Module 2: Basic Law

Learning Objectives

By the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. State Ohm’s Law, the mathematical expression (V=IR), and its significance in DC
circuits.
2. Apply Ohm’s Law to calculate unknown voltage, current, or resistance in series,
parallel, and series-parallel circuits.
3. Define electric power and energy to distinguish between the two concepts.
4. Calculate the power and energy of a circuit.
5. Determine the energy consumed by electrical devices over a given time period.
6. Calculate the cost of electrical energy based on the unit price per kilowatt-hour.
7. Analyze the energy consumption patterns of electrical devices and their impact on
electricity bills.
8. Describe the characteristics of a series circuit and the behavior of current flow in
series-connected components.
9. Solve problems involving series and parallel circuits.
10. Explain the voltage division theorem and its application in series circuits.
11. Calculate the voltage across each component in a series circuit using the voltage
division formula.
12. Explain the current division theorem and its application in parallel circuits.
13. Calculate the current through each branch in a parallel circuit using the current
division formula.
14. Solve series-parallel circuits involving a combination of series and parallel
connections.
15. Differentiate between Delta (D) and Wye (Y) circuit configurations.
16. Calculate equivalent resistances for Delta and Wye circuits.
Ohm’s Law
It states that at a constant temperature, the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly
proportional to the impressed emf applied to the circuit and inversely proportional to the equivalent
resistance of the said circuit.

Voltage: The electrical potential expressed in volts and is also called electromotive force.
Current: The flow of electricity through a cable, wire, or other conductor.
Resistance: It opposes the flow of current.

Figure 2.1 Ohm’s Law Triangle

where: V or E = voltage (volts, V)
I = current (ampere, A)
R = resistance (ohms, W)

Example 2.1: A circuit has a resistance of 8Ω. How much current flows through the
circuit if a voltmeter connected across its terminals reads 10V?

V 10 V
I= = = 1.25 A
R 8W

Electrical Power and Energy

Electrical power: It is defined as the rate of energy transfer in an electrical circuit. It is
measured in watts (W), with one watt representing the transfer of one joule of
energy per second. The unit “Watt” is named after the British engineer and
inventor James Watt.

Figure 2.2 P-V-I Relationship Triangle

 where: P = electrical power (watt, W)
V or E = voltage (volts, V)
I = current (ampere, A)

Example 2.2: A 200V lamp has a hot resistance of 400 Ω. What is the power rating of the
lamp in watts?

V2 (200 V)2
P= = = 100 W
R 400 Ω

Electrical energy: The energy produced by the movement of electric charge through a
conductor, resulting from the flow of electrons in a circuit.

W = Pt Equation 2.1

where: W = electrical energy (Joule, J or kilowatt-hours, kWh)

P = electrical power (watt, W)
t = time (second, s or hours, h)

Example 2.3: A 10-hp motor runs at a rated load for 5 hours. How much kWh is
consumed?

0.746 kW
W = Pt = "10 hp # $ % 5 h = 37.3 kWh
1 hp

Direct Current Circuits

Series Circuit: It is an electrical circuit in which all components are connected end-to-end
in a single path so the same current flows through each component. In a series
circuit, the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, and the total
voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each component.

Figure 2.3 Series DC Circuit

 Key Characteristics of a Series DC Circuit

Same current: The same current flows through all components because there is only one
path.

Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 = … Equation 2.2

Total resistance: The total resistance (Rtotal) is the sum of all individual resistances in the
circuit:

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + … Equation 2.3

Voltage division: The total voltage supplied by the source is divided among the
components based on their resistances. The sum of the voltage drops across
each component equals the total voltage supplied by the source:

Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 + … Equation 2.4

Example 2.4: A 3-Ω, a 5-Ω, and a 4-Ω resistors are connected in series across a battery.
Find the total battery voltage if the voltage drops across the 3-Ω resistor is
6 V.

V1 6 V
I= = =2A
R1 3 Ω

V2 = I ∗ R2 = 2 A ∗ 5 Ω = 10 V

V3 = I ∗ R3 = 2 A ∗ 4 Ω = 8 V

Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 = 6 V + 10 V + 8 V = 24V

Example 2.5: If the current drawn by a 7- Ω load across a 12-V battery is 1.6 A, solve the
internal resistance of the battery.

Vbattery 12 V
Rtotal = = = 7.5 Ω
I 1.6 A

Rtotal = Rload + r

7.5 Ω = 7 Ω + r

r = 0.5 Ω
Parallel Circuit: It is an electrical circuit in which the components are connected so that
there are multiple paths for the current to flow. Each component is connected
across the same two points of the circuit, meaning the voltage across each
component is the same. However, the current flowing through each component
can differ depending on the resistance or impedance of each branch.

Figure 2.4 Parallel DC Circuit

Key Characteristics of a Parallel DC Circuit

Same voltage: The voltage across each component connected in parallel is the same.

Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 = … Equation 2.5

Current division: The total current flowing from the power source is divided among the
parallel branches, with each branch receiving a portion of the total current
based on its resistance or impedance. The total current is the sum of the
currents through each branch.

Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + … Equation 2.6

Total resistance: The total current flowing from the power source is divided among the
parallel branches, with each branch receiving a portion of the total current
based on its resistance or impedance. The total current is the sum of the
currents through each branch.

1 1 1 1 Equation 2.7
= + + +…
Rtotal R1 R2 R3

For two resistors:

R1 ∗ R2 Equation 2.8
Rtotal =
R1 + R2

If one component fails: In a parallel circuit, if one branch or component fails (e.g., a bulb
burns out), the current can still flow through the other branches, so the rest of
the circuit continues to operate.
Example 2.6: Three resistors R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω and R3 are connected in parallel. The current
drawn by R3 is 2 A. If the equivalent resistance of the parallel resistors is 1
ohm, what is the total current drawn by these three resistors?

1 1 1 1
= + +
1 Ω 2 Ω 3 Ω R3

R3 = 6 Ω

V = I ∗ R3 = 2 A ∗ 6 Ω = 12 V

V 12 V
I1 = = =6A
R1 2 Ω

V 12 V
I2 = = =4A
R2 3 Ω

Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 = 6 A + 4 A + 2 A = 12 A

Example 2.7: An unknown resistance is connected in parallel with a 75-Ω resistance. If a

total current of 0.8 A flows when a 12-V battery is applied across the
combination, find the value of the unknown resistance. Neglect resistance of
the battery.

V 12 V
Req = = = 15 Ω
Itotal 0.8 A

1 1 1
= +
Req R1 R2

1 1 1
= +
15 75 R2

R2 = 18.75 Ω
Series-Parallel Circuit: It is a combination of series and parallel connections, where some
parts are connected in a line (series) and others side by side (parallel).
However, when simplified, the final circuit behaves like a series circuit, with
the current flowing through a single path.

Figure 2.5 Series-Parallel DC Circuit

Key Characteristics of a Series-Parallel DC Circuit

Series portion: Components connected in series share the same current, and the total
resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The total voltage is divided
across the components based on their resistances.

Parallel portion: Components connected in parallel share the same voltage, and the total
current is divided among the parallel branches. The equivalent resistance of
the parallel portion is less than the smallest individual resistance.

Total resistance: The series and parallel resistances interact in a series-parallel circuit.
Calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel section first and then add it
to the resistances in the series portion.

1 Equation 2.9
Rtotal = R1 +
1 1
R2 + R3

Example 2.8: Two resistances of 10Ω and 15Ω are connected in parallel. The two are then
connected in series with a 5-Ω resistance. What is equivalent resistance?

1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
Rparallel R1 R2 10 Ω 15 Ω

Rparallel = 6 Ω

Rtotal = Rparallel + R3 = 6 Ω + 5 Ω

Rtotal = 11 Ω
Parallel-Series Circuit: It is a combination of parallel and series connections, where some
parts are connected side by side (parallel) and others in a line (series).
However, when simplified, the final circuit behaves like a parallel circuit, with
multiple paths for current to flow.

Figure 2.6 Parallel-Series DC Circuit

Key Characteristics of a Parallel-Series DC Circuit

Parallel portion: Components in parallel have the same voltage across them, but the
current is divided among the parallel branches based on their resistances.

Series portion: Components in series share the same current, but the total voltage is
divided across the components based on their resistances.

Total resistance: First, calculate the equivalent resistance of the series sections, then add
it to the parallel resistances to find the total resistance. Simplify the circuit by
reducing series sections to their equivalent resistance, treating the result as a
simpler parallel circuit.

1 Equation 2.10
Rtotal =
1 1
R1 + R2 + R3

Example 2.9: A 12-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with the series combination of
resistors of 8 Ω and 16 Ω. What is the total current if the voltage drop across
the 8-Ω resistor is 48V?

V 48 V
I1 = = =6A
R1 8 Ω

V2 = I1 ∗ R2 = 6 A ∗ 16 Ω = 96 V

Vseries = V1 + V2 = 48 V + 96 V = 144 V
Rseries = R1 + R 2 = 8 Ω + 16 Ω = 24 Ω
 Vparallel 144 V
I2 = = = 12 A
Rparallel 12 Ω

Itotal = I1 + I2 = 6 A + 12 A = 18 A

Voltage Division Theorem (VDT)

The Voltage Division Theorem (VDT) states that in a series circuit, the total voltage
applied across the circuit is divided among the series resistors in proportion to their resistances. It
means that the voltage drop across any resistor in a series circuit is a fraction of the total voltage,
and this fraction depends on the ratio of the resistor's value to the total resistance of the circuit.

Figure 2.7 VDT Circuit

R1
V1 = Vt # $ Equation 2.11
R1 + R2

R2 Equation 2.12
V2 = Vt # $
R1 + R2

where: V1 = voltage across resistor 1

V2 = voltage across resistor 2
R1 = resistance of resistor 1
R2 = resistance of resistor 2

Example 2.10: A 10Ω, 15Ω, and 20Ω resistors are connected in series across a constant
voltage source of 48V. Find the voltage across the 15Ω resistor.

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 = 10 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω = 45 Ω

R2 15 Ω
V2 = Vt # $ = 48 V # $ = 16 V
Rtotal 45 Ω
Current Division Theorem (CDT)
The Current Division Theorem (CDT) states that in a parallel circuit, the total current
entering a junction is divided among the parallel branches in inverse proportion to their resistances.
It means that the current through each branch is a fraction of the total current, which is determined
by the ratio of the total resistance of the other branches to the total resistance of the entire parallel
network.

Figure 2.8 CDT Circuit

R2
I1 = It # $ Equation 2.13
R1 + R2

R1 Equation 2.14
I2 = It # $
R1 + R2

where: It = total current entering the parallel combination

I1 = current through the resistor 1
I2 = current through the resistor 2
R1 and R2 = resistances of the two parallel branches

Example 2.11: A 10Ω and a 20Ω resistance are connected in parallel. Another resistance
of 5Ω is connected in series with the two. If the supply voltage is 48V,
what is the current through the 10Ω resistor?

1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
Rparallel R1 R2 10 Ω 20 Ω

Rparallel = 6.67 Ω

Rtotal = Rparallel + R3 = 6.67 Ω + 5 Ω

Rtotal = 11.67 Ω

Vt 48 V
It = = = 4.11 A
Rt 11.67 Ω

R2 20 Ω
I1 = It # $ = 4.11 A # $ = 2.74 A
R1 + R2 10 Ω + 20 Ω
Delta and Wye Circuit Connections
Delta to Wye (Δ-Y) network: When converting a Delta (Δ) network of resistances to an
equivalent Wye (Y) network, the goal is to replace the three resistances in the
delta configuration with an equivalent set of three resistances in the Wye
configuration that have the same electrical characteristics.

Figure 2.9 Delta to Wye Network

ac Equation 2.15
X=
a+b+c
ab
Y= Equation 2.16
a+b+c

bc Equation 2.17
Z=
a+b+c

Example 2.12: Suppose there is a delta network with the following resistances: R1 = 30Ω,
R2 = 60Ω, and R3 = 90Ω. What is the equivalent wye configuration?

30 Ω (90 Ω)
X= = 15 Ω
30 Ω + 60 Ω + 90 Ω

30 Ω (60 Ω)
Y= = 10 Ω
30 Ω + 60 Ω + 90 Ω
60 Ω (90 Ω)
Z= = 30 Ω
30 Ω + 60 Ω + 90 Ω
Wye to Delta (Y-Δ) network: When converting a Wye (Y) network of resistances to an
equivalent Delta (Δ) network, the goal is to replace the three resistances in the
Wye configuration with an equivalent set of three resistances in the Delta
configuration that maintain the same electrical characteristics.

Figure 2.10 Wye to Delta Network

XY + YZ + XZ Equation 2.18
a=
Z
XY + YZ + XZ Equation 2.19
b=
X
XY + YZ + XZ Equation 2.20
c=
Y
Example 2.13: Three resistors, R1, R2, and R3, are connected in a wye (Y) configuration.
The values of the resistors are R1 = 6Ω, R2 = 8Ω, and R3 = 10Ω. Convert
this wye configuration into a delta (Δ) configuration and determine the
equivalent delta resistances.

6 Ω (8 Ω) + 8 Ω (10 Ω) + 10 Ω (6 Ω)
a= = 18.8 Ω
10 Ω
6 Ω (8 Ω) + 8 Ω (10 Ω) + 10 Ω (6 Ω)
b= = 31.33 Ω
6Ω

6 Ω (8 Ω) + 8 Ω (10 Ω) + 10 Ω (6 Ω)
c= = 23.5 Ω
8Ω
Problem Sets
1. An emf source of 6V is connected to a purely resistive lamp and a current of 2A flows. All
the wires are resistance-free. What is the resistance of the lamp?
2. A nine-volt battery supplies power to a cordless curling iron with a resistance of 18 ohms.
How much current is flowing through the curling iron?
3. A 110-volt wall outlet supplies power to a strobe light with a resistance of 2200 ohms. How
much current is flowing through the strobe light?
4. A CD player with a resistance of 40 ohms has a current of 0.1A flowing through it.
Calculate how many volts the CD player needs.
5. A small light bulb is connected to a 6V battery, drawing 2A of current. What is the net
resistance of the bulb?
6. A motor with an operating resistance of 32 ¾ is connected to a voltage source. The current
in the circuit is 1.5 A. What is the voltage of the source?
7. Determine the amount of current going through a 50 Ω resistor with a voltage of 120 V.
8. A resistance of 10 W is placed across a 9 V battery. What current flows through the battery?
9. How much is the resistance of a 600W, 120V toaster?
10. What is the amperage of a 120V, 1Ø circuit that supplies a load of 3,120W?
11. A heater draws 2A at 12V DC. How many Joules does it consume in 15 minutes?
12. A 4-hp lathe motor runs 8 h/day. Find the electric energy in kilowatt-hours used in a day.
13. An alarm clock uses 5 W of electric power. If the clock is plugged into a 120V outlet, what
electric current is in the clock’s circuit?
14. The headlights of an automobile have two power ratings: 45W for the low beam and 65W
for the high beam. How much is the current in the headlight filament of a headlight bulb
for both settings when the car battery provides 12V?
15. The heating coils of an electric stove are made of a high-resistance material so that the
electricity that passes through the coils causes them to become red hot within a minute.
The smaller coil draws 1250W of power, while the larger coil draws 2100W. The voltage
provided across each coil is 240V. What is the current in each coil?
16. An electric mixer draws 200W of power. If the mixer is plugged into an outlet across a
voltage of 115 V, what current is in the mixer’s circuit?
17. A bus built in 1905 used electricity produced by a gasoline-powered generator. The
generator provided 33.6 kW of power to the bus. If the voltage across the electric motor
was 440 V, what was the current in the motor?
18. Alternating current is used today because its voltage can be easily changed by a device
called a transformer. Transformers are used both to increase the voltage of electricity so
that it can travel long distances and to decrease the voltage so that the electricity can be
used in your house with relative safety. If the voltage across two wires is raised to 2.5 ×
105 V, what is its current if it provides 1 × 105 W of power?
19. A high-intensity portable lantern is powered by several batteries that are connected in
series. The lantern’s bulb uses 96W of power, while the current in the lantern is 4A.
Assuming there is no power loss in the circuit, what is the total voltage of the batteries?
20. A nightlight uses 4W of power when plugged into an outlet. Assume that the light bulb’s
filament provides the only resistance in the circuit. The current in the circuit is 3.40 × 10−2
A. What is the voltage across the filament?
21. A portable power source is available for travelers who need electricity for appliances. The
power source provides 54W of power to operate an air compressor for inflating tires. This
compressor draws 4.5A of current when connected to the power supply. What is the voltage
across the compressor?
22. A certain high-speed train is powered by 64 electric motors—one motor for each axle of
each car. The power output of each motor is 185 kW. The current provided to each motor
from overhead power lines is 7.4 A. What is the voltage across each motor?
23. A particular laser developed in 1995 at the University of Rochester in New York produced
a beam of light lasting about one-billionth of a second. The power output of this beam was
6 × 1013 W. Assume that all of the electrical power was converted into light and that 8 ×
106 A of current was needed to produce this beam. How large was the voltage that produced
the current?
24. Fuel cells are chemical cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen gas to produce electrical
energy. Recently, a fuel cell has been developed to generate 1.06 × 104 W of power. If this
electricity has a current of 16.3 A, what is the voltage of the electricity?
25. A generator at a power plant produces electricity with a voltage of 2.5 × 104 V and a current
of 20A. How much power does the generator produce?
26. A computer with a resistance of 57.5 Ω has a power input of 230W. Calculate the voltage
across and current in the computer using the formulas relating power to resistance.
27. A current of 5.83 A is used to produce the microwave radiation in a microwave oven. If
the voltage across the oven is 120 V, how much power does the oven use?
28. A vacuum cleaner’s motor has a voltage of 120 V across its terminals and a current of 12
A. How much power does the vacuum cleaner use?
29. A refrigerator uses a current of 0.62 A and a voltage of 116 V. How much power does the
refrigerator use?
30. Several years ago, an electric sports car was developed at Texas A&M University in
College Station, Texas. If the voltage required to operate the car was 720 V and the
resistance was 0.30 Ω, how much power was needed for the car to run?
31. A gas-powered generator often produces electric power. Suppose one of these generators
has a power output of about 7.50 × 104 W. If the generator produces a voltage of 114 V,
how much current is in the generator?
32. Several appliances in a house contribute to the home’s overall energy consumption. If a
toaster (R = 18.0 Ω), an air conditioner (R = 24.0 Ω), and an electric lamp (R = 192 Ω) are
 all plugged into 120V outlets, what is the power use of each appliance? What is the overall
power use?
33. There are 17 generators at Hoover Dam, each producing electricity with a voltage of 1.65
× 104 V and a current of 7.37 × 103 A. What is each generator’s power output?
34. One of the problems with transmitting electricity is that the resistance of the wire causes
some energy to be transferred away as heat. This energy loss is equal to I2R. The loss can
be reduced if the voltage increases so that the current decreases. Only alternating current
can undergo this voltage increase, which is why AC is used to produce most electricity.
Consider a power plant that produces 5.00 × 105 W of electricity. The wire has a resistance
of 1 × 105 Ω. What is the power loss if the voltage is transmitted 2.50 × 102 V? at 2.50 ×
105 V?
35. Three resistors of values 5 Ω, 10 Ω, and 15 Ω are connected in series across a 30 V battery.
Calculate the total resistance of the circuit, the current flowing through the circuit, and the
voltage drop across each resistor.
36. A series circuit consists of a 12 V battery and two resistors with resistances of 4 Ω and 8
Ω. Determine the total resistance, the current flowing through the circuit, and the power
dissipated by the 4 Ω resistor.
37. Four resistors with values of 2 Ω, 3 Ω, 7 Ω, and 9 Ω are connected in series. If the total
current flowing through the circuit is 2 A, calculate the total voltage supplied to the circuit
and the voltage drop across each resistor.
38. A 20 V power supply is connected in series with three resistors with resistances of 5 Ω, 10
Ω, and 15 Ω. Find the total resistance, the current in the circuit, and the power each resistor
consumes.
39. A series circuit consists of a 24 V battery and three resistors with resistances of 6 Ω, 8 Ω,
and 12 Ω. Calculate the total resistance, the current flowing through the circuit, the voltage
drop across each resistor, and the total power consumed by the circuit.
40. A series circuit is composed of four resistors with the following resistances: R1 = 10 Ω, R2
= 20 Ω, R3 = 15Ω, and R4 = 25 Ω. A 30 V power supply is also connected in series with
these resistors. The circuit also includes a 12 V battery with internal resistance r = 2 Ω
connected in series with the power supply and resistors. Calculate (a) the total resistance
of the circuit, including the internal resistance of the battery; (b) the total voltage supplied
to the resistors; (c) the current flowing through the circuit; (d) the voltage drop across each
resistor; and (e) the power dissipated by the 20 Ω resistor.
41. Three resistors with values of 4 Ω, 6 Ω, and 12 Ω are connected in parallel across a 24 V
power supply. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current drawn
from the power supply, and the current through each resistor.
42. A parallel circuit consists of two resistors with resistances of 10 Ω and 20 Ω connected
across a 30 V battery. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current
supplied by the battery, and the current through each resistor.
43. Four resistors with values of 5 Ω, 10 Ω, 20 Ω, and 40 Ω are connected in parallel. If the
total current flowing through the circuit is 12 A, calculate the voltage across the parallel
circuit and the current through each resistor.
44. A parallel circuit consists of a 15 V battery and three resistors with resistances of 3 Ω, 6
Ω, and 9 Ω. Find the equivalent resistance, the total current drawn from the battery, and
the power dissipated by the 3 Ω resistor.
45. Two resistors with 8 Ω and 12 Ω resistances are connected in parallel across a 48 V power
source. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current supplied by the
power source, and the voltage drop across each resistor.
46. A parallel DC circuit consists of three branches:
Branch 1: Contains a 20 Ω resistor in series with a 10 Ω resistor.
Branch 2: Contains a 30 Ω resistor.
Branch 3: Contains a 40 Ω resistor parallel to a 60 Ω resistor.
The circuit is powered by a 24 V battery with an internal resistance of 1 Ω. Determine the
following: (a) The equivalent resistance of the entire circuit, including the internal
resistance of the battery; (b) The total current supplied by the battery; (c) The current
through each branch of the circuit; (d) The voltage across each resistor in the circuit; and
(e) The power dissipated by the 30 Ω resistor.
47. A complex parallel DC circuit consists of four branches:
Branch 1: Contains a 15 Ω resistor.
Branch 2: Contains a 10 Ω resistor in series with a 5 Ω resistor.
Branch 3: Contains a combination of two resistors, 25 Ω and 50 Ω, connected in
parallel.
Branch 4: Contains a 20 Ω resistor in parallel with a 10 Ω resistor, followed by a
5 Ω resistor in series with this combination.
The circuit is connected to a 48 V power supply. Determine the following: (a) The
equivalent resistance of the entire circuit; (b) The total current drawn from the power
supply; (c) The current through each branch of the circuit; (d) The voltage drop across the
10 Ω resistor in Branch 4; and (e) The total power consumed by the circuit.
48. A series-parallel circuit consists of two resistors, R1 = 6 Ω and R2 = 12Ω connected in
parallel. This parallel combination is then connected in series with a 4 Ω resistor. If the
circuit is connected to a 24 V battery, calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the
total current drawn from the battery, and the current through each resistor.
49. A 9 V battery is connected to a circuit with three resistors. Resistor R1 = 5 Ω is in series
with a parallel combination of resistors R2 = 10 and R3 = 20 Ω. Calculate the equivalent
resistance of the circuit, the total current flowing through the circuit, and the voltage drop
across R1.
50. A series-parallel circuit consists of three resistors: R1 = 8 Ω, R2 = 12 Ω, and R3 = 24 Ω.
Resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series, and this combination is connected in parallel
with R3. The circuit is connected to a 48 V power supply. Determine the equivalent
 resistance of the circuit, the total current drawn from the power supply, and the current
through each resistor.
51. A series-parallel circuit consists of four resistors: R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω, and R4
= 40 Ω. Resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series, and this series combination is
connected in parallel with R3. The entire parallel combination is then connected in series
with R4. If a 100 V power supply is applied to the circuit, calculate the equivalent resistance
of the circuit, the total current supplied by the power source, the voltage drop across each
resistor, and the power dissipated by R3.
52. A series-parallel circuit consists of five resistors. Resistors R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω, and R3 =
12 Ω are connected in parallel. This parallel combination is then connected in series with
resistors R4 = 8 Ω and R5 = 16 Ω. The circuit is connected to a 120 V power supply.
Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current drawn from the power
supply, the current through each resistor, the voltage drop across each series resistor, and
the total power consumed by the circuit.
53. A circuit consists of two resistors, 10 Ω and 20 Ω, connected in series. This series
combination is then connected in parallel with a 15 Ω resistor. The circuit is connected to
a 30 V power supply. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current
drawn from the power supply, and the current through each resistor.
54. A parallel-series circuit contains three resistors. Resistors R1 = 12 Ω and R2 = 18 Ω are
connected in parallel, and this parallel combination is connected in series with R3 = 6 Ω. If
a 24 V battery powers the circuit, determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the
total current flowing through the circuit, and the voltage drop across the R3 resistor.
55. A circuit contains four resistors: 5Ω and 10Ω are connected in parallel. This parallel
combination is connected in series with 20Ω and 25Ω, which are also in series. The circuit
is connected to a 50 V power supply. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the
total current supplied by the power source, the current through the 20Ω resistor, and the
power dissipated by the 10Ω resistor.
56. A parallel-series circuit consists of the following resistors:
Branch 1: R1 = 8 Ω and R2 = 16 Ω in series.
Branch 2: R3 = 12 Ω and R4 = 24 Ω in parallel.
These two branches are connected in parallel, and the entire parallel combination is
connected in series with a 10 Ω resistor R5. A 60 V power supply powers the circuit.
Determine the equivalent resistance of the whole circuit, the total current drawn from the
power supply, the current through each resistor, and the voltage drop across the R5 resistor.
57. A circuit consists of five resistors arranged as follows:
Branch 1: R1 = 4 Ω in series with R2 = 8 Ω.
Branch 2: R3 = 6 Ω in parallel with the series combination of R4 = 12 Ω
and R5 = 18Ω.
The two branches are connected in parallel, and the circuit is connected to a 100 V power
supply. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit, the total current drawn from the
 power supply, the current through each resistor in the circuit, the voltage drop across the
series combination of R4 and R5, and the total power dissipated by the circuit.
58. A series circuit consists of three resistors with R1 = 5Ω, R2 = 10Ω, and R3 = 15Ω, connected
across a 60 V DC power supply. Use the Voltage Division Theorem to determine the
voltage across each resistor.
59. A series circuit is composed of four resistors: R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 4Ω, R3 = 8Ω, and R4 = 6Ω,
connected across a 120 V DC power supply. Determine the voltage drop across R3 using
the Voltage Division Theorem.
60. A DC circuit consists of three resistors connected in parallel: R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 Ω, and R3
= 12 Ω. The circuit is powered by a 36V DC power supply. Given that the total current
supplied by the power source is 12A, use the Current Division Theorem to determine the
current flowing through each resistor.
61. A 10Ω and a 20Ω resistance are connected in parallel. Another resistance of 5Ω is
connected in series with the two. If the supply voltage is 48V, what is the current through
the 10Ω resistor?
62. A Delta (Δ) network consists of three resistors with the following values: 30Ω, 45Ω, and
60Ω. Convert this Delta network into an equivalent Wye (Y) network.
63. A Delta (Δ) network has resistors with the following values: 50Ω, 100Ω, and 150Ω.
Convert this Delta network into an equivalent Wye (Y) network.
64. A Wye (Y) network consists of three resistors with the following values: 10Ω, 15Ω, and
20Ω. Convert this Wye network into an equivalent Delta (Δ) network.
65. A Wye (Y) network has resistors with the following values: 8Ω, 12Ω, and 18Ω. Convert
this Wye network into an equivalent Delta (Δ) network.
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