LIGHT DETECTION &

RANGING
UNIT- 2: PRINCIPLE OF LIDAR TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY: KHUSBOO
TO
MR. RAKESH
1. WRITE ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES OF LIDAR
TECHNOLOGY.
• The principles of lidar is similar to Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument (EDMI), where a laser
(pulse or continuous wave ) is fired from a transmitter and the reflected energy is captured.
• Using the time of travel of this laser the distance between the transmitter and reflector could be
natural objects or an artificial reflector like prism.
• In case of ranging Lidar this distance is one of the primary measurement which with integration
with the primary measurement which with integration with other measurements also provides the
coordinates of the reflector.
• Lidar works based on two sets of measurements. The first piece of information is the position and
pointing direction of the laser for each measurement.
• The second one is the distance, which can be measured through different approaches.
• One of them consists in employing a pulsed laser and measure the time of fight, that is, the time it
takes the light to reach a surface and return to the source.
• Another approach for calculating distances is based on measuring the phase. In this case, an
amplitude modulated continuous waveform laser is used.
2.WHAT IS RADAR.
■ RADAR is a radiolocation system that uses radio waves to determine the distance,
angle, and radial velocity of objects relative to the site.
■ It is used to detect and track aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, map weather formations, and terrain.
■ A RADAR system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the
radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna and a
receiver and processor to determine properties of the objects.
■ RADAR waves from the transmitter reflect off the objects and return to the receiver,
giving information about the objects location and speed.
3.WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF LIDAR?
1. TERRESTRIAL LIDAR
• Mobile LiDAR
• Static LiDAR
2. AIRBORNE LIDAR
• Topographic LiDAR
• Bathymetric LiDAR
4.EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF
TRANSMITTER.
• A transmitter works by taking an input signal, which may be either analog or digital,
and converting it into a format suitable for transmission. This usually involves a
process known as modulation, where the input signal is combined with a carrier
signal to create a new signal that can be efficiently transmitted over long distances.
• Amplitude Modulation (AM): Here, the strength (amplitude) of the carrier wave is
varied in accordance with the input signal.
• Frequency Modulation (FM): In this case, the frequency of the carrier wave is altered
based on the input signal.
• Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier signal is changed according to the
input signal.
5. EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION OF
RECIEVER.
A receiver is a crucial component in any communication system, whether it’s wired or wireless.
It’s an electronic device that collects and decodes signals from various channels to transform
them into a usable form. The process can involve converting signals from one energy form to
another, for instance, from electrical signals to audio signals.
• Reception: This is the process where the receiver takes the transmitted signals from the
medium or channel.
• Decoding: The receiver then decodes or demodulates the signals to extract the information
contained therein.
• Conversion: After decoding, the receiver converts the signals from their initial form to a more
understandable or usable form.
6.LIST OUT THE LATEST LASER
SCANNER?
• GLS- 2200.
• X100 Laser Scanner. Stonex.
• VZ- 600i. RIEGL
• Trimble X12 3D Laser Scanning System.
• Z+ F PROFILER 9020C. Zoller+ Frohlich
7.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIDAR AND
RADAR?

RADAR LIDAR
RADAR LIDAR
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. LIDAR stands for Light Detection and Ranging.
Radar working on Radio waves frequencies o LIDAR working on Light impulses or laser beam
EMR spectrum. in Near- Infrared range.
Radar provide data in pixels. Lidar provide data in point clouds.
Radar system often used on aircraft to survey Lidar often used on terrestrial as well as
large areas quickly. bathymetric surveying.
Radar can not measure distance as precisely as Lidar can measure the distance between the
Lidar. objects precisely.
8. WHICH KIND OF INFORMATION CAN BE
MEASURED WITH LIDAR TECHNOLOGY.
• In application areas for LiDAR are deep and varied. In atmospheric sciences, LiDAR has been used
for the detection of many types of atmospheric constituents.
• It has been used to characterize aerosols in the atmosphere, investigate upper atmospheric winds,
profile clouds, aid the collection of weather data and many other applications.
• Lidar is crucial device for improving the measurement of the distance to the moon up to milimeter
precision.
• Rain droplets in the atmosphere can be measured to estimate the distance of a storm and rain fall
rate.
• Lidar provide profiles of three- dimensional surfaces in the object space.
• Lidar can also ne used to determine the velocity of a target. This can be either through the Doppler
technique or measuring the distance to a target in rapid succession.
9.WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY LASER DATA AND
THEIR FORMAT?
• The infrared light used for laser communications differs from radio waves because the
infrared light packs the data into significantly tight waves, meaning ground stations can
receive more data at once.
• Laser methods open a way of fabrication of the low- dimensional structures, modification of
the optical properties of the materials and high precision surface processing.
• BIL (Band Interlived Line)
• BSQ (Band Sequential)
• BIP (Band Interlived Pixel)
10. WRITE ABOUT TERRA SOLID TOOLS
AND HOW IT WORKS?
• Tera solid is a lidar finnish software Company that has been developing software tools for
terrain modelling, point cloud visualization, point cloud classification, feature extraction
and 3D modelling for over 30 years.
• In 1989 the terrace solid limited started to develop user friendly and effective 3
dimensional application for surveying and infrastructure planning. As a result of an
overall improvement several applications become available for surveying, field modelling,
designing streets and underground cable networks and land design.
• In this product group specific application below that used for competing task example
laser scanning, finishing procedure on photography, and processing drilling examination
data.
• Complex, effective and low- cost tools are assuring the reading of digital data, and
safeguarding the flow of data between surveys, planning and the position of measuring
appliances.
• The terra applications could be integrated with MicroStation V8, Bentley Map, Bentle
Map Powe View and Power Civil.
11. EXPLAIN ABOUT BASIC
ARCHITECTURE OF LIDAR TECHNOLOGY.
■ A typical lidar architecture has major lidar system components: Transmitter (light source), receiver
(light detection), signal detection system and data acquisition and controls system.
■ The configuration aids in avoiding near field back scattered radiation, which could saturate the
photo detector.
■ In contrast the axis of the lidar laser beam coincide with the axis of receiver optics in a coaxial
system.
■ Moreover, in a coaxial system,the near field back scattering problem can be solved by either
gating the photo detector using a fast shutter or chopper to block the near field scattering .
■ It should be noted that the majority of current lidar laser are mono static, with either a biaxial or a
coaxial Setup. The detection range usually dictates weather buy excel or coaxial setup is used.
■ A coaxial setup is desirable if the near field range is required since it allow for complete overlap of
the receiver field of view with the laser beam.
■ If a near field range is not required biaxial configuration may help prevent photo detector
saturation due to significant near field scattering. Scanning capability can also play a role in
deciding whether to use a biaxial or coaxial wires .