Membership Function in Fuzzy Logic

•Membership function defines the fuzziness in fuzzy set

irrespective of the elements in the set, which are discrete or
continuous.

•The membership function generally represent in the graphical

form.

•There exists certain limitation for the shapes used to represent

the graphical form of membership function.

•Membership function can be thought of as a technique to solve

empirical problem on the basis of experience rather than
knowledge.

•There are several ways to characterize fuzziness, there are several

ways to graphically construct a membership function that
describes fuzziness.
 Features of Membership Function

Figure shows the basic features of the membership function

 Features of Membership Function
The three main basic features involved in characterizing membership
function are the following:

Cont…
 Features of Membership Function
There are other various types of fuzzy sets, of which a few are
discussed below:

A fuzzy set whose membership function has at least one element x in the
universe whose membership value is unity is called normal fuzzy set.

The element for which the membership is equal to 1 is called prototypical

element.

A fuzzy set wherein no membership function has its value equal to 1 is

called subnormal fuzzy set.

(A) Normal Fuzzy set (B) Subnormal Fuzzy set Cont…

 Features of Membership Function
There are other various types of fuzzy sets, of which a few
are discussed below:

A membership function whose membership values are strictly

monotonically increasing or strictly monotonically decreasing
or strictly monotonically increasing than strictly monotonically
decreasing for increasing values for elements in the Universe
is called Convex Fuzzy set.
A fuzzy set possessing characteristics opposite to that of
convex fuzzy set is called Nonconvex fuzzy set.

(A) Convex Normal Fuzzy set (B) Nonconvex normal Fuzzy set Cont…
 Fuzzification
Fuzzification is the process of transforming a crisp
set to a fuzzy set or a fuzzy set to a fuzzier set i.e.
crisp quantities are converted to fuzzy quantities.
In real life world, the quantities that we consider
may be thought of as crisp, accurate and
deterministic, but actually they are not so.
Methods of Membership values Assignments
There are several ways to assign membership values to
fuzzy variables in comparison with the probability
density function to random variables.
The methods for assigning membership values are as
follows:
•Intuition
•Inference
•Rank ordering
•Angular fuzzy set
•Neural networks
•Genetic Algorithm
•Inductive Reasoning
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Intuition Method:
•Intuition method is based upon the common intelligence of
human.
•It is the capacity of the human to develop membership functions
on the basis of their own intelligence and understanding capacity.
•Each curve is a membership function corresponding to various
fuzzy (linguistic) variables; such as very light, light, normal, heavy
and very heavy.
•The curves are based on context functions and the human
developing them.
•For example, if the weights are referred to range of thin persons
we get one set of curves, and if they are referred to range of
normal weighing persons we get another set and so on.
•The main characteristics of these curves for their usage in fuzzy
operations are based on their overlapping capacity.
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Intuition Method:
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Inference Method:
•The inference method uses knowledge to perform
deductive reasoning. Deduction achieves conclusion
by means of forward inference.
•Here the knowledge of geometrical shapes and
geometry is used for defining membership values.
•The membership functions may be defined by
various shapes: triangular, trapezoidal, bell-shaped,
Gaussian and so on.
•The inference method here is discussed via
triangular shape.
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Consider a triangle, where X, Y and Z are the angles

such that and let U be the universe of triangles, i.e.,

There are various types of triangles available. Here

a few are considered to explain inference
methodology:
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Methods of Membership values Assignments
Methods of Membership values Assignments
LAMBDA CUT
LAMBDA CUT
LAMBDA CUT
LAMBDA CUT
LAMBDA CUT
LAMBDA CUT
 Defuzzification
Defuzzification is the process of conversion of a
fuzzy quantity into a precise quantity. The output of
fuzzy process may be union of two or more fuzzy
membership functions defined on the universe of
discourse of the output variable.
Defuzzification

C] Union of part [A] and [B].

 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•Maxima
•Height method (Max-membership principle)
•First of Maxima
•Last of maxima
•Mean of maxima
•Centroid
•Center of gravity
•Center of sums
•Weighted average method
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification: (Maxima Method)
•Height Method (Max-membership principle)
This method is also know as height method
and is limited to peak output functions. This method
is given by the algebraic expression.
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•First of Maxima:
Determine the smallest value of the domain with
maximized membership degree
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•Last of Maxima:
Determine the largest value of the domain with
maximized membership degree
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•Mean max membership method:
This method is also known as the middle of the maxima . This is
closely related to max-membership method, except that the location
of maximum membership can be non-unique. The output here is
given by:
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification: (Centroid Method)
•Center of Gravity:
The basic principle in CoG method is to find the X*,
where a vertical line would slice the aggregate into
two equal masses. Mathematically, the CoG can be
expressed as follows:
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification: (Centroid Method)
•Center of Gravity:
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•Centre of sums:
This is the most commonly used defuzzification
technique. In this method, the overlapping area is
counted twice.
 Defuzzification
Methods of Defuzzification:
•Weighted average method:
This method is also alternatively called ”Sugeno defuzzification” method.
Formed by weighting each functions in the output by its respective maximum
membership value.
This method is applicable to fuzzy sets with symmetrical output membership functi
ons and yields results that are quite similar to the COA method.
 Fuzzy Implication
Fuzzy implication (also known as Fuzzy if-then rules
or fuzzy conditional statement) assumes the form:
if X is A then Y is B
Where A and B are two linguistic variables defined
by the fuzzy sets A and B on the universe of
discourses X and Y, respectively.
Often X is A is called the antecedent or premise
while Y is B is called the consequence or
conclusion.
 Fuzzy Implication
Points to understand:
•If the pressure is high then temperature is low.
•If mango is yellow then mango is sweet else mango
is sour.
•If road is Good then driving is smooth else traffic is
high.
The fuzzy implication is denoted as
R: AB
•In essence, it represents a binary fuzzy relation R
on the Cartesian product of A x B
 Fuzzy Implication
Ex:
Suppose, P and T are two universes of discourses representing
pressure and temperature, respectively as follows.
P = { 1,2,3,4}
and
T ={ 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 }

Let the linguistic variable High temperature and Low pressure are
given as

THIGH =
{(20, 0.2),(25, 0.4),(30, 0.6),(35, 0.6),(40, 0.7),(45, 0.8),(50, 0.8)}

PLOW =
{(1, 0.8),(2, 0.8),(3, 0.6),(4, 0.4)}
 Fuzzy Implication
Then the fuzzy implication
If temperature is High then pressure is Low can be
defined as
 Fuzzy Implication
if X is A then Y is B:
R=(AxB)U(A’xY) where Y is Universe

If X is A then Y is B else Y is C
R=(AxB)U(A’xC)
 Fuzzy Inference System
Fuzzy Inference System is the key unit of a fuzzy logic
system having decision making as its primary work. It
uses the “IF…THEN” rules along with connectors “OR”
or “AND” for drawing essential decision rules.
Characteristics of Fuzzy Inference System
Following are some characteristics of FIS −
•The output from FIS is always a fuzzy set irrespective of
its input which can be fuzzy or crisp.
•It is necessary to have fuzzy output when it is used as a
controller.
•A defuzzification unit would be there with FIS to
convert fuzzy variables into crisp variables.
 Fuzzy Inference System
Functional Blocks of FIS
The following five functional blocks will help you
understand the construction of FIS −
•Rule Base− It contains fuzzy IF-THEN rules.
•Database− It defines the membership functions of
fuzzy sets used in fuzzy rules.
•Decision-making Unit− It performs operation on rules.
•Fuzzification Interface Unit− It converts the crisp
quantities into fuzzy quantities.
•Defuzzification Interface Unit− It converts the fuzzy
quantities into crisp quantities. Following is a block
diagram of fuzzy interference system.
 Fuzzy Inference System
Functional Blocks of FIS
Following is a block diagram of fuzzy inference
system.
 Fuzzy Inference System
Working of FIS
The working of the FIS consists of the following
steps −
•A fuzzification unit supports the application of
numerous fuzzification methods, and converts the
crisp input into fuzzy input.
•A knowledge base - collection of rule base and
database is formed upon the conversion of crisp
input into fuzzy input.
•The defuzzification unit fuzzy input is finally
converted into crisp output.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Fuzzy logic is applied with great success in various
control application. Almost all the consumer
products have fuzzy control.
Some of the examples include controlling your room
temperature with the help of air-conditioner, anti-
braking system used in vehicles, control on traffic
lights, washing machines, large economic systems,
etc.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Why Use Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems
A control system is an arrangement of physical components
designed to alter another physical system so that this system
exhibits certain desired characteristics. Following are some
reasons of using Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems −
•While applying traditional control, one needs to know about
the model and the objective function formulated in precise
terms. This makes it very difficult to apply in many cases.
•By applying fuzzy logic for control we can utilize the human
expertise and experience for designing a controller.
•The fuzzy control rules, basically the IF-THEN rules, can be
best utilized in designing a controller.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Assumptions in Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) Design
While designing fuzzy control system, the following six basic assumptions
should be made −
•The plant is observable and controllable − It must be assumed that the
input, output as well as state variables are available for observation and
controlling purpose.
•Existence of a knowledge body − It must be assumed that there exist a
knowledge body having linguistic rules and a set of input-output data set
from which rules can be extracted.
•Existence of solution − It must be assumed that there exists a solution.
•‘Good enough’ solution is enough − The control engineering must look for
‘good enough’ solution rather than an optimum one.
•Range of precision − Fuzzy logic controller must be designed within an
acceptable range of precision.
•Issues regarding stability and optimality − The issues of stability and
optimality must be open in designing Fuzzy logic controller rather than
addressed explicitly.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Architecture of Fuzzy Logic Control
The following diagram shows the architecture of
Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC).
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Major Components of FLC
Followings are the major components of the FLC as shown in
the above figure −
•Fuzzifier − The role of fuzzifier is to convert the crisp input
values into fuzzy values.
•Fuzzy Knowledge Base − It stores the knowledge about all the
input-output fuzzy relationships. It also has the membership
function which defines the input variables to the fuzzy rule
base and the output variables to the plant under control.
•Fuzzy Rule Base − It stores the knowledge about the
operation of the process of domain.
•Inference Engine − It acts as a kernel of any FLC. Basically it
simulates human decisions by performing approximate
reasoning.
•Defuzzifier − The role of defuzzifier is to convert the fuzzy
values into crisp values getting from fuzzy inference engine.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Steps in Designing FLC
Following are the steps involved in designing FLC −
•Identification of variables − Here, the input, output and state variables
must be identified of the plant which is under consideration.
•Fuzzy subset configuration − The universe of information is divided into
number of fuzzy subsets and each subset is assigned a linguistic label.
Always make sure that these fuzzy subsets include all the elements of
universe.
•Obtaining membership function − Now obtain the membership function for
each fuzzy subset that we get in the above step.
•Fuzzy rule base configuration − Now formulate the fuzzy rule base by
assigning relationship between fuzzy input and output.
•Fuzzification − The fuzzification process is initiated in this step.
•Combining fuzzy outputs − By applying fuzzy approximate reasoning, locate
the fuzzy output and merge them.
•Defuzzification − Finally, initiate defuzzification process to form a crisp
output.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic Control
Let us now discuss the advantages of Fuzzy Logic Control.
•Cheaper − Developing a FLC is comparatively cheaper than
developing model based or other controller in terms of
performance.
•Robust − FLCs are more robust than PID controllers because of
their capability to cover a huge range of operating conditions.
•Customizable − FLCs are customizable.
•Emulate human deductive thinking − Basically FLC is designed to
emulate human deductive thinking, the process people use to infer
conclusion from what they know.
•Reliability − FLC is more reliable than conventional control system.
•Efficiency − Fuzzy logic provides more efficiency when applied in
control system.
 Fuzzy Logic control System
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Control
We will now discuss what are the disadvantages of
Fuzzy Logic Control.
•Requires lots of data − FLC needs lots of data to be
applied.
•Useful in case of moderate historical data − FLC is not
useful for programs much smaller or larger than
historical data.
•Needs high human expertise − This is one drawback as
the accuracy of the system depends on the knowledge
and expertise of human beings.
•Needs regular updating of rules − The rules must be
updated with time.