8
d)12
42)Fast Ethernet has data rate of _______Mbps.
a)10
b)100
c)1000
d)10000
43)In context of Ethernet address the source address is always a _______ address.
a)Unicast
b)Multicast
c)Broad-cast
d)128 bit address
44)In Hexadecimal notation of Ethernet address, each byte is separated by _________
symbol .
a)Question mark
b)Colon
c)Underscore
d)Hash
45)Normally the value of Kmax in pure ALOHA is ___________
a)10
b)15
c)25
d)30
46)Possession of TOKEN gives the station the right to ______ .
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
a)Send data
b)receive data
c)delete data
d)modify data
47)In ________ collision are avoided by differing transmission even if the channel is
idle.
a)slotted frame
b)The deployment frame
c)The contention window
d)The interframe space
48)DSL stand for ________
a)digital subscribers line
b)digital switched line
c)data subscribers line
d) data switched line
49)_________ is the correct formula to calculate the total number of one system
needed to connect in a mesh network.
a)N(N+1)
b)N-1
c)N+1
d)N×N
50)In transmission impairment ________noise occurs from the random motion of
electrons in a wire.
a)Induced noise
b)Thermal noise
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)Impulse noise
d)Cross talk
51)Identify the correct formula to calculate propagation time.
a)propagation time = distance/propagation speed
b)propagation time = Bandwidth/propagation speed
c)propagation time =delay /propagation speed
d)propagation time = throughout/propagation speed
50)parabolic antenna is used for _________ communication.
a)micro wave
b)light wave
c)infrared wave
d)radio wave
51)At the application layer the object/information is in the form _________.
a)message
b)frame
c)segment
d)packet
52)During transmission _________ is the effect of one wire on the other .
a)Induced noise
b)Thermal noise
c)Crosstalk
d)impulse noise
53)If a digital transmission system is sending five bits in every half a second the bit
rate of that system will be ________
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
a)10Hz
b)0.2bps
c)5bps
d)10bps
54)Two stations are connected via secure link in which messages are encrypted from
source to the destination .This encrypted message is called___________.
a)message
b)plain text
c)protocol
d)cipher text
55)QAM stand for__________.
a)Quadrature amplitude modulation
b) Quadrature amplitude modifier
c) Quadrature amplitude modulator
d) Quadrature amplifier modulation
56)In _______ topology each computer is attached with other through a central device
a)Star
b)mesh
c)bus
d)Ring
57)When two peoples are talking with each other in a room then the transmission
medium between them is ____________.
a)No medium required
b)Air
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)wireless medium
d)cable
58)In baseband transmission, a digital signal is transmitted as ________
a)digital signal
b)multiplexed signal
c)analog signal
d)modulate signal
59)In optical fiber a glass or a plastic core is surrounded by a _________.
a)insulator
b)outer conductor shield
c)Cladding
d)inner conductor shield
60) _________ signal completes certain pattern in specific amount of time .
a)APeriodic
b)periodic
c)non periodic
d) wavelength
61)The address of transport layer are in the form of ________.
a)Logical address
b)name
c)port numbers
d)link layer address
62)Which digital multiplexing technology is use to allow several connections to share
the high bandwidth of a link?
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
a)FDM
b)ADM
c)TDM
d)WDM
63)In bidirectional communication each layer perform two _______ tasks in each
direction.
a)opposite
b)similar
c)identical
d)complimentary
64)AMI is a popular ____________ encoding method.
a)Polar
b)Bi-polar
c)Unipolar
d)substitution
65)In pulse code modulation the term sampling can also be referred as ____________.
a)Pulse amplitude modulation
b)pulse line modulation
c)pulse frequency modulation
d) pulse sampling modulation
66)Time taken by a periodic signal to complete one cycle is called _________.
a)period
b)routing
c)multiplexing
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
d)wavelength
67)________ does not happen until all the data transferred and all the resources are
freed.
a)Tear down
b)acknowledgment
c)switching
d)resource allocation
68)_________ is the example of multipoint topology.
a)Mesh
b)Ring
c)Bus
d)Hub
69)A local telephone network use _________ network .
a)Line switched
b)bit switched
c)circuit switched
d)packet switched
70) __________ is the process of converting binary data toa digital signal.
a)ASK
b)QAM
c)Line coding
d)FSK
71)_______ category of coaxial cable is used for thick Ethernet.
a)RG-11
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
b)RG-58
c)RG-47
d)RG-58
72)_________ has less magnetic interface as compared to other guided medium.
a)Unshielded twisted pair
b)Shielded twisted pair
c)Fiber optic
d)Coaxial
73)_________ relatively measure the strength of two signals.
a)decibel
b)signal rate
c)pulse rate
d)bit rate
78)_________ layer is responsible for creating datagrams .
a)physical
b)session
c)network
d)data link
79)Two PCs and one printer are connected in a network within a room, it is an
example of ________
a)LAN
b)MAN
c)WAN
d)SONET
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
80)In _______ encoding scheme we use three levels positive, zero and negative.
a)polar
b)nonpolar
c)bipolar
d)multilevel
81)Which one of the following is not a bipolar encoding level?
a)Negative
b)one
c)positive
d)zero
82)According to stats fewer than ________ crossbar point can used at once.
a)14%
b)100%
c)30%
d)25%
83)TCP/IP protocol suite consists of ________ layers.
a)3
b)5
c)6
d)7
84)In single crossbar switch only_________ row(s) or column(s) is/are active at a
time while others are not active .
a)four
b)two
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)one
d)three
85)We can have combination of_______ codes with a 5 bit code.
a)4
b)16
c)32
d)8
86)Bi polar uses ________ voltage level.
a)one
b)two
c)three
d)four
87)In statistical time division multiplexing, number of slots in frame are less than
_______
a)output data rate
b)input lines
c)input frequency
d)multiplexed T lines
88)The communication at the Application, Transport and network layer is
__________.
a)logical
b)physical
c)real
d)rational
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
89)If a digital signal has ‘L’ number of levels __________ is the number of bits
required to represent each level.
a)log L
b)Log Base 2 L
c)L square
d)Log (2*L)
90)Coaxial cables are categories by their ________ ratings.
a)EIA
b)FM
c)RG
d)AM
91)In frequency domain plot, which value is plot on Y axis.
a)time
b)frequency
c)amplitude
d)wavelength
92)A fiber optic cable transmit signal in the form of _______.
a)light
b)sound
c)wave
d) none of the given
93)In frequency modulation the frequency of the oscillator changes according to the
__________.
a)output voltage
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
b)output frequency
c)input voltage
d)output phase
94)Routing is a function of ________ layer.
a)network
b)physical
c)transport
d)datalink
95)BFSK stand for __________.
a)Baud frequency shift key
b)Binary frequency shift key
c)Barrier frequency shift key
d)Bridge frequency shift key
96)There are _________ basic categories of multiplexing .
a)2
b)3
c)5
d)7
97)Most commonly used connector for twisted pair cable is_________.
a)RJ-11
b)RJ-45
c)RJ-54
d)RJ-44
98)_________ technique does not follow analog to analog conversion .
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
a)QAM
b)AM
c)FM
d)PM
99)In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the telephone companies, DS-0 is a single
digital channel of _________.
a)1,544Mbps
b)128 kbps
c)64 kbps
d)32 kbps
100)A telephone line analog signal has got the bandwidth of ________.
a)8kHz
b)2kHz
c)16kHz
d)4kHz
101)In ______ TDM slots are dynamically allocated to the connected stations to
improve bandwidth efficiency.
a)synchronous
b) statistical
c)Isochronous
d)none of the given
102)_________Is composed of thousands of interconnected network expanded over
large geographical areas.
a)LAN
b)MAN
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)the internet
d)home network
103)We quantize the sampling out put into certain levels based on range of ________
and required accuracy.
a)frequency
b)amplitude
c)time period
d) none
104)In serial data transmission ________ data transmission mode can be cheap but
slower.
a)synchronous
b)Asynchronous
c)Isochronous
d)metaschrounous
105)In pulse code modulation technique technique, which approach will be the most
appropriate for sampling ________
a)over sampling
b)under sampling
c)Nyquist sampling
d)Analog sampling
106)_________ signal is represented by the discrete values.
a)analog
b)digital
c)both
d)continuous
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
107)Which of the following techniques is use for analog to digital conversion?
a)PCM
b)DM
c)both PCM and DM
d)BDM
108)_______ category of ciaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet .
a)RG-58
b)RG-59
c)RG-40
d)RG-1
109)Unipolar encoding scheme uses _________ voltage level.
a)one
b)two
c)three
d)four
110)In ________ scheme all the signal levels are on the side of time axis, either above
or below .
a)polar
b)bipolar
c)unipolar
d)multiplexed coding
111)_______ mode of serial transmission guarantees fixed rate data.
a)synchronous
b)Asynchronous
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)Isochronous
d)Metaschrounous
112)electromagnetic waves ranging from 0z and 300GHz are called _______.
a)microwave
b)light wave
c)Infrared wave
d)radio wave
113)________ is used where data speed is priority in data transfer.
a)serial data transmission
b)hybrid data transmission
c)parallel data transmission
d)both parallel and serial transmission
114)In transmission impairment _________ occur from a signal with a high energy
and with a short period of time.
a)impulse noise
b)thermal noise
c)induced noise
d)cross talk
115)In star based network comprising of four computer and one switch total number
of cables needed will be_________.
a)4
b)5
c)6
d)3
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
116)The most upper layer of TCP/IP protocol suite is the_________.
a)application
b)transport
c)network
d)data link
117)In analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a group can carry _________
voice channels .
a)60
b)12
c)20
d)10
118)Bandwidth can be measured in__________.
a)Bps
b)phase
c)lambda
d)decibel
119)Unit of phase is _________.
a)bits per second
b)watts
c)baud
d)degree
120)_________ is sometimes called the bit rate.
a)signal rate
b)modulation rate
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)data rate
d)pulse rate
121)In _________ data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent because the
transmitter and receivers time is synced.
a)Isochronous
b)synchronous
c)Asynchronous
d)Metaschrounous
122)Manchester encoding scheme achieves the same level of synchronization as
__________.
a)RZ
b)differential Manchester
c)NRZ-1
d)NRZ
123) ________ is not the advantage of protocol lyring.
a)Modularity
b)reduced complexity
c)reduced cost
d)none
124)In TCP/IP model physical layer exchange data in the form of___________.
a)Packet
b)frame
c)bits
d)segments
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
125)In amplitude shift keying _________ remains constant .
a)Phase
b)frequency and amplitude
c)frequency and phase
d)amplitude
126)Multimode technology has ______ main type of light propagating .
a)two
b)three
c)four
d)five
127)Bandwidth in hertz is the range of _______ contained in a composite signal.
a)signal
b)frequencies
c)amplitude
d)phase
128)The size of the packet is determined by network and _______.
a)govern time
b)instructions
c)switching time
d)delay
129)________ means loss of energy in signals.
a)attenuation
b)noise
c)delay
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
d)distortion
130)In circuit switching total delay is combination of connection time, data transfer
time and_________.
a)connection tear down time
b)switching time
c)receiving time
d)acknowledgment time
131)In circuit switched network we have low efficiency and minimal ________.
a)speed
b)delay
c)throughout
d)errors
132)There is layer to layer connection between every peer station, this imaginary
connection between each layer is termed as ________.
a)Logical connection
b)Physical connection
c)Practical connection
d)None of the given
133)In virtual circuit approach when a frame enters a switch and when it leaves the
circuit then its VCI ________.
a)always changes
b)remain same
c)sometimes changes
d)remain the same
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
134)When data is received or sent using _______ the data bits are organized in a
specific order, since only they can be sent or received one after another .
a)parallel data transmission
b)serial data transmission
c)hybrid data transmission
d)both parallel and serial transmission
135)Cellular telephone uses _________ waves for communication .
a)light wave
b)infrared waves
c)microwaves
d) Radio waves
136)According to the Fourier analysis frequencies obtained after decomposition of
digital signals are_________.
a)continuous
b)discrete
c)homogeneous
d)bit length
137)________ is a multiplexing technique which shift each signal to a different carrier
frquency.
a)FDM
b)TDM
c)WDM
d)PDM
138)Packet switching operates on ________ layer.
a)network layer
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
b)physical layer
c)data link layer
d)application layer
139)When the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidth of a signal
we use __________ multiplexing .
a)wavelength division
b)time division
c)frequency division
d)hybrid division
140)If 32 bits are sent in two seconds then the bitrate for that signal is _______.
a)8bps
b)16bps
c)32bps
d)64bps
141)________ signal can take infinite level of intensity over time .
a)digital
b)discrete
c)analog
d)logical
142)Electromagnetic wave ranging in 3khz and 1gHz are called _________.
a)infrared waves
b)light wave
c) radio wave
d)microwave
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
143)Microwaves are __________.
a)unidirectional
b)bi directional
c)Omni directional
d)all directional
144)A fiber optic cable transmits signals in the form of ________.
a)light
b)sound
c)wave
d)none of the given
145) Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link is
called__________.
a)Demultiplexing
b)multiplexing
c)modulation
d)demodulation
146)Multimode technology has _______ main type of light propagating .
a)two
b)three
c)four
d)five
147)Set of rules to be followed for effective communication is called __________.
a)Topology
b)protocol
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
c)switching
d)Encryption
148)Which multiplexing technique involves signals composed of light beam?
a)FDM
b)TDM
c)WDM
d)PDM
149)Time division multiplexing technique is used in _______ system.
a)analog
b)hybrid
c)digital
d)automated
150)Which of the following technique is used for analog to digital conversion .
a)PCM
b)DM
c)BDM
d)both PC and DM
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE

HERE IS STARTING GRAND QUIZ FILE

Which one of following is a scrambling coding technique?

o B8ZS
o B8SZ
o B08SZ
o BZ8S

According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition of digital

signals are .
o Continuous
o Discrete
o Bit length
o Homogeneous
Low pass channel has bandwidth between two stations.

o Dedicated
o Shared
o Multiplexed
o Infinite

is the heart of blocking code.

o Coding
o Division
o Substitution
o Multiplication
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
Wireless transmission can be divided into broad groups.
o Two
o Three
o Four
o Five
Wiring used for transmission modes depends upon .
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Latency
o Data Stream
o Data sniffing
o Packet Tracing
If a digital transmission system is sending five bits in every half a second, the bit-rate of the
system.

o 5 bps
o 10 Hz
o 0.2 bps
o 10 bps
If the message going to pass through a packet-switched network, it can be divided into
packets of .
o Fixed size
o Variable size
o Both fix and Variable size
o None
In an analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a group can carry____voice
channels.
o 60
o 12
o 20
o 10
1. In optical fiber a glass or plastic core is surrounded by a .
o Cladding
o Outer conductor shield
o Inner Conductor shield
o Insulator
In transmission impairments noise occurs from other sourcelike

o Impulse
o Induced
o Cross talk
o Thermal
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
is a digital process that allows connections to share the high bandwidth of a
link.
o FDM
o TDM
o WDM
o None of the choices is correct
Bandwidth in hertz in the range of contained in a composite signal.
o Signals
o Phases
o Amplitudes
o Frequencies
LAN stands for .
o Logical area network
o Long-distance Area Network
o Local Area Network
o Long Area Network
Demultiplexer is a device.

o One to many
o Many to many
o One to one
o Many to many
Mr. Asif while sitting in Lahore is linking with his friend in Dubai through Skype
is a .
o Local Area Network
o Metropolitan Area Network
o Wide Area Network
o Home Based Network
In modulation, frequency and amplitude remain constant.
o Phase
o Frequency
o Amplitude
o Quadrature
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-0 is a single
digital channel of .
o 1.544 Mbps
o 128 kbps
o 64 kbps
o 32 kbps

The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of bits that can fill the .

o Link
o Network
o Hub
o Switch
If a digital-signals has four levels, then we need bits to represent each level.

o 2
o 3
o 4
o 5

Routing is a function of layer.

o Network
o Physical
o Transport
o Datalink

relatively measure the strength of two signals.

o Signal rate
o Bit rate
o Decibel
o Pulse rate

Taking off the header from the message is called .

o Layering
o Encryption
o Decapsulation
o Stuffing
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sine wave?
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Amplitude
o Segmentation
o Phase
o Frequency
In frequency domain plot, which value is replaced with frequency?

o Wavelength
o Amplitude
o Phase
o Time
is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.

o QAM
o ASK
o FSK
o Line coding
Low pass channel with bandwidth is not real and is used for theoretical
modeling.
o Multiplex
o Infinite
o Ethernet
o Narrow
HDB3 falls under which coding scheme?

o Bipolar
o Bi phase
o Line
o Block

Unit of phase is .

o Bits per second

o Watts
o Bauds
o Degree
BFSK stands for .
o Baud Frequency Shift Key
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Binary Frequency Sif t Key
o Barrier Frequency Shift Key
o Bridge Frequency Shift Key
is NOT an example of connecting device.
o Bridge
o Router
o TCP
o Switch
Coaxial cables are categorized by their ratings.
o Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
o Amplitude modulation (AM)
o Frequency modulation (FM)
o Radio Government (RG)
is Shannon capacity formula to determine highest theoretically data rate for a
noisy channel.
o Capacity=Bandwidth*(1+SNR)
o Capacity=Bandwidth*log2(2+SNR)
o Capacity=Bandwidth*log2(SNR)
o Capacity=Bandwidth*log2(1+SNR)
Which one of the following is not among the required phases for the actual communication in
a circuit switched network?
o Setup
o Data transfer
o Protocol
o Connection teardown
A common bipolar encoding scheme is called .

o AMI
o NRZ
o RZ
o QAM
A telephone line analog signal has got the bandwidth of .
o 8 kHz
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o 2 kHz
o 16 kHz
o 4 kHz
In systems, resources are allocated on demand.
o Frequency switching
o Line switching
o Circuit switching
o Packet switching
A fiber-optic cable transmit signals in the form of .

o Light
o Sound
o Waves
o None of the given
Composite wave can be used to send .
o Bandwidth
o Telephone
o Amplitude
o Frequency
Routing is the function of layer.

o Network
o Physical
o Transport
o Data link
A virtual-circuit network operates on layer.

o Datalink
o Network
o Physical
o Application
In TCP\IP model, the Physical Layer exchanges data in the form of .
o Packets
o Frames
o Bits
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Segments
signal completes certain pattern in a specific amount of time.
o Non-periodic
o Periodic
o A Periodic
o Wavelength

Narrow bands of lights in wave division multiplexing are denoted by .

o β
o ∩
o α
o
If a digital signal has four levels, the we need bits to represent.

o 2
o 3
o 4
o 5

We can have combination of possible codes with a 5-bit code.

o 4
o 8
o 18

o 32
There are categories of multiplexing.

o 2
o 3
o 7
o 5most organization that provides support for the Internet Standard process is
Top
called .
o Internet Society (ISOC)
o Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
o IETF
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o IRTF
If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it can be divided into
packets of .
o Fixed size
o Variable size
o Both-fix and variable size
o None
data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent because the transmitter
and receiver time is synced.
o Synchronous
o Asynchronous
o Isochronous
o Metachronous
In frequency modulation, the frequency of the oscillator changes according to
the .
o Output Voltage
o Output Frequency
o Input Voltage
o Output Phases
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying also called as:
o Dual Keying
o On-In Keying
o On-Off Keying
o In-Out Keying
signals can take infinite levels of intensity over time.
o Digital
o Discrete
o Analog
o Logical
Bi-polar uses voltage levels.
o One
o Two
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Three
o Four
In serial data transmission data transmission mode can be cheap but slower.
o Synchronous
o Asynchronous
o Isochronous
o Metachronous
In star-based network comprising of four computers and one switch, total number of cable
needed will be .

o 4
o 5
o 6
o 3

Parabolic antenna is used for communication.

o Infrared waves
o Microwave
o Light wave
o Radio wave
In circuit switching total Delay is combination of Connection Time and .
o Switching time
o Acknowledgement time
o Receiving time
o Connection tear down time
Guard bands are used in multiplexing technique, to avoid overlapping of
frequency bands assigned to each user.
o PDM
o CSMA
o TDM
o FDM
Datagram switching is done on .
o Application Layer
o Datalink Layer
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Physical Layer
o Network Layer
Token Ring was devised by .

o IBM
o OSI
o Dell
o NASA
In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-0 is a digital
channel of .

o 1.544 Mbps
o 128 kbps
o 64 kbps
o 32kbps Repeated
can be published using Request for Coments (RFCs).
o Proposed Standard
o Draft Standard
o Internet Draft
o Internet Standard
In transmission impairments noise occurs from the random motion of electrons in a
wire.

o Thermal noise
o Impulse noise
o Cross talk
o Induced noise
In ASK correct formula for calculating the bandwidth is as -.

o B=(1*d)S
o B=(d-1)S
o B=(d-5)S
Which one of the following is among the required phases for the actual communication in a
circuit switched network?
o Setup
o Data transfer
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Protocol
o Connection tear down
According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition of non-periodic
digital signals are .

o Bit length
o Automatic
o Heterogenous
o Continuous
The most common type of connector used by the coaxial cable is .

o BNC
o RJ-45
o RJ-11
o RJ-57
When data is sent or received using the data bits are organized in a specific
order, since they
o Parallel data transmission
o Serial data transmission
o Hybrid data transmission
o Both parallel and serial data transmission
have established standards for using these signals for communication between
devices such as keyboards, mice, PCs, and printers.
o Microwave
o Infrared waves
o Simple waves
o Radio waves
In case of Frequency shift key, the difference between two frequency is represented as
.

o 2∆
o 3∆
o 6∆
o 2×5∆

category of coaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet.

AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o RG-58
o RG-59
o RG-1
o RG-47
Cellular telephone uses waves for communication.
o Light waves
o Infrared waves
o Radio waves
o Microwaves
mode of serial transmission guarantees fixed rate data.
o Synchronous
o Asynchronous
o Isochronous
o Metasochronous
Router is a network device which operates on the layers of the TCP\IP
protocol suit.
o Application
o Transport
o Network
o Presentation
layer is responsible for the creating of the datagrams.
o Physical
o Data link
o Session
o Network
Narrow bands of light in waves division multiplexing are denoted by .
o β
o ∩
o α
o λ Repeated

In virtual circuit approach when a frame enters a switch and when it leaves a switch its VCI
always .
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Always changes
o Sometimes changes
o Sometimes Remain Same
o Remain the same
o 14% to stats, fewer than
According crossbar points can be used at once.
o 100%

o 30%

o 25%
If data rate is to be 1 Mbps then what will be the minimum bandwidth required for NRZ-1
coding scheme?
o 1Khz
o 200Khz
o 500Khz
o 0.5khz

Data format used at Transport layer of TCP\IP protocol suit is called .

o Packet
o Frame
o Bit
o Segment

A virtual circuit network operates on layer.

o Data link
o Network
o Application Repeated

If 32 bits are sent in two seconds then the bitrate for that signal is .
o 32 bps
o 64 bps
o 8 Hz
o 16 bps Repeated
Cable TV networks use cables.

o Coaxial
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o UTP
o STP
o Twisted pair Repeated
normally used for long-distance data transfer.
o Parallel data transmission
o Serial data transmission
o Hybrid data transmission
o Both parallel and Serial data transmission Repeated
is a block coding method.
o NRZ
o NRZ-1
o 8B\10B
o 8B\12B
TCP\IP was chosen to be the official protocol of internet .
o 1973
o 1980

o 1983
o 1988

To measure the data rate theoretically formula(s)Were developed.

o One
o Two
o Three
o Four Repeated

In FSK, Baud rate is less than or equal to rate.

o Signal
o Decibel
o Bit
o None of these Given Repeated
signal is represented by the discrete values.
o Analog
o Digital
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Both
o Continuous
Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz are
called .
o Infrared waves
o Radio waves
o PCLight waves
o Microwaves
Suppose a signal is amplitude then the value od decibel will be .
o 0
o 1
o Negative
o Positive Repeated
technique does not follows analog conversion.

o QAM
o AM
o FM
o PM
o Repeated

In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the sampling is dependent on .

o Time
o Amplitude
o Frequency
o Signal Rate
is the sub type of Time Division Multiplexing Technique.
o Amplitude TDM
o Light TDM
o Statistical TDM
o Barrier TDM
Modulation of analog signal is needed if the medium is in nature.

o Bandpass
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Low-pass
o Bi-pass
o High-pass
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the combination of and
.
o FSK-PSK
o PSK-FSK
o ASK-PSK
o ASK-FSK
There components of data communication system.
o 4
o 5
o 6
o 7
QPSK stands for .
o Quality phase shift key
o Queuing phase shift key
o Quadrature phase shif t key
o Quality physical shift key
To calculate the data rate for noisy channel formula is used.

o Shannon
o Nyquist
o Propagation
o Greedy
Most commonly used connector for twisted pair cable is .
o RJ-11
o RJ-45
o RJ-44
o RJ-52
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying is also called as:
o Dual Keying
o On-In Keying
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o On-Off Keying
o In-Out Keying
Some manufacturers provide a special port called the .

o IrDA
o Consol
o Parallel
o USB
To calculate the data rate for noiseless channel formula is used.
o Ready
o Shannon
o Nyquist
o Propagation
Two PCs and one printer are connected in a network within a room, it is an example of
.

o LAN
o WAN
o MAN
o SONET
Analog the following cables given, cable provides highest bandwidth and less
attenuation.
o UTP
o Coaxial cable
o Coaxial cable
o Fiber optical
To calculate the data for noisy channel formula is used.

o Shannon
o Nyquist
o Propagation
o Greedy
In circuit switched networks we have low efficiency but minimal .

o Delay
o Speed
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o Throughput
o Errors
Signals travel through fiber optic cable are in the form of .

o Light
o Bits
o Electromagnetic
o Bytes
Polar encoding scheme uses voltage level.
o 0
o 1
o 2
o 3
TCP\IP protocol suit consists of layers.
o 3
o 5
o 6
o 7
Bandwidth in hertz is the range of contained in a composite signal.
o Signals
o Phases
o Amplitudes
o Frequencies
is an example of a host in a network.
o Router
o Computer
o Bridge
o Hub
Set of rules to be followed for effective communication is called .
o Topology
o Protocol
o Switching
o Encryption
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
is NOT an example of a connecting device.
o Bridge
o Router
o TCP
o Switch
When an antenna transmits radio waves, they are propagated in .
o All directions
o Left directions
o Right directions
o Only up and down direction
Which one of the following is not a bipolar encoding level?
o Negative
o One
o Zero
o Positive
and are the two types of addressing in virtual circuit approach.

o Local, Global
o Private, Public
o Variable, Dynamic
o Dependent, Independent
In transmission implements noise occurs from other sources like motors and
appliances etc.
o Impulse
o Inductive
o Cross talk
o Thermal
In computer network the stations are connected to each other in such a way that eachstation
is connected to every other station through dedicated links. This
makes .

o Bus
o Ring
o Star
o Mesh
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
In scrambling coding scheme, the number of pulses replacing the bits will
be ?

o Equal to pulses
o Double the pulses
o Half of the pulses
o Triple the pulses
In the context of analog to analog signal conversation technique. “PM” Stands
for .
o Pulse Modulation
o Phase modulation
o Parse modulation
o Popular modulation
relatively measurement the strength of two signals.
o Signals
o Bit rate
o Decibel
o Pulse rate
Datagram approach and circuit approach are two popular approaches which lead us to
.
o Line switching
o Circuit switching
o Dynamic switching
o Packet switching
If data is to be 1 Mbps then what will be the minimum bandwidth required for NRZ-I coding
scheme?
o 1Khz
o 200Khz
o 500khz
o 0.5khz
In virtual circuit approach when frame enters a switch and when it leaves a switch its VCi
always .
o Always Changes
o Sometimes Changes
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Sometimes Remain Same
o Remain the Same
A common bipolar coding scheme is called .

o AMI
o NRZ
o RZ
o QAM
means loss of energy in signal.
o Noise
o Delay
o Attenuation
o Distortion
The conversion of analog simple of the signal into digital form is called
process.
o Quantizing
o Sampling
o Modulation
o Quantizing and Sampling
A local telephone network use network.
o Line switched
o Packet switched
o Circuit switched
o Bit switched
In Amplitude Shift Keying. of the signal is/are changed.
o Amplitude and Frequency
o Amplitude
o Frequency and Amplitude
o Phase
In frequency domain plot, which value is plot on Y-axis?
o Time
o Frequency
o Amplitude
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Wavelength
In pulse code modulation the term sampling can also be referred as .

o Pulse Amplitude Modulation

o Pulse sample Modulation
o Pulse line modulation
o Pulse Frequency Modulation
Switch is a network device which operates on the layer of TCP/IP
protocol suit.
o Application
o Transport
o Presentation
o Data link
In analog transmission of digital data, the required bandwidth is always proportional to the
signal rate expect in a digital to analog conversion technique.

o ASK
o FSK
o PSK
o NSK
WDM stands for .
o Wideband De-Modulation
o Worst Data Manipulation
o Wavelength Division Multiplexing
o None of the Choices is correct
does not follows analog to analog conversion.

o QAM
o AM
o FM
o PM
On a communication link, different channels are separates by unused strips of bandwidth
called as .
o Base band
o Broad band
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Null band
o Guard band
o
layer converts frames coming from Data Link Layer into bits and sends
Them on the transmission medium.
o Application
o Physical
o Network
o Transport
Wavelength binds the of a simple sine wave to the propagation speed of the
medium.
o Phase
o Period of the frequency book page 61
o Amplitude
o Bandwidth
The bandwidth delay product define the number of bits that can fill the .
o Link
o Network
o Hub
o Switch

The size of the packet determined by the network and .

o Delays
o Switching
o Instructions
o Governing protocol
o
To improve the performance of line coding coding was……?

o Block coding
o MLT-3
o 2BIQ
o Double coding
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
Which one of the following is not a sampling technique?
o Flat Top Sampling
o Neutral sampling
o Natural sampling
o Ideal sampling
is normally used where speed is priority in data transfer.
o Serial data transmission
o Hybrid transmission
o Parallel transmission
o Both parallel and serial transmission
In a computer network, five stations are connected to each other in such a way that each
station is connected to every other station through dedicated links. This
makes topology.
o Bus
o Ring
o Star
o Mesh
Some manufacturer provide a special port called the port that allows a wireless
keyboard to communicate with a PC.

o IrDA
o Consol
o Parallel
o USB
Current technology supports modes for propagation of light.

o Two
o Three
o Four
o Five
We quantize the sampling output into certain levels based on range of and
required accuracy.
o Frequency
o Amplitude
o Time period
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o None
is the Nyquist bit rate formula for noiseless channel.

o BitRate=2*Bandwidth*log2 L
o BitRate=2*Bandwidth*logL
o BitRate=2*Bandwidth*log2L
o BitRate=2*Bandwidth*L
A frequency is called , if the rate of change in sine wave Is Instantaneous.

o Infinite frequency book page 59

o Zero frequency
o Bandwidth
o Frequency hertz
Which multiplexing technique involves signals composed of light beams?
o FDM
o TDM
o WDM
o PDM
is a multiplexing technique which shifts each signal to a different carrier
frequency.

o FDM
o TDM
o WDM
o PDM
Entire band in United States is regulated by authorities.

o FCC
o ITU
o NASA
o ANSI
Two stations are connected via a secure link in which messages are encrypted from source to
the destination message is called------------------
o Plain text
o Cipher test
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Message
o Protocol (not confirm)
Simultaneous transmission of multiple signal across a single data link is called-------
o Demultiplexing
o Multiplexing
o Modulation
o demodulation
in NRZ-1 the signal is inverted if ----------- is encountered.
o 0
o 1
o 00
o 11

---------------- Protocol suite is being used by the modern internet communication.

o OSI
o TCP/IP
o ARPANET
o Telnet
In the frequency shift keying, ------------ remain(s) constant.
o Frequency
o Amplitude
o Both amplitude and phase
o Both phase and frequency
In ---------- signal changes its shape or form.
o Thermal noise
o Distortion
o Impulse noise
o Attenuation
-------------- coding scheme are useful for LAN but not for long ranges.

o Biphase book page 113

o Line
o Vector
o Serial
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
In -------------- TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output even if is not
sending data.
o Asynchronous
o Statistical
o Synchronous (Book page 164)
o Isochronous
------------------- is a type of serial transmission in which data bits are transmitted as a
continues stream in time with a master clock. Start bits, stop bits, and gaps are not used.
Transmitter and receiver time is sync.
o Synchronous
o Asynchronous
o Isochronous
o Metasochronous
------------- Relative measures the strength of two signals.
o Signal rate
o Bit rate
o Decibel
o Pulse rate
When the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths of the signals, we
use ---------------- multiplexing.
o Wavelength division
o Frequency division
o Time division
o Hybrid division
------------ is an example of host in a network.
o Router
o Computer
o Bridge
o Hub
On a communication link, different channels are separated by unused strips of bandwidth
called as .
o Base band
o Broad band
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Null
o Guard band
The conversion of analog sample of the signal into digital form is called ------------ process.
o Quantizing
o Sampling
o Modulation
o Quantizing and sampling (Book pages 115 to 116 )
In star based network comprising of four computers and on switch, total number of cables
needed will be ----------

o 4
o 5
o 6
o 3

The logical connection between the peer layers is -----------connection.

o Physical
o Direct (no strong reference but as per book explanation layer to layer
is direct )
o Indirect
o Tangible
According to stats, lower than --------------- crossbar point can be used at once .
o 14%
o 100%
o 30%
o 25%
-------------- Category of coaxial cable is used for cable TV.
o RG-58
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o RG-59
o RG-11
o RG-47
-------------- is sometimes called the bit rate.
o Signal rate
o Modulation rate
o Data rate
o Pulse rate
Uni polar, polar and bipolar are the types of ---------------
o Line
o Differential Manchester
o NRZ-I
o Block
Router is a network device which operates on the ------------- layer of the TCP/IP protocol.
o Application
o Transport
o Network
o Presentation
According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition of no period.
o Bit length
o Automatic
o Heterogeneous
o Continuous (Fourier analysis can be used to decompose a digital signal. Ifthe
digital signal is
periodic, which is rare in data communications, the decomposed signalhas a
frequencydomain
representation with an infinite bandwidth and discrete frequencies. Ifthe digital
signal is nonperiodic, the decomposed signal still has an infinitebandwidth, but
the frequencies

are continuous page 70 Data communication Book 5th generation )

When the bandwidth of a link is greater than combined bandwidths of the

o Wavelength division
o Frequency division
o Time division
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
o Hybrid division
The -------------- technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing each data bit with
n bits using a spreading code.
o FDM
o FHSS
o TDM
o DSSS
----------- Cable is used in wavelength division multiplexing.
o Twisted pair
o Coaxial
o Fiber optic
o Ethernet
VCI address is ----------- address in virtual circuit approach.
o Private
o Variable
o Local
o Global
In baseband transmission, a digital signal is transmitted as ---------- --.
o Analog signal
o Digital signal
o Modulation signal
o Multiplexed signal
telephone network use ----------------- network.
o Line switched
o Packet switched
o Circuit switched
o Bit switched
Entire band in United states is regulated by --------------- authorities.

o FCC
o ITU
o NASA
o ANSI
AL-JUNAID TECH INSTITUTE
-------------- are used for multicast communication, such as radio and television.
o Microwaves
o Radio waves
o Light waves
o Infrared waves
To calculate the data rate foe noiseless channel ------------- formula is used-
o Reedy
o Shannon
o Nyquist
o propagation
In an analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a super group bandwidth.
o 240 kHz
o 240 Hz
o 120 kHz
o 60kHz
 CS-601 Data Communication
Update MCQS For Mid Term
Solve By Vu Topper RM

80 To 100% Marks

For More Help Contact What’s app 03224021365

Question No:1 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The most common type of connector used by coaxial cable is _____.
A. BNC
B. RJ-11
C. RJ-57
D. RJ-45

Question No:2 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is the mechanism of ____ conversion.
A. Digital to analog
B. Analog to Analog
C. Analog to digital
D. Digital to digital

Question No:3 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___have established standards for using these signals for communication
between devices such as keyboards, mice, PCs, and printers.
A. Microwaves
B. Radio waves
C. Simple waves
D. Infrared waves

Question No:4 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

WDM stands for __________________.
A. Worst Data Manipulation
B. Wideband De-Modulation
C. Wideband Division Multiplexing
D. Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Question No:5 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Voltage controlled oscillator(VCO) generates ________________ .
A. Carrier Signals
B. Periodic signals Google

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 C. Signal elements
D. Composite Signals

Question No:6 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A virtual-circuit network operates on ____________ layer.
A. Network Google
B. Physical
C. Datalink
D. Application

Question No:7 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Top most organization that provides support for the Internet Standard
process is called___________.
A. Internet Society (ISOC)
B. Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
C. IETF
D. IRTF

Question No:8 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In pulse code modulation the term sampling can also be referred
as____________.
A. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
B. Pulse sample Modulation
C. Pulse line modulation
D. Pulse Frequency Modulation

Question No:9 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Unit of phase is _______.
A. Watts
B. Bauds
C. Degree
D. Bits per second

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Question No:10 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Entire band in United States is regulated by_________ authorities.
A. ITU
B. FCC
C. ANSI
D. NASA

Question No:11 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-
0 is a single digital channel of
A. 64 kbps
B. 32 kbps
C. 128 kbps
D. 1.544 Mbps

Question No:12 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Radio waves are propagated in____________ whenever they are
transmitted by an antenna.
A. All direction
B. Left direction
C. Right direction
D. Only up and down direction

Question No:13 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A switched network consists of a series of interlinked _____ called
switches.
A. Root
B. Nodes Google
C. Points
D. System

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Question No:14 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In circuit switched networks we have low efficiency but minimal
________.
A. Delay
B. Error
C. Speed
D. Throughput

Question No:15 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In transmission impairments_______ noise occurs from the random
motion of electrons in a wire.
A. Thermal noise
B. Impulse noise
C. Cross talk
D. Induced noise

Question No:16 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Amplitude Shift Keying. _______of the signal is/are changed.
A. Amplitude and Frequency
B. Amplitude
C. Frequency and Amplitude
D. Phase

Question No:17 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A twisted pair cable consists of ________ conductors
A. Two
B. Five
C. Four
D. Three

Question No:18 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

We quantize the sampling output into certain levels based on range
of___________ and required accuracy.

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 A. Frequency
B. Amplitude
C. Time period
D. None

Question No:19 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In star based network comprising of four computers and one switch, total
number of cables needed will be_______.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

Question No:20 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sine wave?
A. Amplitude
B. Segmentation
C. Phase
D. Frequency

Question No:21 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In a computer network, five stations are connected to each other in such
a way that each station is connected to every other station through
dedicated links. This makes____________ topology.
A. Bus
B. Ring
C. Star
D. Mesh

Question No:22 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________can be published using Request for Comments (RFCs).
A. Proposed Standard
B. Draft Standard

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 C. Internet Draft
D. Internet Standard

Question No:23 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In serial data transmission _______________ data transmission mode
can be cheap but slower.
A. Synchronous
B. Asynchronous
C. Isochronous
D. Metachronous

Question No:24 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

QPSK stands for_____________.
A. Quality phase shift key
B. Queuing phase shift key
C. Quadrature phase shift key
D. Quality physical shift key

Question No:25 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In __________________, the instantaneous change in the carrier
frequency is proportional to the derivative of the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
A. Phase modulation
B. Frequency modulation
C. Amplitude modulation
D. Quadrature modulation

Question No:26 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In FSK, Baud rate is less than or equal to _____________ rate.
A. Bit
B. Byte
C. Signal
D. Decibel

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Question No:27 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Bi-polar uses_________ voltage levels.
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

Question No:28 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Low pass channel has_______ bandwidth between two stations.
A. Dedicated
B. Shared
C. Multiplexed
D. Infinite

Question No:29 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Them on the transmission medium.
A. Application
B. Physical
C. Network
D. Transport

Question No:30 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Block coding scheme contains______________ number of steps.
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

Question No:31 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

BFSK stands for_____________.
A. Baud Frequency Shift Key
B. Binary Frequency Sift Key
C. Barrier Frequency Shift Key

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 D. Bridge Frequency Shift Key

Question No:32 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after
decomposition of digital signals are____________.
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Bit length
D. Homogeneous

Question No:33 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Suppose a signal is amplified then the value of decibel will be______.
A. 0
B. 1
C. Negative
D. Positive

Question No:34 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In frequency domain plot, which value is replaced with frequency?
A. Wavelength
B. Amplitude
C. Phase
D. Time

Question No:35 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

We can have _________different groups with a 4 bit block.
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8

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Question No:36 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
________ means loss of energy in signal.
A. Noise
B. Delay
C. Attenuation
D. Distortion

Question No:37 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Uni polar, polar and bipolar are the types of —————
A. Line
B. Differential Manchester
C. NRZ-I
D. Block

Question No:38 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

If a digital transmission system is sending five bits in every half a second,
the bit-rate of the system.
A. 5 bps
B. 10 Hz
C. 50 bps
D. 0.2 bps

Question No:39 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ signal completes certain pattern in a specific amount of time.
A. Non-periodic
B. Periodic
C. A Periodic
D. Wavelength

Question No:40 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

To calculate the data rate for noisy channel___________ formula is used.
A. Shannon
B. Nyquist bit rate

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 C. Propagation
D. Greedy

Question No:41 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________mode of serial transmission guarantees fixed rate data.
A. Synchronous
B. Asynchronous
C. Isochronous
D. Metasochronous

Question No:42 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In TCP\IP model, the Physical Layer exchanges data in the form of ___.
A. Packets
B. Frames
C. Bits
D. Segments

Question No:43 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________ signal is represented by the discrete values.
A. Analog
B. Digital
C. Both
D. Continuous

Question No:44 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A common Bipolar encoding scheme is called ___________.
A. AMI
B. NRZ
C. RZ
D. QAM

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Question No:45 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
_________ relatively measures the strength of two signals.
A. Signal rate
B. Bit rate
C. Decibel
D. Pulse rate

Question No:46 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Two PCs and one printer are connected in a network within a room; it is
an example of ___________.
A. LAN
B. WAN
C. MAN
D. ALN

Question No:47 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In analog transmission of digital data, the required bandwidth is always
proportional to the signal rate except in _______, a digital to analog
conversion technique.
A. ASK
B. NSK
C. FSK
D. PSK

Question No:48 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A local telephone network use __________ network.
A. Line switched
B. Circuit switched
C. Bit switched
D. Packet switched

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Question No:49 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In an analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a super group _____
bandwidth.
A. 60kHz
B. 240 Hz
C. 240 kHz
D. 120 kHz

Question No:50 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Narrow bands of light in wave division multiplexing are denoted by _?
A. Π
B. Β
C. Α
D. Lambda λ

Question No:51 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which digital multiplexing technology is use to allow several
connections to share the high bandwidth of a l
A. TDM
B. FDM
C. ADM
D. WDM

Question No:52 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In optical fiber cable, the ratio of the diameter of their core to the
diameter of their cladding, both expressed in _____________.
A. Meters
B. Millimeters
C. Centimeters
D. Micrometers

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Question No:53 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Wireless transmission can be divided into ____________ broad groups.
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. None of these

Question No:54 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_________ is the sub type of Time Division Multiplexing Technique.
A. Light TDM
B. Barrier TDM
C. Statistical TDM
D. Amplitude TDM

Question No:55 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link is
called_____
A. Multiplexing
B. Demultiplexing
C. Modulation
D. Demodulation

Question No:56 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Cellular telephone uses __________waves for communication.
A. Radio waves
B. light wave
C. infrared waves
D. microwaves

Question No:57 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Time division multiplexing is used in ____________ systems.
A. Digital
B. Analog

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 C. Hybrid
D. Automated

Question No:58 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A telephone line analog signal has got the bandwidth of __________.
A. 8kHz
B. 4kHz
C. 16kHz
D. 12kHz

Question No:59 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In _________ modulation process is used by the transmitting devices to
shift their data to a specific carrier frequency for multiplexing.
A. FDM
B. ADM
C. DAM
D. SDM

Question No:60 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A fiber-optic cable transmit signals in the form of ____________.
A. Light
B. Waves
C. Sound
D. None of the given

Question No:61 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it can
be divided into packets of __.
A. Fixed size
B. Variable size
C. Both fix and variable size
D. None of the these

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Question No:62 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Paging system in data communication uses _______ waves
A. Radio waves
B. light wave
C. infrared waves
D. microwaves

Question No:63 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

According to stats, fewer than _____________ crossbar points can be
used at once.
A. 14%
B. 25%
C. 30%
D. 100%

Question No:64 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Virtual Circuit Identifier is the ________________ of packet.
A. Length
B. Header
C. Size
D. Address

Question No:65 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In unidirectional antenna, the common point where all the lines intersect
each other is ___.
A. Axis
B. Focus
C. Origin
D. Center

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Question No:66 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The size of the packet is determined by the network and _________.
A. Governing Protocol
B. Instructions
C. Switching time
D. Delay

Question No:67 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In virtual circuit approach when a frame enters a switch and when it
leaves the circuit then its VCI ___
A. Remain same
B. Sometimes changes
C. Remain the same
D. Always changes

Question No:68 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ______ TDM slots are dynamically allocated to the connected stations
to improve bandwidth efficiency.
A. Statistical
B. Isochronous
C. Synchronous
D. None of the given

Question No:69 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In synchronous ____________, the data flow of each input connection is
divided into units, where each input occupies one input time slot.
A. FDM
B. TDM
C. WDM
D. DWDM

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Question No:70 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
When the bandwidth of a link is greater than the combined bandwidths
of the signals, we use ____________ multiplexing.
A. Frequency division
B. Time division
C. Hybrid division
D. Wavelength division

Question No:71 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Routing is a function of____________ layer.
A. Network
B. Physical
C. Transport
D. Datalink

Question No:72 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.
A. QAM
B. ASK
C. FSK
D. Line coding

Question No:73 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

__________ signals can take infinite levels of intensity over time.
A. Digital
B. Discrete
C. Analog
D. Logical

Question No:74 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

During transmission, _______________ is the effect of one wire on the
other.
A. Crosstalk

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 B. Induced noise
C. Thermal noise
D. Thermal noise

Question No:75 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Latency is made of--------------components.
A. Two
B. Five
C. Four
D. Three

Question No:76 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

If a digital signal has four levels, then we need _________ bits to
represent each level.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

Question No:77 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________ is a digital process that allows connections to share the
high bandwidth of a link.
A. TDM
B. FDM
C. ADM
D. WDM

Question No:78 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Transmission medium are of _______ types.
A. One
B. Two
C. Six
D. Five

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Question No:79 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
______________are used for multicast communications, such as radio
and television.
A. Radio waves
B. light wave
C. infrared waves
D. microwaves

Question No:80 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

We can have combination of ___________possible codes with a 5-bit
code.
A. 30
B. 32
C. 34
D. 36

Question No:81 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

When two people are talking to each other in a room then transmission
medium between them is:
A. Air
B. Cable
C. Wireless medium
D. No medium required

Question No:82 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Manchester encoding scheme achieves the same level of synchronization
as____________.
A. ARZ
B. RZ
C. ARZ1
D. IMP

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Question No:83 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Coaxial cables are categorized by their_____________ ratings.
A. Radio Government (RG)
B. Frequency modulation (FM)
C. Amplitude modulation (AM)
D. Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

Question No:84 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Microwaves are ______________.
A. Bi directional
B. Unidirectional
C. Multi directional
D. Omni directional

Question No:85 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a ______________ network
and a datagram network.
A. Circuit-switched
B. Packet switched
C. Message switched
D. Both message and packet switched network

Question No:86 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ___________ multiplexing technique, guard bands are used to avoid
overlapping of frequency bands assigned to each user.
A. FDM Google
B. TDM
C. PDM
D. CSMA

Question No:87 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In __________ TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the
output even if it is not sending data.

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 A. Statistical
B. Isochronous
C. Synchronous Google
D. Asynchronous

Question No:88 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Cable TV uses the _______________category of coaxial cable.
A. RG-47
B. RG-58
C. RG-59
D. RG-11

Question No:89 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Connection setup means using ______channels in circuit switched
network.?
A. Satellite
B. Both
C. Communication
D. None of the these

Question No:90 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Modulation of analog signal is needed if the medium is ___________ in
nature.
A. Bi-pass
B. Low-pass
C. Bandpass
D. High-pass

Question No:91 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the combination of
________ and __________.
A. PSK, FSK
B. FSK, PSK

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 C. ASK, FSK.
D. ASK, PSK

Question No:92 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________ is the scope of VCI variable in virtual circuit approach.
A. Local
B. Global
C. Both
D. None of these

Question No:93 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

N=Sxr is the formula for finding ___________ .?
A. Bit rate
B. Baud rate Google
C. Data element
D. Signal element

Question No:94 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ________________ TDM, a round of data units from each input
connection is collected into a frame.
A. Statistical
B. Non-Periodic
C. Synchronous
D. Asynchronous

Question No:95 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

VCI address is _____________ address in virtual circuit approach.
A. Local
B. Global
C. Private
D. Variable

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Question No:96 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Virtual-Circuit Networks and datagram networks are the sub categories
of ________________.
A. Packet-switched networks
B. Circuit Switched Networks
C. Message switched networks
D. Both circuit and message switched networks

Question No:97 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz
are called_____________.
A. Light wave
B. Microwaves
C. Radio waves
D. Infrared waves

Question No:98 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_____ has less electromagnetic interference as compared to other guided
medium.
A. Coaxial
B. Fiber Optic
C. Shielded Twisted Pair
D. Unshielded Twisted Pair

Question No:99 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In an analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a group can carry
_______ voice channels.
A. 60
B. 12
C. 10
D. 20

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Question No:100 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In ASK correct formula for calculating the bandwidth is as _______.
A. B=(1+d)S
B. B=(1*d)S
C. B=(d-1)S
D. B=(d-5)S

Question No:101 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Switching at the _____layer in the traditional telephone network uses the
circuit-switching approach.
A. Data Layer
B. Session Layer
C. Physical Layer Google
D. Network Layer

Question No:102 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In case of Frequency shift key, the difference between two frequencies
is represented as_______.
A. 2 Δ
B. 4 Δ
C. 6 Δ
D. 2X5 Δ

Question No:103 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Datagram approach and virtual circuit approach are two popular
approaches which lead us to ______________.
A. Line switching
B. Packet switching
C. Circuit switching
D. Dynamic switching

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Question No:104 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The minimum bandwidth required for QAM transmission is the same as
that required for ________ and ________ transmission.
A. ASK, PSK
B. FSK, ASK
C. PSK, FSK
D. FSK, QPSK

Question No:105 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In circuit switching total Delay is combination of Connection Time, Data
transfer time and _______________.
A. Switching time
B. Receiving time
C. Acknowledgement time
D. Connection tear down time

Question No:106 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

RG-11 having impedance of 50 ohm is used in __________ Ethernet
A. Thin
B. Fast
C. Thick
D. None of these

Question No:107 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Line coding scheme is roughly divide into___________ broad
categories.?
A. Five
B. One
C. Two
D. Zero

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Question No:108 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Normally the value of K max in pure ALOHA is ________.
A. 15
B. 14
C. 13
D. 12

Question No:109 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

YMODEM has ________ Byte of data unit.
A. 1024
B. 2410
C. 2210
D. 1042

Question No:110 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Block coding scheme, number of code words is always ________ data
words.
Equal to

Question No:111 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which one of the following is not a Channelization Protocol?
CSMA

Question No:112 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ is an Authentication Protocol, which uses two-step process to
authenticate user information.
PAP

Question No:113 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The transmission medium that carries the message is referred to as the
___________.
Communication channel

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Question No:114 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Which error detection method uses one's complement arithmetic
Checksum

Question No:115 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Like 10 Base 5, 10 Base 2 is a ________ topology LAN.
Bus

Question No:116 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

There are _________ types of serial transmission
2

Question No:117 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___ and ____ are the two types of addressing in virtual circuit approach.
Local, Global

Question No:118 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Bandwidth can be measured in _______________.
bits per second bps

Question No:119 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A variation of AMI encoding is called as ____________.
Pseudoternary

Question No:120 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

For a noiseless channel, theoretical formula to calculate the data rate was
developed by ____________.
Nyquist

Question No:121 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ___ scheme the voltages are on both sides of the time axis and voltage
level for 0 can be positive ant the voltage level for 1
Polar

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Question No:122 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Polar encoding scheme uses ___________ voltage level.
Two different

Question No:123 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In a bidirectional communication each layer performs two ____ tasks in
each direction.
Opposite

Question No:124 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In _______ scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis,
either above or below.
Unipolar

Question No:125 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Manchester and differential Manchester encoding schemes are subtypes
of _______ encoding scheme.
Double

Question No:126 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In _______ transmission medium start and stop bits are used
Asynchronous

Question No:127 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Ring topology, each node has a point to point dedicated link with.
Exactly 2 nods

Question No:128 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Simple sine wave can be used to send -------- .
Amplitude

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Question No:129 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
_______________ layer converts frames coming from Data Link Layer
Into bits and sends

Question No:130 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The maximum bandwidth required for QAM transmission is the same as
that required for _ and _______ transmission.
ASK, PSK

Question No:131 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ____________ transmission mode(s), multiple bits are sent
simultaneously.
Parallel transmission

Question No:132 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which of following technique(s) is used for Analog-to-Digital
Conversion?
Pulse Code modulation (PCM)

Question No:133 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_________ is correct formula to determine the total number of ports
needed for one system connected in a mesh network.
N*(N-1)

Question No:134 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ___ encoding scheme, the voltage level oscillates between a positive
and a negative value although it may remain at zero level between the
two values.
Polar

Question No:135 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ is the number of bits sent in 1 second.
Bit rate

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Question No:136 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Wavelength binds the ------- of a simple sine wave to the propagation
speed of the medium.
Period of the frequency Page 61

Question No:137 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The Full form of AMI encoding scheme is ____________.
Alternate mark inversion

Question No:138 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

AMI is a popular ___________ encoding method.
Bi-polar

Question No:139 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

LF(low frequency) band is used in _______ propagation
Ground

Question No:140 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Cable TV networks use_____________ cables.
Coaxial cables

Question No:141 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In circuit switching, when two end devices “A” and “B” connects with
each other they send ___________ request.
Acceptance

Question No:142 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In virtual Circuit network all packets follow ____________ path.
Dedicated

Question No:143 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the cost as
compared to others

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Medium

Question No:144 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the lowest cast
as compared to others.
Coaxial cable

Question No:145 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the highest
cast as compared to others.
Fiber optic cable

Question No:146 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Header size _______while moving down the layers at sending side.
Decreases

Question No:147 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Set of rules to be followed for effective network communication is called
_____________.
Protocol

Question No:148 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Datagram (packet) travels across _____ in a network.
Switching

Question No:149 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of bits that can fill
the_______________.
Link

Question No:150 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the sampling is dependent on ____.
Amplitude

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Question No:151 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Composite wave can be used to send ___________.
Frequency

Question No:152 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_______________ is normally used for long-distance data transfer.
Both parallel and Serial data transmission

Question No:153 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The conversion of __________ sample of the signal into __________
form is called quantizing process
Sampling and quantizing

Question No:154 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

When data is sent or received using _____, the data bits are organized in
a specific order, since they can only be sent or received one after another.
Serial data transmission

Question No:155 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Multipoint channel can be shared in ______ manner.
Both temporal and spartial.

Question No:156 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Communication between two users in a Cellular (Mobile) network is an
example of __________ communication.
Full duplex

Question No:157 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ is normally used where speed is priority in data transfer.
Hybrid transmission

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Question No:158 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Wiring used for transmission modes depends upon __________.
Latency

Question No:159 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

If a digital signal has “L” number of levels, _______________ is the
number of bits required to represent each level.
Log base 2L

Question No:160 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In scrambling coding scheme, the number of pulses replacing the bits
will be __________
Equal to pulses

Question No:161 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

______________ is a type of serial transmission in which data bits are
transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock. start bits,
stop bits, and gaps are not used. Transmitter and receiver time is sync.
Synchronous Google

Question No:162 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

TCP/IP was presented by___________ in a research paper.
Vin Cerf and bob Kahn

Question No:163 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

HDB3 falls under which coding scheme?
Bipolar

Question No:164 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A frequency is called ___________, if the rate of change in sine wave Is
Instantaneous.
Infinite frequency

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Question No:165 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The bipolar encoding scheme was developed as an alternative of
__________.
NRZ

Question No:166 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ____________ TCP/IP was declared as the official protocol of
internet.
1983

Question No:167 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

If 32 bits are sent in two seconds then bitrate for that signal is
________________.
16 bps

Question No:168 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In _______________ data moves faster and timing errors are less
frequent because the transmitter and receiver time is synced.
Synchronous

Question No:169 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

PSK is ________ susceptible to noise as compared to ASK.
False
Ture

Question No:170 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

There are ____________ components of data communication system.
5

Question No:171 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which one of following is a scrambling coding technique?
B8ZS

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Question No:172 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if _________ is encountered.
1

Question No:173 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_________ layer is responsible for creating datagrams.
Network

Question No:174 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_______________ is the Nyquist bit rate formula for noiseless channel.
BitRate=2*Bandwidth*log2 L

Question No:175 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Signals travel through fiber optic cable are in the form of ___________.
Light

Question No:176 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

When data is sent using __________________ , multiple data bits are
transmitted over multiple channels at the same time.
Parallel transmission

Question No:177 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Binary ASK, the peak amplitude of one signal level is 0 and the other
is the same as the _______________ of the carrier.
Amplitude

Question No:178 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_______________category of coaxial cable is used for thick Ethernet.
RG-58

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Question No:179 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
Time taken by a periodic signal to complete one cycle is called ____.
Period

Question No:180 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

QAM stands for _________________________ .
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Question No:181 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

According to Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least
________ times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
Twice

Question No:182 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_______ is an example of transmitter.
Modem

Question No:183 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_____ is composed of thousands of interconnected networks expanded
over large geographical area.
Local area network WAN

Question No:184 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In frequency domain plot, which value is plot on Y-axis?
Amplitude

Question No:185 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

______ signal completes a certain pattern in a specific amount of time.
Periodic

Question No:186 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The baud rate is _______________ to the bit rate.
Measure

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Question No:187 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The material used for conduction in twisted pair cable is ______.
Copper

Question No:188 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ___________ topology, each computer/station is attached to other
through a central device.
Star topology

Question No:189 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In frequency modulation, the frequency of the oscillator changes
according to the ________.
Input Voltage

Question No:190 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

__________ is the heart of block coding.
Substitution Google

Question No:191 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In transmission impairments _____ noise occurs from other source like
Induced

Question No:192 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Demultiplexer is a_________ device.
One to many

Question No:193 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Low pass channel with ___________ bandwidth is not real and is used
for theoretical modeling
Narrow

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Question No:194 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
____________ is NOT an example of connecting device.
TCP

Question No:195 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Parabolic antenna is used for_________ communication.
Microwave

Question No:196 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Token Ring was devised by____________.
IBM

Question No:197 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Induced noise Cable TV networks use____________ cables.
Coaxial

Question No:198 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz
are called_________.
Radio waves

Question No:199 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Most commonly used connector for twisted pair cable is ________.
RJ-45

Question No:200 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Binary Amplitude Shift Keying is also called as:
On-Off Keying

Question No:201 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

__________ is a multiplexing technique which shifts each signal to a
different carrier frequency.
FDM

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Question No:202 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
in NRZ-1 the signal is inverted if ————- is encountered.
1

Question No:203 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

—————- Protocol suite is being used by the modern internet
communication.
TCP/IP

Question No:204 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ———– signal changes its shape or form.
Distortion

Question No:205 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

At the application layer, object/information is in the form of ________.
Segment

Question No:206 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

___________ is the first step in PCM technique
Sampling

Question No:207 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

A frequency is called ____ if sine wave does not change with time
Zero frequency

Question No:208 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Open system interconnection (OSI) has __ number of layers
7

Question No:209 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

N= S*r is the formula for finding
Baud rate

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Question No:210 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In context of bandwidth-delay product, the cross section of the pipe
represents the ______________.
Bandwidth

Question No:211 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

OSI stands for _______.
Open system interconnection

Question No:212 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Writing used for transmission modes depends upon ______.
Data stream

Question No:213 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Minimum bandwidth required for Manchester line coding scheme is __.
1Mhz

Question No:214 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Packets travel in ____ layer of TCP/IP protocol suit
Network

Question No:215 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ protocol suit is being used by the modern internet
communication
TCP/IP

Question No:216 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Frames travel in ______ layer of TCP/IP Protocol suite.
Data link

Question No:217 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

There are __ common scrambling technique
Two

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Question No:218 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
FSK stands for _______.
Frequency shift keying

Question No:219 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Switch is a _________ layer devices
Data link

Question No:220 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In PCM technique Quantization is an ______ process
Un-balanced

Question No:221 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The layer of TCP/IP protocol suite which is on the top is known as
________ layer.
Application

Question No:222 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Manchester encoding scheme uses and inversion at the _____ of each bit
Middle

Question No:223 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

High-Level Data Link Control(HDLC) defines ____ types of frames to
deal with the transfer modes.
3

Question No:224 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

_________ are used to transport user data and control information
relating to user data
Information frams

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Question No:225 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
__________ are used to exchange session management and control
information between connected devices.
U-frames

Question No:226 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The ________ is the number of signal elements sent per unit time.
Bit rate

Question No:227 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Error correction is more _______ than the error detection
Difficult

Question No:228 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

One of the most common protocols for point-to-point access is
_________.
PPP

Question No:229 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Traditionally MANs have been implemented using one of the 2
technologies, Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Ture
False

Question No:230 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which one is not the function of data link layer?
Line discipline

Question No:231 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Is not a function of Data Link Control.
Modulation

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Question No:232 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
The ________ protocol uses both flow and error control.
Stop-and-Wait

Question No:233 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The ________ technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing
each data bit with n bits using a spreading code.
DSSS

Question No:234 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Digital signals are refered to be ___________.
Discrete

Question No:235 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The original Ethernet technology with the data rate of 10 Mbps is called
________?
Standard Ethernet

Question No:236 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

The extra bits added with the original data for error detection/correction
are called ________.
Redundant bits

Question No:237 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ________, each station sends a frame whenever it has a frame to send.
Slotted ALOHA

Question No:238 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In TCP/IP protocol suite, the process of adding header at each layer on
sending side is known as ______
Packetizing

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Question No:239 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
What is the period of a Sine wave having frequency of 5 Hz?
0.2

Question No:240 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In Pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is ________ the frame transmission
time.
Two times

Question No:241 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Analog refers to something that is continuous in ___________.
Time

Question No:242 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ encoding is almost obsolete today
Unipolar

Question No:243 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Which of the following is most affected by noise?
ASK

Question No:244 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ is sometimes called the bit rate.
Data rate

Question No:245 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

________ contains a repeater.
Active hub

Question No:246 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Asynchronous transmission is ___________.
Slow

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Question No:247 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM
In ASK, both ______ and ________ remain constant.
Frequency, Phase

Question No:248 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

DLC in Data Link Layer stands for ________.
Data Link Control

Question No:249 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

In ________, each station is allocated a time slot during which it can
send data.
TDMA

Question No:250 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Asynchronous TDM is efficient only when the size of the time slot is
kept relatively ___________.
Large

Question No:251 (Marks:1) Vu-Topper RM

Human voice is example of ___________ signal
Analog

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 CS601-Data Communication
Latest Solved Mcqs from Midterm Papers May 07,2011

Lectures 1-22 Mc100401285 [email protected] Moaaz Siddiq Latest Mcqs

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Effective network mean that the network has fast delivery, timeliness and
Ø high bandwidth
Ø duplex transmission
Ø accurate transmission (P6)
Ø low bandwidth

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose

A set of devices connected by communication links is called networking
Ø True (P12)
Ø False

Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one best describes the given statement:
"To allow multiple users to share total capacity of a transmission medium"

Ø congestion control
Ø exchange management
Ø multiplexing (P17)

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Line configuration refers to the way two or more devices attach to a .

Ø Link (P25)
Ø Circuit
Ø Route
Ø Node

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

requires the maximum number of I/O ports.

Ø Bus
Ø Star

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 Ø Mesh (P29)
Ø Ring

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

is used to define the direction of the signal flow between the linked devices.

Ø transmission mode (P34)

Ø transmission method
Ø transmission impairments

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Unidirectional traffic movement is overcome by dual ring technology.
Ø True (P33)
Ø False

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Trailer is only added at layer of OSI model.

Ø Data link (P41)

Ø Physical
Ø Network
Ø Application

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data link layer deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of transmission medium and
interface

Ø True (P44)
Ø False

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A signal that repeats a pattern over a regular interval of time is called .

Ø periodic signal (P58)

Ø analog signal
Ø composite signal

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If there is in voltage then the frequency is infinite.

Ø instantaneous change
Ø continuous change (P61)
Ø no change

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mc100401285 [email protected]
In a time-domain plot, the horizontal axis is measure of .

Ø signal amplitude
Ø frequency
Ø phase
Ø time (P63)

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose

DC component is also termed as Direct current component or a component with non-zero
frequency.

Ø False (P72)
Ø True

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Quantization means measuring amplitudes of signal at equal intervals.

Ø True
Ø False (P80)

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Amplitude in ASK is more resistive to EMI and Noise.

Ø True (P87)
Ø False

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

ASK, PSK, FSK and QAM are examples of modulation.

Ø digital-to-digital
Ø digital-to-analog (P85)
Ø analog-to-analog
Ø analog-to-digital

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The bit rate always equals the baud rate in which type of signal?

Ø FSK (P86)
Ø QAM
Ø 4-PSK
Ø PSK

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Asynchronous transmission is

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 Ø Slow (P99)
Ø costly
Ø non-effective
Ø fast

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A converts an analog signal into a digital signal.

Ø Demodulator (P110)
Ø Modulator
Ø Digital-to-analog converter

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

If a station does not receive its signal up to a specified time that system issues an alarm to

Ø another node (P188)

Ø network manager
Ø switch
Ø network analyzer

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the

► Medium

► Protocol

► Message (P 7)

► Transmission

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which is not an element of protocol
► semantics
► timing
► communication service module (P19)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Line configuration refers to the way two or more devices attach to a ______.

► Link (P 25)

► Circuit

► Route

► Node

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

_________requires the maximum number of I/O ports.

► Bus

► Star

► Mesh (P29)

► Ring

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which topology requires a central controller or hub?

► Mesh

► Star (P 30)

► Bus

► Ring

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Layers 5, 6 and 7 also called as network support layers.

► True

► False (P 42)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Internet with small “i” specifies the world wide Network the actual internet.

► True

► False (P 39)

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data link layer deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of transmission medium and interface

► True (P 44)

► False

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data synchronization is a function related with ___________

► session layer (P 51)

► presentation layer

► transport

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

OSI model was developed prior to TCP/IP model.

► True (P 54)

► False

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Fourier transform tells us that any digital signal can be decomposed into infinite number of periodic signals

► True

► False (P58)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A signal that repeats a pattern over a regular interval of time is called_______.

► periodic signal (P58)

► analog signal

► composite signal

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Frequency band in which 99% of the total power resides is called_______

► power bandwidth (P 67)

► half power bandwidth

► 3dB bandwidth

► F.M.

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In differential Manchester we require two transition or signal changes to represent binary_____

► zero

► one (P76)

► both zero and one

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In Alternate mark inversion the term mark comes from_________

► telegraphy (P77)

► telephony

► digital telephony

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A 56k modem can download at a rate of __________ Kbps and upload at a rate of __________ Kbps.

► 33.6: 33.6

► 33.6: 56.6

► 56.6: 33.6

► 56.6: 56.6

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The bit rate always equals the baud rate in which type of signal?

► FSK (P 86)

► QAM

► 4-PSK

► PSK

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Asynchronous transmission is ___________

► slow (P 99)

► costly

► non-effective

► fast

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mc100401285 [email protected]
At the ______________layer, a DCE takes data generated by a DTE.

► physical (P 101)

► transport

► data link

► application

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

_________ requires more bandwidth.

► FSK

► ASK (P 112)

► PSK

► QAM

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which topology requires a central controller or hub?

► Mesh

► Star (P 30)

► Bus

► Ring

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Unidirectional traffic movement is overcome by dual ring technology.

► True (P33)

► False

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one best describes the given statement:
"To allow multiple users to share total capacity of a transmission medium"

► congestion control

► exchange management

► multiplexing (P17)

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which one is not among standard creation committee.

► internet society and IETF (P 24)

► ITU-T
► IEEE

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Set of rules that govern communication is called

► OSI model

► Protocol (P 8)

► TCP/IP model

► Datagram

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Frequency of a failure and network recovery time after a failure is measures of the ____________ of a
network.

► Performance (P 14)

► Reliability

► Security

► Feasibility

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
3dB is also called as power bandwidth.

► True

► False (P66)

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

ASK, PSK, FSK and QAM are examples of ____________ modulation.

► digital-to-digital

► digital-to-analog (P85)

► analog-to-analog

► analog-to-digital

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Packet switching is a connection oriented service.

► True

► False (P38)

Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data synchronization is a function related with ___________

► session layer (P51)

► presentation layer

► transport

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Fourier transform tells us that any digital signal can be decomposed into infinite number of periodic signals

► True

► False (P 58)

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The internet model consists of _________ layers.

► three (P239)

► two

► five

► seven

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Analog to digital conversion is also termed as modulating an analog signal.

► True

► False (P 77)

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

PCM is the first process of PAM.

► True

► False (P80)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A modulator converts a(n) ____________ signal to a(n) ____________ signal.

► FSK: PSK

► Digital: analog (P 110)

► Analog: digital

► PSK: FSK

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The _______________ layer changes bits into electromagnetic signals.

► physical

► data link

► transport

► none of given
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/CAL/networks/Physical_Layer.htm

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

We need ____________ to decompose a composite signal into its components.

► fourier transform (P 64)

► nyquist theorem

► shannon capacity

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The bit rate always equals the baud rate in which type of signal?

► FSK (P 86)

► QAM

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 ► 4-PSK

► PSK

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

There are _____ possible variations of 16 QAM.

► five

► two

► three (P93)

► four

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Number of signal units per second that are required to represent a bit is called bit rate.

► True

► False (P 68)

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Please choose one ( Marks: 1 )

Effective network mean that the network has fast delivery, timeliness and
Ø high bandwidth
Ø duplex transmission
Ø accurate transmission (P6)
Ø low bandwidth

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A set of devices connected by communication links is called networking
Ø True (P12)
Ø False

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
_______ is a multipoint topology.
Ø Ring
Ø Mesh
Ø Tree
Ø Bus

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

_________requires the maximum number of I/O ports.
Ø Bus
Ø Star
Ø Mesh (P29)
Ø Ring

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Unidirectional traffic movement is overcome by dual ring technology.
Ø True (P33)
Ø False

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

As the data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are
__________.
Ø added
Ø subtracted
Ø rearranged
Ø modified

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data chunk at data link layer is called________
Ø frame
Ø packet (P38)
Ø datagram

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The _________ layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.
Ø Physical (P45)
Ø data link
Ø network
Ø transport

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Data synchronization is a function related with ___________
Ø session layer (P 51)
Ø presentation layer
Ø transport

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which layer is responsible for source to destination delivery of entire message?
Ø transport layer (P59)
Ø network layer
Ø session layer
Ø application layer

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Encryption and encoding are the same terms.
Ø True
Ø False (P52)

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

TCP/IP model Application layer incorporate OSI Application and presentation
Ø layers
Ø True
Ø False

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A sine wave must be an analog signal.
Ø True (P58)
Ø False

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A periodic signal can always be decomposed into _____________
Ø exactly an odd number of sine waves
Ø a set of sine waves
Ø set of sine waves, one of the which must have a phase of 00
Ø none of the given (P58)

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Manchester is a type of ____________encoding.
Ø Biphase (P75)
Ø polar
Ø biphase & polar
Ø none of the given

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The powerful carrier signal is called as the___________
Ø carrier frequency (P86)
Ø base signal
Ø carrier frequency and base signal
Ø none of given

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Modulation of an analog signal can be accomplished through changing the ___________ of the carrier signal.
Ø amplitude
Ø frequency
Ø phase
Ø all of the given (P58)

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In _____________ transmission, bits are transmitted over a single wire, one at a time.
Ø Asynchronous serial
Ø Synchronous serial
Ø Parallel (P99)
Ø Asynchronous & Synchronous serial

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In RS 422 Balanced mode two lines carry ________ signals which are not identical to each other.
Ø Same (P109)
Ø different
Ø digital
Ø analog

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A ______________ converts an analog signal into a digital signal.
Ø Demodulator (P110)
Ø Modulator
Ø Digital-to-analog converter

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009

Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In RS 422 Balanced mode two lines carry signals which are not identical to each other.
► same (P109)
► different
► digital
► analog

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The generates the data and passes it along with any control information to a
.
► DTE; DCE (P 101)
► DCE; DTE
► DCE; node
► DTE; application

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Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In transmission, a start bit and a stop bit frame a character byte.
► Asynchronous serial (P99)
► Synchronous serial (P99)
► Parallel
► Asynchronous & Synchronous serial

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In transmission, bits are transmitted simultaneously, each across its own wire.
► Asynchronous serial
► Synchronous serial
► Parallel
► Asynchronous & Synchronous serial

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Asynchronous transmission is
► slow (P99)
► costly
► non-effective
► fast

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In transmission the timing of the signal is unimportant.
►Asynchronous (P99)
►Synchronous
►Polar
►Bi-polar

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In 8QAM each signal shift or one baud represents __________
► 4 bits
► 2 bits
► 5 bits
► 3 bits (P93)

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

PCM is the first process of PAM.
► True
► False

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Bi phase encoding is a type of bipolar encoding in which we use two voltage levels.
► True (P73)
► False

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
The amplitude of a digital signal depends upon the to represent a bit.
► phase
► voltage
► wavelength

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Time domain plot show changes in signal phase with respect to time.
► True
► False (P63)

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

OSI model was developed prior to TCP/IP model.
► True
► False(P54)

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.

► Physical (P45)
► Data link
► Network
► Transport

Question No: 14 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Data chunk at data link layer is called
►frame
►packet (P38)
►datagram

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The internet model consists of layers.
► Three (P239)
► Two
► Five
► Seven

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

representation of links that connect nodes is called as physical topology.
►geometrical (P28)
►logical
►physical

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
is a multipoint topology.
► Ring
► Mesh
► Tree
► Bus (P31)

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In mesh topology, if there are five nodes then there will be links.
►5
► 10(P10)
► 15
► 20

Question No: 19 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Non proprietary standard is also termed as de facto standard.
► True (P23)
► False

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Effective network mean that the network has fast delivery, timeliness and
► high bandwidth
► duplex transmission
► accurate transmission (P6)
► low bandwidth

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009

Question No: 1 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Frequency of a failure and network recovery time after a failure is measures of the ____________ of a
network.
Ø Performance (P 14)
Ø Reliability
Ø Security
Ø Feasibility

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 2 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one
Secondary hub in a tree must be a passive hub.
Ø True (P31)
Ø False

Question No: 3 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

In mesh topology, if there are five nodes then there will be _______ links.
Ø 5
Ø 10 (P29)
Ø 15
Ø 20

Question No: 4 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Internet with small “i” specifies the world wide Network the actual internet.
Ø True
Ø False (P39)

Question No: 5 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Data link layer deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of transmission
medium and interface
Ø True (P 44)
Ø False

Question No: 6 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

When data are transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A’s layer 4
is read by B’s __________ layer.
Ø physical
Ø transport
Ø application
Ø none of the given

Question No: 7 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Time domain plot show changes in signal phase with respect to time.
Ø True
Ø False (63)

Question No: 8 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Frequency band in which 99% of the total power resides is called_______
Ø power bandwidth (P67)
Ø half power bandwidth
Ø F.M.

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Question No: 9 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one
The inversion of the level at 1 bit is called as __________
Ø NRZ-L
Ø NRZ-I (P73)
Ø RZ

Question No: 10 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which of the encoding schemes have bandwidth problems?
Ø Differential Manchester
Ø AMI (P77)
Ø RZ

Question No: 11 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Bi phase and bipolar are same terms.
Ø True
Ø False (P78)

Question No: 12 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Quantization means measuring amplitudes of signal at equal intervals.
Ø True
Ø False (P80)

Question No: 13 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

The last process in PCM is _________ digital data into digital signal.
Ø Encoding (P70)
Ø decoding
Ø modulating

Question No: 14 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Which modulation technique involves tribits, eight different phase shifts, and one mplitude?
Ø FSK
Ø 8-PSK
Ø ASK
Ø 4-PSK

Question No: 15 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Asynchronous transmission is ___________
Ø slow (P99)
Ø costly
Ø non-effective
Ø fast

Question No: 16 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

Synchronous transmission have _____________.
Ø a start bit
Ø a stop bit
Ø gaps between bytes
Ø none of the given (P99)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 17 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one Asynchronous transmission
The __________ generates the data and passes it along with any control
information to a ___________.
Ø DTE; DCE (P101)
Ø DCE; DTE
Ø DCE; node
Ø DTE; application

Question No: 18 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

A human brain is considered as a ___________
Ø driver
Ø machine
Ø DTE (P101)
Ø DCE

Question No: 19 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

The last modified version of EIA-232 standard is ______________
Ø EIA-232 D (P102)
Ø EIA-232 A
Ø EIA-232 B
Ø EIA-232 C

Question No: 20 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one

A ______________ converts an analog signal into a digital signal.
Ø Demodulator (P110)
Ø Modulator
Ø Digital-to-analog converter

[email protected]

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 Cs601 Mid term

Topic 1 to 113 cover in this quiz

Orange Monkey Team

1. At the application layer, object/information is in the form of ________.

Message…confirm

2. ___________ is the first step in PCM technique

Sampling…confirm

3. Communication between two user in a cellular (Mobile) network is an

example of __ communication

Full duplex….confirm

4. Transmission medium are of ______ types.

Two….confirm

5. A frequency is called ____ if sine wave changes with time

Infinte frequency…confirm

6. A frequency is called ____ if sine wave does not change with time

Zero frequency ….confirm

7. Open system interconnection (OSI) has __ number of layers.

7…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 1

 8. In unidirectional antenna, the common point where all the lines
intersect each other is ___.
Focus…confirm

9. To calculate the data rate for noisy channel ____ formula is used.

Shannon….confirm

10.Television broadcast where user can only view the information sent in
the form of video is an example of _______ communication.

Simplex

11.N= S*r is the formula for finding

Baud rate…..confirm

12.TCP/IP protocol suit has _______ layers.

5….confirm

13.Unit of phase is _______.

Degree….confirm

14.For a noiseless channel theoretical formula to calculate the data rate

was developed by.

Nyquist…..confirm

15.In context of bandwidth-delay product the cross section of the pipe

represents the ______.

Bandwidth…confirm

16.Uni polar Polar and Bipolar are types of _____ coding scheme.

Line…confirm

17.In ___ scheme the voltages are on both sides of the time axis and voltage
level for 0 can be positive ant the voltage level for 1 can be negative.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 2

 Polar….confirm

18.In _______ transmission medium start and stop bits are used

Asynchronous….confirm from net

19.In layered architecture of network logical connection between layers

means.

They are connected in peers…..confirm

20.OSI stands for _______.

Open system interconnection….confirm

21.Quadrature Amplitude Modulation is the mechanism of ______

conversion.

Digital to analog…confirm

22.Writing used for transmission modes depends upon ______.

Data stream…confirm

23.The maximum bandwidth required for QAM transmission is the same

as that required for _ and _______ transmission.

ASK, PSK

24.In optical fiber cable the ratio of the diameter of their core to the
diameter of their cladding, both expressed in ______.

Micrometers…confirm

25.Radio waves are propagated in _____ whenever they are transmitted by

an antenna.

All direction …confirm from net

26._______component of data communication governs the overall

communication on the network.

Transmission medium…confirm
ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 3
 27.In binary ASK, the peak amplitude of one signal level is 0 and the other
is the same as the __________.

Amplitude

28.In _______ scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis,
either above or below.

Unipolar…confirm from net

29.Simple sine wave can be used to send.

Amplitude

30.Paging system in data communication uses _______ waves.

Radio waves…confirm from net

31.Multipoint channel can be shared in _____ manner.

Both temporal and spartial…confirm

32.________ is an example of multipoint topology

Bus…confirm

33.Bandwidth can be measured in __________.

Bps…confirm

34.In____encoding scheme, we use three levels positive negative and zero

Bipolar…confirm from net

35.Header size _while moving down the layers at sending side

Decreases
36.________signals have limited number of discrete value

Digital….confirm

37._______ is a block coding method

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 4

 NRZ-1….confirm

38.Technique that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals

across a single data link, is known as ______.

Multiplexing….confirm

39.Simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link is

called.

Multiplexing…confirm

40.Minimum bandwidth required for Manchester line coding scheme is

_________.

1Mhz…confirm

41.AMI is a popular ______ encoding method.

Bi-polar….confirm

42.TCP/IP was presented by ________ in a research paper

Vin Cerf and bob Kahn…confirm

43.Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the cost as
compared to others.
Medium….confirm

44.Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the lowest cast
as compared to others.

Coaxial cable…confirm

45.Among the following cables given below _____ cable has the highest
cast as compared to others.

Fiber optic cable…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 5

 46.____________ is correct formula to determine the total number of ports
needed for one system connected in a mesh network.

n-1….confirm

47.A twisted pair cable consists of ________ conductors

2 ….confirm

48.Packets travel in ____ layer of TCP/IP protocol suit

Network ….confirm from net

49.HDB3 falls under which coding scheme?

Bipolar…confirm

50.According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least

____ times the highest frequency contained in the signal.

2…..confirm

51.________ protocol suit is being used by the modern internet

communication

TCP/IP…confirm

52.LF(low frequency) band is used in _______ propagation

Ground….confirm

53.____________ is a type of serial transmission in which data bits are

transmitted as a continuous stream in time with a master clock, start
bits, stop bits and gaps are not used. Transmitter and receiver time is
sync.

Synchronous….confirm

54.Identify the correct formula to calculate Propagation time.

Propagation time= Distance/ propagation speed….confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 6

 55.The communication of the application, transport and network layer is
_____

Physical…confirm

56.Frames travel in ______ layer of TCP/IP Protocol suite.

Data link

57.Manchester encoding scheme achieves the same level of synchronization

as __________.

RZ…..confirm

58.In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding schemes, the

signal rate is ______ than that of NRZ.

Double…confirm from net

59.In a bidirectional communication each layer performs two ____ tasks in

each direction.

Opposite…confirm

60.______ is composed of thousands of interconnected networks expanded

over large geographical area.

Local area network

61.Time taken by a periodic signal to complete one cycle is called.

Period…confirm from net

62.There are __ common scrambling technique

Two ….confirm

63.The bipolar encoding scheme was developed as an alternative of ____.

NRZ…confirm from net

64.FSK stands for _______.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 7

 Frequency shift keying….confirm

65.In ___ encoding scheme, the voltage level oscillates between a positive
and a negative value although it may remain at zero level between the
two values.

Polar…confirm from net

66._________ is an example of transmitter.

Modem

67.The material used for conduction in twisted pair cable is _______.

Copper

68.RG-11 having impedance of 50 ohm is used in __________ Ethernet

Thin….confirm

69._______ encoding scheme is somewhat a combination of the RZ and

NRZ-l scheme

Manchester encoding…confirm from net

70._______ has less electromagnetic interference as compared to other

guided medium.

Unshielded Twisted Pair

71.Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between ______ are

called microwaves.

1 to 300 GHz

72.Switch is a _________ layer devices

Data link…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 8

 73._________is Shannon capacity formula to determine highest
theoretically data rate for a noisy channel.

Capacity = Bandwidth * log2(1+SNR)….confirm

74.________is the range of frequencies contained in a composite signal.

Bandwidth…confirm

75. In PCM technique Quantization is an ______ process

Un-balanced

76.In Ring topology, each node has a point to point dedicated link with.

Exactly 2 nods….confirm

77.In _________ modulation process is used by the transmitting devices to

shift their data to a specific carrier frequency for multiplexing.

Fdm…confirm

78.Five stations will have _____ full duplexed dedicated links among them
to be connected in a Mesh topology.

10….confirm

79.Which of the following technique(s) is used for Analog-to-Digital

Conversion.

Both Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) and Delta

Modulation(DM)…confirm

80.The human voice normally frequency range from ________.

0 to 3000Hz

81.The layer of TCP/IP protocol suite which is on the top is known as

________ layer.

Application…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 9

 82.In __________ type of error, two or more bits in the data unit will be
changed.

Burst….confirm

83.________ is the process of converting digital data to digital signal.

Line coding…..confrim

84.Manchester encoding scheme uses and inversion at the _____ of each

bit.

Middle….confirm

85.FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF is a ______ link layer address.

Broadcast…..confrim

86.A3 34 45 11 92 F1 is a _________ link layer address.

Data, unicast….confirm

87.High-Level Data Link Control(HDLC) defines ____ types of frames to

deal with the transfer modes.

3…..confirm

88.____________ is the number of bits sent in 1 second

Bit rate(bps)…confirm

89._________ Time required to send 1 single bit.

Bit interval…confirm

90._________ are used to transport user data and control information

relating to user data

Information frams(I-frames)…..confirm

91._________are used only to transport control information

Supervisory frames(S-frames)…..confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 10

 92.___________are reserved for system Management

Unnumbered frames(U-frames)…..confirm

93.__________ are used to exchange session management and control

information between connected devices.

U-frames….confrim

94.In order to find Hamming distance between two pair of words _____
logical operation is used.

XOR….confrim

95.Data Link layer receives services from the __________layer.

Physical

96.The ________ is the number of signal elements sent per unit time.

Bit rate…..confrim

97.In order to resolve link layer address of the next node, the first
generated ARP request is always in ________ mode.

Broadcast

98.In Block coding we divide our message into blocks of k bits called as
__________.

Data words…..confirm

99.To control and manage the transfer of data, a protocol called point to
point (PPP) is used at the _______ layer

Data Link

100. In character oriented protocol, each character of frame is encoded

using ____ coding system.
ASCII

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 11

 101. Error detection and correction are the services provided by
______ layer.

Data link layer ….confirm from net

102. ______________ is used in the stop-and-wait protocol to overcome

the issue of duplication.

Frame sequencing and Acknowledgment

numbering…confirm from net

103. Stop-and-weight protocol is used for _______.

Both flow and error control….confirm

104. Error correction is more _______ than the error detection

Difficult…confirm from net

105. Payload field of the PPP frame is of variable size and it can carry
maximum data up to_________.

1500 bytes….confirm from net

106. If duration of noise is decreased during a transmission over noisy

channel. Fixed data rate of the channel will cause ______ number of bits
being impacted by the noise.

More….confirm from net

107. One of the most common protocols for point-to-point access is

_________.

PPP…confirm

108. In linear Block codes ______ of two valid code words creates
another valid code word.

XOR…confirm

109. Which layer is concerned with the syntax and

semantics of info exchange between two systems?

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 12

 Presentation

110. Traditionally MANs have been implemented using one of the 2

technologies, Circuit Switching and Packet Switching

false

111. In OSI model headers are added at layer _________.

6,5,4,3,2 only

112. ________ works with topologies in which one drvice is designated

as a primary station and the other devices are secondary stations.

Polling

113. Signals travel through fiber optic cable are in the form of
________.

Light…confirm from net

114. PSK is susceptible to the noise degradation.

False

115. What is the frequency of a sine wave if it completes one cycle in 5

seconds?

0.2

116. Which one is not the function of data link layer?

Line discipline

117. Error detection and correction are the services provided by

________ layer.

Data link layer

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 13

 118. ________ is not a function of Data Link Control.

Modulation

119. No matter whether the link is dedicated or broadcast, data link

control (DLC) layer provides services between ________.

Two adjacent nodes

120. The inversion of the level represents a 1 bit in ______ encoding

NRZ-I

121. Guard bands are used in ________ multiplexing technique, guard

bands to avoid overlapping of frequency bands assigned to each user.

FDM…confirm

122. The ________ protocol uses both flow and error control.

Stop-and-Wait

123. Each computer on the Internet has a unique numeric address

called a(n) ___________.

IP address

124. WDM stands for _________.

Wave Division Multiplexing

125. A fiber -optic cable transmit signals in the form of ________.

Light

126. CDMA stands for ________.

Code Division Multiple Access

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 14

 127. Quantization is a method of assigning ________ values in a
specific range to sampled instances.

Integral

128. STP is more expensive than UTP and is less susceptible to noise.

True

129. In circuit switched networks we have low efficiency but minimal

________.

Delay….confirm

130. Which level of the TCP/IP reference model routes

data/information across a network channel?

Network Layer

131. A portion of the path that carries TX between a given pair of

devices is known as ___________.

Channel

132. Digital signals are refered to be ___________.

Discrete

133. BSC supports ___________ transmission using ___________ flow

control.

Half-duplex, Stop and wait ARQ

134. ________ is the rate of change with respect to time.

Amplitude

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 15

 135. The original Ethernet technology with the data rate of 10 Mbps is
called ________?

Standard Ethernet

136. If we need to correct a single error in an 8-bit data unit, we need

to consider ________ possible error locations.

16

137. In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the sampling is dependent on

________.

Amplitude…confirm

138. The extra bits added with the original data for error
detection/correction are called ________.

Redundant bits

139. Which of the following sublyer resolves the contention for the
shared media.

MAC

140. PAP and CHAP are used by ______ as Authentication Protocols

PPP…confirm

141. Media Access Control (MAC) and Data link (DLC) constitute
_______ layer

Data Link….confirm

142. In ________, each station sends a frame whenever it has a frame

to send.

Slotted ALOHA
ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 16
 143. What is the period of a Sine wave having frequency of 10 Hz?

0.1

144. Is there any difference between Data communication and

telecommunication are network?

No

145. In TCP/IP protocol suite, the process of adding header at each

layer on sending side is known as ________.

Packetizing

146. ________ is correct formula to determine the total number of

ports needed for one system connected in a mesh network.

N-1

147. Following characteristics fully describe ___________,

Amplitude
Period/Frequency
Phase

Sine Waves

148. What is the period of a Sine wave having frequency of 5 Hz?

0.2

149. The inversion of the level at 1 bit is called as ________.

NRZ-I

150. In ________, both peak amplitude and frequency remains

constant as the phase changes.

PSK

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 17

 151. At the CRC generator, ___________ added to the data unit before
the divisional process.

0s are

152. In Pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is ________ the frame

transmission time.

Two times

153. In Block coding we divide our message into blocks of k bits called
as ________.

Data words

154. Analog refers to something that is continuous in ___________.

Time

155. ________ of a signal is the collection of all the component

frequencies it contains.

Frequency spectrum

156. ________ encoding is almost obsolete today

Unipolar

157. Which of the following is most affected by noise?

ASK

158. In _________, a signal is directed straight from antenna to

antenna.

Line of sight propagation

159. To control and manage the transfer of data, a protocol called

Point to Point Protocol (PPP) is used at the ________ layer.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 18

 Network

160. The level of signal is always positive in NRZ encoding.

false

161. ________ signal can take infinite levels of intensity over time.

Analog….confirm from net

162. ________ is sometimes called the bit rate.

Data rate…confirm from net

163. ________ contains a repeater.

Active hub

164. ________ is/are un-reliable protocol(s).

UDP

165. Low pass channel has ________ bandwidth between two stations.

Shared…confirm from net

166. The message 1110 sent by a source is received by a destination as

1011. This is ________ type of error.

Burst

167. TROPOSHERE is the layer of atmosphere above the troposphere

but below space

False

168. In Pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is ________ the frame

transmission time.

Two times

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 19

 169. Asynchronous transmission is ___________.

Slow

170. Radio is an example of _______ signal conversion.

Analog to analog

171. Which error detection method consists of a parity bit for each
unit as well as an entire data unit of parity bits?

Longitudinal Red Check (LRC)

172. Session layer is responsible for _________.

Maintaining the connection

173. If duration of noise is decreased during a transmission over noisy

channel, fixed data rate of the channel will cause ________ number of
bits being impacted by the noise.

More

174. S-frames in High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) are only used
to transfer ________ information.

Control

175. In ASK, both ______ and ________ remain constant.

Frequency, Phase

176. Encoding digital data into digital signals is called ___________.

Digital-to-Digital Conversion

177. GO-BACK-N protocol is one of the ________ layer protocols,

which is used to control the flow of data during the transmission.

Network

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 20

 178. In ASK correct formula for calculating the bandwidth is as
________.

B=(1+d)S….confirm

179. The type of ALOHA which improves the efficiency of Pure

ALOHA is ________.

Slotted ALOHA

180. In which controlled-access method all data exchanges must be

made through primary device even when the ultimate destination is a
secondary device?

Polling

181. The __________ generates the data and passes it along with any
control information to a __________.

DTE, DCE

182. ________ is used in the Stop-and-Wait protocol to overcome the

issue of duplication.

Frame sequencing and Acknowledgement numbering

183. Transmission Control Protocol is a(n) ________ layer protocol.

Network

184. The Internet is ___________.

a global network of computers networks

185. We can have ________ different groups with a 4 bit block.

186. Analog To Analog Conversion Methods include ___________.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 21

 AM, PM and FM

187. DLC in Data Link Layer stands for ________.

Data Link Control

188. What is the Bandwidth of a periodic signal if it is decomposed into

4 sine waves with frequencies 200, 400, 600 and 800?

600

189. ________ category of coaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet.

RG-58….confirm

190. ________ category of coaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet.

RG-8, RG-9, RG-11 …….confirm

191. ________ category of coaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet.

RG-8, RG-9, RG-11 …….confirm

192. ________ category of coaxial cable is used for Cable TV

RG59….confirm

193. In ________, each station is allocated a time slot during which it

can send data.

TDMA

194. ________ transmission technology (based on Ethernet) provides a

data rate of 1 billion bits per second.

10BASE-T Ethernet

195. Time domain plot show changes in signal phase with respect to
time.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 22

 false

196. dB is negative if a signal is ___________.

Attenuated

197. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a sine wave?

Segmentation…confirm

198. What is the Bandwidth of a periodic signal if it is decomposed into

4 sine waves with frequencies 300, 600, 900 and 1200?

900

199. Asynchronous TDM is efficient only when the size of the time slot
is kept relatively ___________.

Large

200. A sine wave is defined by ___________ characteristics.

Switch is a network device which operates on the ________ layer of the

TCP/IP protocol suite.

Data link

201. In even parity check code, the value of syndrome is ________ if

the number of 1s is even.

202. 4Collisions in CSMA/CA are avoided through ________.

All of the given

203. Human voice is example of ___________ signal.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 23

 Analog

204. Time domain shows changes in ___________.

signal amplitude w.r.t time

205. Normally the value of Kmax in pure ALOHA is ________.

15

206. Central Hub in a Tree is an ___________.

Active hub

207. In selective-reject ARQ, only the specific damaged or lost frame is

________.

Retransmitted

208. If users must take turns using the link, then it is called Spatial
Sharing.

false

209. At the CRC checker, ___________ means that the data unit is
damaged.

A nonzero remainder

210. Digitizing an Analog Signal is called ___________.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

211. WDM stands for ________.

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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 212. What was the main draw back in ALOHA Random-Access
method?

All of the given

213. YMODEM has ________ Byte of data unit.

1024

214. Like Data link layer, ___________ is also responsible for Flow
control.

a. Transport Layer
215. In Block coding scheme, number of code words is always
________ data words.

Equal to

216. RZ stands for ___________.

Return ot Zero

217. Line Configuration refers to the way two or more devices attach
to a ___________.

Link

218. The flag in PPP is a byte that needs to be ________ whenever it

appears in the data section of the frame.

Escaped

219. At the Application layer, object/information is in the form of

________.

Packet

220. The term _______means that only one bit of a given data unit is
changed from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.

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 Single Bit Error

221. What is the frequency of a sine wave if it completes one cycle in 2

seconds?

0.5

222. POST stand for ________?

Plain Old Telephone Service

223. To make sure that source does not overwhelm destination by

sending data faster than it can be handled and processed is called?

Flow Control

224. If a digital signal has "L" number of levels. ________ is the

number of bits required to represent each level.

Log base 2 L….confirm

225. In ASK, Noise usually affects the ________.

Amplitude

226. In order to find the location of two errors in an eight bit stream,
we have to see ________ different combinations.

28

227. Which one of the following is not a Channelization Protocol?

CSMA

228. Which one of the following is a correct-access method?

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 Reservation

229. By using ___________ system, change in the file contents during

file transmission can be avoided.

Error Detection and Correction

230. Radio wave transmission utilizes ___________ different types of

propagation.

Five

231. A broadcast signal is received by the orbiting satellites which

rebroadcasts ________.

none of the given

232. What is the period of a Sine wave having frequency of 2 Hz?

0.5

233. ________ mode of serial transmission guarantees fixed rate of

data.

Isochronous…confirm from net

234. Time division multiplexing is used in ________ systems.

Digital….confirm from net

235. The most common type of connector used by coaxial cable is

________.

BNC

236. Which of the following statement is correct?

Digital signals are less prone to Noise

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 237. In an analog hierarchy to carry voice channels, a group can carry
________ voice channels.

12(4khz)….confirm

238. In an analog hierarchy to carry 12 voice channels, 5 group ______

48kHz….confirm

239. In an analog hierarchy to carry 60 voice channels, a 10 super

group _________bandwidth

240kHz….confirm

240. In an analog hierarchy to carry 600 voice channels, a 6 Master

group _______

2.52Mhz….confirm

241. In an analog hierarchy to carry 3600 voice channels, a Jumbo

group _________

16,984MHz …..confirm

242. In line discipline after the data transmission, the sending system
finishes with an ________ frame.

EOT

243. Data is transmitted using light through a ___________ cable.

fiber-optic

244. Data Link layer provides services to the ________ layer.

Network

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 245. If the Hamming distance between sent and received code word is
________, then it shows that received data is corrupted.

≠0

246. ________ is responsible for governing node to node

communication.

Data Link layer

247. Mr. Asif while sitting in Lahore is talking with his friend in Dubai
through Skype is an example of ________.

Metropolitan Area Network

248. In frequency shift keying, ________ remain(s) constant.

Both Peak amplitude and Phase …confirm

249. In Amplitude shift keying, ________ remain(s) constant.

Both frequency and phase…confirm

250. In Phase shift keying, ________ remain(s) constant.

Both peak amplitude and frequency…confirm

251. Analog signals are refers to be ___________

Continuous

252. Baud rate is greater than or equal to the bit rate.

False

253. In statistical time division multiplexing, number of slots in frame

are less than ________.

Input lines…..confirm

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 254. ________ are used to exchange session management and control
information between connected devices.

U-frames

255. Terminal, microprocessor, computer, printer or any other device

that generates or consumes digital data is known as ___________

DTE

256. There are three types of Hubs that exist. Which of the following
options correctly describes these three?

Passive, Active, Intelligent

257. Which of the following consist of just one redundant bit per data
unit?

Simple Parity Check

258. In the encoding where positive to negative transition is one and

vice versa is zero.

None of given option

259. Error correction is more ________ than the error detection.

Difficult

260. If the window size is 63 in go-back N ARQ then what is the range
of sequence number?

0 to 63

261. ________ is normally used where speed is priority in data

transfer.

Hybrid transmission

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 262. In Synchronous TDM, Time slots are not same in number as input
devices.

False

263. In analog transmission, the base signal is called the________.

Carrier Signal

264. In ___________ a dedicated communication path is established

between two stations through the nodes of the network

Circuit switching

265. Which one of the following is a Random-Access protocol?

CDMA/CD

266. A ________ modem is used to connect two DTEs directly.

NULL

267. The flag in PPP is a byte that needs to be ________ whenever it

appears in the data section of the frame.

Escaped

268. ________ is an Authentication Protocol, which is used by the PPP

to authenticate passwords.

PAP

269. In CRC there is no error if the remainder at the receiver is

_______.

Zero

270. VCI address is ________ address in virtual circuit approach.

Global…confirm from net

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 271. ________ is an Authentication Protocol, which uses two-step
process to authenticate user information.

PAP

272. Possession of TOKEN gives the station the right to ________.

Send the data

273. The transmission medium that carries the message is referred to

as the ___________.

communication channel

274. Latency is made of ________ components.

Four….confirm

275. Sampling means measuring ____________ of signal at equal

intervals

Amplitudes

276. Which error detection method uses one's complement arithmetic.

Checksum

277. To calculate the data rate for noisy channel ________ formula is
used.

Shannon…..confirm

278. To calculate the data rate for noisless channel ________ formula
is used.

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 Nyquist….confirm

279. Checksum is an error-detection technique that can be applied to a

message of ________ length.

Any

280. In ________ each band is reserved for a specific ststion, and it

belongs to the station all the time.

FDMA

281. Flow control is needed to prevent ________.

Overflow of the receiver buffer

282. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the combination of

________ and ________.

FSK, PSK

283. Like 10 Base 5, 10 Base 2 is a ________ topology LAN.

Bus

284. In the ________ method, the stations in a network are orgamized

in a logical ring.

Token-passing

285. Two or more computers connected so that they can communicate

with each other and share information is called a ___________.

network

286. The logical connection between the peer layers is ________

connection.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 33

 Direct….confirm from net

287. In CSMA/CA, ________ is the amount of time divided into slots.

Contention Window

288. ________ relative measures the strength of two signals.

Decibal ….confirm

289. A sine wave is ___________.

periodic and continuous

290. There are __________types of guided media.

291. AM signal requires ___________ the BW of original signal

Twice

292. CHAP is an Authentication Protocol, which uses ________

process to authenticate user information.

Three-way

293. There are _________ types of serial transmission.

294. There are ________ basic categories of multiplexing.

295. Congestion Control is a feature of layer(s).

All mentioned

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 34

 296. Most commonly used connector for twisted pair cable is ________.

RJ-45….confirm from net

297. ___________ does not happen until all the data is transferred and
all of the resources are freed.
Switching

298. A local telephone network use _______network.

Circuit switched…confirm from net

299. Microwaves are _________.

Unidirectional ….confrim

300. _________have established standards for using these signals for

communication between devices such as keyboards, mice, PCs and
printers

Infrared waves…confirm from net

301. Datagram approach and virtual circuit approach are two popular
approaches which lead us to ________.

Circuit switching….confirm

302. In circuit switching when two end devices ‘A’ and ‘B’ connects
with each other they send ____ request.

Acceptance

303. In optical fiber a glass or plastic core is surrounded by a

________.

Cladding…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 35

 304. _______ are used for multicast communication, such as radio
and television.

Radio waves…confirm

305. DLC in data link layer stands for ____

Data Link control….confirm

306. In virtual Circuit network all packets follow __________ path

Dedicated

307. Multi mode technology has _______ main types for light
propagating.

Two

308. If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched

network. If can be divided into packets of __________.

Both fix and variable size

309. According to state, fewer than ______ crossbar points can be used
at once.

25%

310. _________ and ________ are the two types of addressing in virtual
circuit approach.

Local, Global

311. Cable TV networks use __________ cables

Coaxial….confirm from net

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 312. The size of the packet is determined by the network and
__________.

Governing Protocol

313. In circuit switching total delay is combination of connection time.

Data transfer time and _____________

Connection tear down time

314. Which one of the following is not among the required phases for
the actual communication in a circuit-switched network?

Protocol

315. Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 1 and 300

GHz are called ________________.

Microwaves

316. If we increase the data rate of a transmission over noisy channel,

fixed noise duration will cause ________ number of bits being impacted
by the noise.

Less

317. In case of higher data rate, the number of impacted bits will be _______.

Higher

318. In baseband transmission, a digital signal is transmitted as__________.

Analog signal….confirm from net

319. ________ Cable is used in wavelength division multiplexing.

Fiber optic….confirm from net

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 37

 320. The ————— technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing
each data bit with n bits using a spreading code.

DSSS…confirm from net

321. When the bandwidth of a link is greater than combined bandwidths of the

Frequency division….confirm from net

322. According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition

of no period.

Continuous……confirm from net

323. Router is a network device which operates on the __ layer of the TCP/IP
protocol.
Network…confirm from net

324. Uni polar, polar and bipolar are the types of —————

NRZ-I….confirm from net

325. According to stats, lower than —————- crossbar point can be used at
once .

25%....confirm from net

326. In ———– TDM, slots are dynamically allocated to the connected stations to
improve bandwidth efficiency.

Statistical…confirm from net

327. In star based network comprising of four computers and on switch, total
number of cables needed will be ———-

4…confirm from net

328. The conversion of analog sample of the signal into digital form is called
________ process.

Sampling and quantizing…confirm from net

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 329. On a communication link, different channels are separated by unused strips
of bandwidth called as ————-.

Guard band

330. ———— is an example of host in a network.

Computer…confirm from net

331. In ————— TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output
even if is not sending data.

Synchronous …confirm

332. ————– coding scheme are useful for LAN but not for long ranges

Biphase…confirm

333. In ———– signal changes its shape or form.

Distortion…confirm

334. —————- Protocol suite is being used by the modern internet

communication.

TCP/IP…confirm from net

335. in NRZ-1 the signal is inverted if ————- is encountered.

1…confirm from net

336. Simultaneous transmission of multiple signal across a single data link is

called——

Multiplexing..confirm from net

337. Two stations are connected via a secure link in which messages are encrypted
from source to the destination message is called——————

Protocol

Which one of following is a scrambling coding technique?

• B8ZS

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 39

According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition of digital
signals are____________.

Discrete
_______ is the heart of blocking code.
• Coding

Wireless transmission can be divided into_____ broad groups.

Three…confirm from net

Wiring used for transmission modes depends upon________.

• Latency
If a digital transmission system is sending five bits in every half a second, the bit-rate of the
system.

• 10 bps…confirm
If the message going to pass through a packet-switched network, it can be divided into
packets of_________.

• Both fix and Variable size

In an analogue hierarchy to carry voice channels, a group can carry _________voice

channels.

12
In optical fiber a glass or plastic core is surrounded by a ___________.
• Cladding

In transmission impairments ______________ noise occurs from other source like

Induced…confirm

___________ is a digital process that allows connections to share the high bandwidth of a
link.

• TDM

Bandwidth in hertz in the range of_________ contained in a composite signal.

• Frequencies
LAN stands for ___________.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 40

 • Local Area Network
Demultiplexer is a_________ device.

• One to many

Mr. Asif while sitting in Lahore is linking with his friend in Dubai through Skype is
a_____________.

• Wide Area Network

In __________ modulation, frequency and amplitude remain constant.

• Amplitude
In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-1 is a single digital
channel of_________.

• 1.544 Mbps…confirm

In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-2 is a single digital
channel of_________.

6.312 Mbps…confirm

In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-3 is a single digital
channel of_________.

44.376MBps…confirm

In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-4 is a single digital
channel of_________.

274.176 MBps…..confirm

The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of bits that can fill the ____________.

• Link

If a digital-signals has four levels, then we need _____ bits to represent each level.

• 2

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 41

Routing is a function of____________ layer.

• Network

_________ relatively measures the strength of two signals.

• Decibel

Taking off the header from the message is called________.

• Encryption

In frequency domain plot, which value is replaced with frequency?

• Wavelength
_________ is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.

• Line coding
Low pass channel with ___________ bandwidth is not real and is used for theoretical
modeling.

• Narrow or wide…both are confirm

Unit of phase is________.

• Degree

BFSK stands for_____________.

• Binary Frequency Sift Key

____________ is NOT an example of connecting device.

• TCP

Coaxial cables are categorized by their____________ ratings.

Radio Government (RG)….confirm

Which one of the following is not among the required phases for the actual communication
in a circuit switched network

• Protocol

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 42

A common bipolar encoding scheme is called ________.

• AMI

A telephone line analog signal has got the bandwidth of ___________.

4 kHz…confirm

In __________ systems, resources are allocated on demand.

• Circuit switching

A fiber-optic cable transmit signals in the form of_________.

• Light

Composite wave can be used to send ____________.

• Frequency

Routing is the function of _________ layer.

• Network

A virtual-circuit network operates on ____________layer.

• Datalink

In TCP\IP model, the Physical Layer exchanges data in the form of ___________.

• Bits…confirm
_________ signal completes certain pattern in a specific amount of time.

• Periodic

If a digital signal has four levels, the we need _________bits to represent.

• 2

We can have combination of___________ possible codes with a 5-bit code.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 43

 • 32
There are _________categories of multiplexing.

• 3

Top most organization that provides support for the Internet Standard process is
called___________.

• IETF

If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network, it can be divided into
packets of___________.

• Both-fix and variable size

________ data moves faster and timing errors are less frequent because the transmitter
and receiver time is synced.

Synchronous…confirm

In frequency modulation, the frequency of the oscillator changes according to

the_____________.

• Input Voltage

Binary Amplitude Shift Keying also called as:

• On-Off Keying

Bi-polar uses_________ voltage levels.

Two

In serial data transmission ________ data transmission mode can be cheap but slower.

• Asynchronous

In star-based network comprising of four computers and one switch, total number of cable
needed will be___________.

• 4

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 44

Parabolic antenna is used for_________ communication.

• Microwave…confirm

In circuit switching total Delay is combination of Connection Time and____________.

• Connection tear down time

Datagram switching is done on___________.

• Network Layer

Token Ring was devised by____________.

• IBM…confirm
In TDM based digital hierarchy used by the Telephone companies, DS-0 is a digital channel
of______________.

• 64 kbps…confirm

____________can be published using Request for Comments (RFCs).

• Internet Draft….confirm

In transmission impairments_______ noise occurs from the random motion of electrons in

a wire.

• Thermal noise…confirm

Which one of the following is among the required phases for the actual communication in a
circuit switched network?

• Data transfer

According to the Fourier analysis, frequencies obtained after decomposition of non-

periodic digital signals are___________.

• Bit length

The most common type of connector used by the coaxial cable is______________.

• BNC

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 45

When data is sent or received using___________ the data bits are organized in a specific
order, since they can only be sent or received one after another.

Serial data transmission

__________have established standards for using these signals for communication between
devices such as keyboards, mice, PCs, and printers.

• Infrared waves

In case of Frequency shift key, the difference between two frequency is represented
as____________.

• 2 delta….confirm
___________category of coaxial cable is used for thin Ethernet.

• RG-58
Cellular telephone uses___________ waves for communication.

Radio waves

_________ layer is responsible for the creating of the datagrams.

• Network

In virtual circuit approach when a frame enters a switch and when it leaves a switch its
VCI always___________.

• Remain the same

According to stats, fewer than_________ crossbar points can be used at once.

• 25%

Data format used at Transport layer of TCP\IP protocol suit is called__________.

• Packet
A virtual circuit network operates on ___________ layer.

• Application

If 32 bits are sent in two seconds then the bitrate for that signal is______________.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 46

 • 64 bps

• ____________ normally used for long-distance data transfer.

• Both parallel and Serial data transmission

__________ is a block coding method.

• 8B\10B

TCP\IP was chosen to be the official protocol of internet ________________.

• 1983
To measure the data rate ___________ theoretically formula(s)Were developed.

• Four

In FSK, Baud rate is less than or equal to _____________ rate.

Bit rate…..confirm

___________ signal is represented by the discrete values.

• Digital

Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz are

called_________.

• Radio waves

Suppose a signal is amplitude then the value od decibel will be __________.

• Positive

_________ technique does not follows analog conversion.

• QAM
In Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), the sampling is dependent on_________.

• Amplitude

________________ is the sub type of Time Division Multiplexing Technique.

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 47

 • Statistical TDM
Modulation of analog signal is needed if the medium is ______________ in nature.

• Bandpass

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is the combination of____________ and

__________.

ASK-FSK

There _____________ components of data communication system.

5…confirm

QPSK stands for_____________.

• Quadrature phase shift key

To calculate the data rate for noisy channel___________ formula is used.

• Shannon
Binary Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK) is also called as:

• On-Off Keying….confirm

Some manufacturers provide a special port called the__________.

• IrDA
To calculate the data rate for noiseless channel ____________ formula is used.

• Nyquist

Two PCs and one printer are connected in a network within a room, it is an example of
_________.

• LAN…confirm from net

Analog the following cables given, __________ cable provides highest bandwidth and less
attenuation.

• Fiber optical

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 48

To calculate the data for noisy channel_________ formula is used.

• Shannon

In circuit switched networks we have low efficiency but minimal _____________.

• Delay

Polar encoding scheme uses__________ voltage level.

• 2….confirm

TCP\IP protocol suit consists of __________ layers.

• 5…..confirm

Bandwidth in hertz is the range of__________ contained in a composite signal.

• Frequencies….confirm
___________ is an example of a host in a network.

• Computer

Set of rules to be followed for effective communication is called____________.

• Protocol

_________ is NOT an example of a connecting device.

• TCP
When an antenna transmits radio waves, they are propagated in ________________.

• Only up and down direction

Which one of the following is not a bipolar encoding level?

• One

___________and________ are the two types of addressing in virtual circuit approach.

• Local, Global

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 49

In transmission implements____________ noise occurs from the effect of one wire on the
other

• Cross talk…confirm

In computer network the stations are connected to each other in such a way that each
station is connected to every other station through dedicated links. This
makes___________.

• Bus

In scrambling coding scheme, the number of pulses replacing the bits will
be______________?

• Equal to pulses…..confirm

In the context of analog to analog signal conversation technique. “PM” Stands

for__________.

• Phase modulation

______________ relatively measurement the strength of two signals.

• Decibel

Datagram approach and circuit approach are two popular approaches which lead us
to__________.

• Packet switching

In virtual circuit approach when frame enters a switch and when it leaves a switch its VCi
always___________.

• Remain the Same

________ means loss of energy in signal.

Attenuation

A local telephone network use ____________network.

Circuit switched

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In Amplitude Shift Keying. _______of the signal is/are changed.

• Amplitude

In frequency domain plot, which value is plot on Y-axis?

• Amplitude….confirm

In pulse code modulation the term sampling can also be referred as____________.

• Pulse Amplitude Modulation

In analog transmission of digital data, the required bandwidth is always proportional to
the signal rate expect in ________ a digital to analog conversion technique.

• ASK

WDM stands for____________.

• Wavelength Division Multiplexing

____________ does not follows analog to analog conversion.

• QAM

On a communication link, different channels are separates by unused strips of bandwidth

called as___________.

Guard band
•
_______________ layer converts frames coming from Data Link Layer into bits and sends

Them on the transmission medium.

• Physical

Wavelength binds the___________ of a simple sine wave to the propagation speed of the
medium.

Period of the frequency book page 61

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The bandwidth delay product define the number of bits that can fill the_____________.

Network

The size of the packet determined by the network and _______________.

Governing protocol
To improve the performance of line coding __________coding was……?

• Block coding…confirm

Which one of the following is not a sampling technique?

• Neutral sampling

___________is normally used where speed is priority in data transfer.

Hybrid transmission

In a computer network, five stations are connected to each other in such a way that each
station is connected to every other station through dedicated links. This
makes____________ topology.

Mesh…confirm
Some manufacturer provide a special port called the_________port that allows a wireless
keyboard to communicate with a PC.

• IrDA
Current technology supports______________ modes for propagation of light.

• Two

We quantize the sampling output into certain levels based on range of___________ and
required accuracy.

• Amplitude….confirm

_____________is the Nyquist bit rate formula for noiseless channel.

• BitRate=2*Bandwidth*log2 L…confirm

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 52

A frequency is called ___________, if the rate of change in sine wave Is Instantaneous.

• Infinite frequency book page 59

Which multiplexing technique involves signals composed of light beams?

• WDM….confirm

__________ is a multiplexing technique which shifts each signal to a different carrier

frequency.

• FDM…confirm

Entire band in United States is regulated by_________ authorities.

• FCC

ORANGE MONKEY TEAM Page 53

 CS601-Data Communication
Latest Solved subjective from Midterm Papers May 08,2011

Lectures 1-22 Mc100401285 [email protected] Moaaz Siddiq Latest subjectives

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )
How many types of Bipolar encoding scheme exist?

Answer: (PAGE NO.76)

Bipolar uses three voltage levels.
There are three types of bipolar encoding:
1. AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
2. B8ZS
3. HDB3

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 2 )

Give methods of Analog to Analog conversion.

Answer: (PAGE 95)

Analog Conversion:
Representation of analog information by an analog signal is Analog –to- analog conversion.

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 3 )

What is frequency spectrum?

Answer: (PAGE 66)

Frequency s p ec tr u m is the collection of a l l the components frequencies it contains.

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 3 )

How bandwidth of a Modem is measured?

Answer: (PAGE 112)

Bandwidth of a modem is not measured in bytes, it is measured in bits. Modem Speed –ASK
(full-duplex)
Effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400 Hz, the maximum baud rate is also 2400.
Baud rate and bit rate are equal for ASK, so maximum bit rate is also 2400 bps.

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 25 ( Marks: 5 )
What do you understand by the term DCE? Explain DCE. [5]

Answer: (PAGE 101)

Any device that transmits or receives signal through network is DCE.
It is any functional unit that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal
through a network.
At the physical layer DCE takes data generated by DTE, converts it to the signal.

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 5 )

Describe different types of NRZ encoding scheme?

Answer:
In NRZ encoding the level of signal is either positive or negative. NRZ is
classified into 2 types:
NRZ-L NRZ-I

NRZ-L:
Level of the signal depends on the type of bit it represents.
Positive voltage usually means the bit is a 1 and a negative voltage usually means the bit
is a 0.

NRZ-I:
The inversion of the level represents a 1 bit. A bit 0 is
represented by no change.

NRZ-I is superior to NRZ-L.(PAGE 73)

Mc100401285 [email protected]
 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

Define Sampling Rate.

Answer: (page82)
The accuracy of any digital reproduction of an analog signal depends upon the o. of samples taken

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 2 )

Write down the types of digital to analog modulation.

Answer: (PAGE 85)

Types of digital to analog modulation

ASK
FSK
PSK
QAM

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 3 )

What is periodic signal?

Answer: (page58)

A signal is called Periodic if it completes a pattern within a measurable time frame called a Period and then
repeats that pattern over identical subsequent Periods

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 3 )

How bandwidth of a Modem is measured?

Answer: (page111)

Bandwidth of a modem is not measured in bytes, it is measured in bits.

Modem Speed –ASK (full-duplex)
Effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400 Hz, the maximum buad rate is
also 2400.
Baud rate and bit rate are equal for ASK, so maximum bit rate is also 2400 bps.

Mc100401285 [email protected]
Question No: 25 ( Marks: 5 )

Briefly describe Return to Zero (RZ) encoding scheme?

Answer: (page75)

§ Any time, data contains long strings of 1’s or 0’s, Rx can loose its timing
§ In unipolar, we have seen a good solution is to send a separate timing signal but this solution is both
expensive and full of error
§ A better solution is to somehow include synch in encoded signal somewhat similar to what we did in
NRZ-I but it should work for both strings of 0 & 1
§ One solution is RZ encoding which uses 3 values : Positive, Negative and Zero
§ Signal changes not b/w bits but during each bit
§ Like NRZ-L , +ve voltage means 1 and a –ve voltage means 0, but unlike NRZ- L, half way through
each bit interval, the signal returns to zero
§ A 1 bit is represented by positive to zero and a 0 is represented by negative to zero transition
§ The only problem with RZ encoding is that it requires two signal changes to encode one bit and therefore
occupies more BANDWIDTH
§ But of the 3 alternatives we have discussed, it is most effective value.

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 5 )

Compare Phase Modulation (PM) with Frequency Modulation (FM)?

Answer: (page 96-97)

Phase modulation (PM)

Ø Simpler hardware requirements
Ø Phase is modulated with the amplitude
Ø Amplitude & Frequency of the carrier signal remain constant

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Ø Frequency of carrier signal is changed according to the amplitude of modulating signal
Ø Amplitude and Phase of the carrier signal remain constant

FM Bandwidth
Bandwidth of FM signal (modulated signal) = 10 * bandwidth of modulating signal Significant spectrum of FM
audio = 15 KHz
Minimum 150 KHz bandwidth

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 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

Write down three characteristics of Sine Wave.

Answer : (page no.59)

v Amplitude
v Period/Frequency
v Phase

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 2 )

A Sine wave has a frequency of 6 Hz. What is its period?

Answer: (page 61)
F= 6 , t= ?
T = 1/f = 1/6 = 0.17 sec

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 3 )

Give similarities between 4 QAM & 8 QAM.

Answer: (page 92)
In both case no. of amplitude shifts is more than the no. of phase shifts
Because amplitude changes are susceptible to Noise , number of phase shifts used by QAM is always larger than
the amplitude shifts

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 3 )

What is digital signal? Give an example

Answer: (page 57)

A digital signal is discrete. It can have only a limited number of defined values, often as simple as 1s and 0s
The transition of a digital signal from value to value is instantaneous like a light being switched ON and OFF.

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Question No: 25 ( Marks: 5 )

Difference between Phase Modulation(PM) with Frequency Modulation(FM)?

Answer: (page 96-97)

Phase modulation (PM)

Ø Simpler hardware requirements
Ø Phase is modulated with the amplitude
Ø Amplitude & Frequency of the carrier signal remain constant

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Ø Frequency of carrier signal is changed according to the amplitude of modulating signal
Ø Amplitude and Phase of the carrier signal remain constant

FM Bandwidth
Bandwidth of FM signal (modulated signal) = 10 * bandwidth of modulating signal Significant spectrum of FM
audio = 15 KHz
Minimum 150 KHz bandwidth

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 5 )

Write down the criteria or technique that we follow for assigning integral values to sampled signals
and also its conversion into binary format. Explain it?

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2010

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

How does noise affect FSK?
Answer: (P170)
The duration of the noise is normally longer than the duration of a bit which means that when
noise affects data, it affects a set of bits.

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 3 )

Define Bit interval and Bit rate.

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Answer: (P68)
Bit Interval and Bit Rate
Most digital signals are aperiodic and thus Period and Frequency are not the appropriate terms to describe them

Bit Interval (seconds)

Time required to send one single bit

Bit Rate (bps)

Number of bits sent per second

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 5 )

Write down the names of layers present in TCP/IP Protocol Suite?

Answer: (P54)
Physical (physical standards)
Data Link (N/w Interface)
Network (Interconnectivity)
Transport (Transport Functions)
Application (Session, Pres, app of OSI)

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 10 )

The data points of a constellation are at (4,0) and (6,0). Draw the constellation.
Show the amplitude and phase for each point. Is the modulation ASK, PSK, or
QAM? How many bits per baud can one send with this constellation? [10]

Answer:
Hint: 2 amplitudes (4,6) , ASK , bit/baud

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
Question No: 21 (Marks: 2)
What is simplex mode of transmission?

Answer:
Communication is Unidirectional
Only one of the two stations can transmit
Other can only receive (P34)

Question No: 22 (Marks: 3)

What is HDB3.

Answer:
Alteration of AMI adopted in Europe and Japan
Introduces changes into AMI, every time four consecutive zeros are encountered instead of waiting for eight
zeros as in the case of B8ZS. (P78)

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Question No: 23 (Marks: 5)
Write a note on Full duplex mode of transmission.

Answer:
Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
Two way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time
Signals traveling in either direction share the capacity of the link

The sharing can take place in two ways:

Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths:

v One for sending and

v One for receiving

Question No: 24 (Marks: 10)

In your view which one is best either B8ZS or HDB3 and why? Write down salient
features of both? What is meant by polarity of 1 since the last substitution?

MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring 2009
Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )
What is purpose of distributed processing?

Answer:
Multiple computers working on a problem can solve a problem faster than a computer working alone.
(P13)

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 3 )

What is HDB3?

Answer:
Alteration of AMI adopted in Europe and Japan
Introduces changes into AMI, every time four consecutive zeros are encountered instead of waiting for eight
zeros as in the case of B8ZS. (P78)

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 5 )

Differentiate between the following terms. [10 marks]
(a) Syntax and Semantics of protocol.

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Answer:
Syntax:
Communication between peer entities (P21)
Semantics:
Client/server (P21)

(b) Network management and exchange management.

Answer:
Exchange Management
Error Detection and Correction (P17)
Network management (P17)
Security
(c) Monolithic and structured.

Answer: (P21)
Monolithic
Communications is a complex task
To complex for single unit
Structured
Structured design breaks down problem into smaller units
Layered structure

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 10 )

Differentiate between the following terms. a)

Frequency spectrum and bandwidth.

Answer: (P66)

Frequency Spectrum / Bandwidth

Frequency Spectrum: of a signal is the collection of all the component frequencies it contains
It is shown using a Frequency domain graph
Bandwidth: of a signal is the width of the frequency spectrum
In other words, Bandwidth refers to the range of the component frequencies and Frequency Spectrum refers to
the elements within that range

(b) Bandwidth and throughput.

Answer: (P144)

Measurement of how fast data can pass through a point o In other words, if we consider any
point in the TX Medium as a wall through which bits pass, then throughput is the number of bits
that can pass this wall in second

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 (c) Bit interval and bit rate.
Answer: (P68)
Bit Interval and Bit Rate
Most digital signals are aperiodic and thus Period and Frequency are not the appropriate terms to describe them

Bit Interval (seconds)

Time required sending one single bit

Bit Rate (bps)

Number of bits sent per second

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