A.

LESSON INFORMATION
THEME: Statistics
DATE:
CLASS: SS2
DURATION:
SUBJECT: Mathematics
UNIT TOPIC: Probability

LESSON TOPIC: Throwing of Dice, Tossing of Coins and Pack of Playing Cards

Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

i. Determine events involving chances

ii. Explain what probability is

iii. Determine and describe the probability of an event involving chances

iv. Solve practical problem on probability

INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Concrete objects, Coin, Ludo, Die, pack of playing

cards

B. LESSON PRESENTATION

Step I: Identification of students’ prior idea

Mode: Whole class

Teachers’ Activities

I. Ask the students what their parent does for living?

ii. Identify emphasis on those doing business for a living

iii. Identify along side with the student business as event

Involving chances as thus: (a) Doing a business is an event which will either succeed or
fail. Whatever happens, everything we attempt to in life is a trial, while the result of
such an attempt is the outcome.

(b)the process of tossing a coin or throwing a dice

Students’ Activities

i. Identify what their parent does for a living

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ii. Perform the activities, tossing a coin and throwing a die, throw or toss a coin once,
the result can either be a head or tail.

iii. Identify the result as in head or tail (1).and the total of the outcomes (2). Therefore
if it is ahead or tail, the chance is one out of the total outcome which is ½.

Step II: Exploration

Mode: Entire class

Teachers’ Activities

Leads by explaining what probability is.

Probability can be define as a mathematical expression of the extent to which an event

is likely to occur, given a value between 0 and 1

It can also define as a numerical value of the livelihood of the occurrence of an event.

Probability of a sure or contain event is one (1) which the probability of an impossible
event is zero (0). Hence, the probability of an event lies between impossible and a sure
event is between 0 and 1.

Students’ Activities

Participates in the above occurrence and discoveries

Step III: Discussion

Mode: Whole class

Teachers’ Activities

Engages the students in determining the probability of an event

Hence, the probability of an event happening is the ratio of the required outcome to the
total number of possible outcome.

Pr.(x) = Number of required outcome____

Total number of possible outcome
Students’ Activities

Each student is to toss a coin, say 100 or more times. The result should be tabulated as
shown below:

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 Event No of Times/Outcome

H (heads) p

T(Tails) q

p + q = Total no of tosses i.e outcomes

Probability of Getting heads = Numbers of heads______

Total number of tosses
Step IV: Application

Mode: Individual student

Teachers’ Activities

Guides the students in solving practical question

Question:

The table below shows the distribution of cards labeled P to T

Card P Q R S T

No of cards 5 8 4 2 1

What is the probability of picking card, labeled P?

Pr.(P) = No of cards labeled p = 5__________

Total No of cards 5+8+4+2+1
= 5/20 = ¼ = 0.25
Pr. (P) [picking card labeled P] = ¼ = 0.25

Step V: Evaluation

Mode: Individual students

Teachers’ Activities

Ask the following questions

i. Describe events involving chances

ii. What is probability?

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iii. Explain the terms used in probability

iv. Determine the probability of an event

Students’ Activities

Responses to the above questions orally

C. Assignment: 1

No of the die 1 2 3 4 5 6

No of times 6 5 12 7 11 9

Find the probability

(a). a 2 showing up

(b). a 4 showing up

(c). a 5 showing up

2. Throw two dice simultaneously 200 times. After each throw, add the two numbers on
the two dice. Your total will be either 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 or 12.

Complete table below showing the number of times you obtain each total.

Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

No of times obtained

Using your table, find the probability of obtaining a total of

(a). 5 (b). 8 (c).10 (d).12 (e).2

3. Toss a coin 200 times. Use tally marks to record whether a head (H) or tails (T) show
up. What is the experimental probability of obtaining (a), H (b), T

D. References: New Concept Mathematics for SS2, Third Edition

By H.N odogun etal, Learn Africa plc Pg. 226 – 242

New General Mathematics for SS2, Second Edition

By M.F Macreeetal, Pearson education Ltd

4
LESSON INFORMATION

THEME: Statistics

DATE:

CLASS: SS2

TIME:

DURATION:

SUBJECT: Mathematics

UNIT TOPIC: Probability

LESSON TOPIC: Mutually Exclusive Events

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. Explain mutually exclusive event

ii. Identify terms used with mutually exclusive events

iii. State the addition law of probability

iv. Apply the addition law of solving practical problem on probability

INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: A Fair die, Coin, Ludo,a basket containing

balls of different colour.

B. LESSON PRESENTATION

Step I: Identification of student prior idea

Mode: Entire student

Teacher’ Activities: Ask the student to explain what probability is

Students’ Activities: Responses to the above question

Step II: Exploration

Mode: Whole class

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Teachers’ Activities: Recall alongside with the students

Probability as a mathematical expression of the extent to which an event is likely to

occur gives a value between 0 and 1. Hence when an event perverse the occurrence of
another event is said to be multiply exclusive. Example: it is impossible to throw a die
and score a three and a four at the same throw with a single die involves separate
events which cannot happen together. Mutually exclusive events can be referred to as
addiction of probability.

Students’ Activities: Follows teacher instruction and contribute actively

Teachers’ Activities:

i. Leads the students to identify terms use with mutually exclusive event are “OR”,
“EITHER”, “NOR”, “NEITHER”
ii. Addition law of probability states that:
If events A1, A2, A3, ----------------- An are mutually exclusive is the prob. of A1 or A2 or
A3 ----------- An is occurring = Pro (A1 or A2 or A3 or --------------- An)
Pro (A1 u A2 u ---------- u An)
Pro (A1) + Pro (A2) + ----------- +Pro (An)
= Pro (u A1) = ∑ 𝑝𝑟 (A1)
Students’ Activities: Engages the student with solving related question with these
example

Question 1: A fair die is tossed once, what is the pro of getting

(i). an even number(ii).a number less than 4(iii). a number greater than 4

Solution:
Possible outcome = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Prob. = No of required outcome____
Total No of possible outcome

(I). Pr. (even No) = Pr. (2 or 4 or 6)

= Pr. (2) + Pr. (4) + Pr. (6)

= 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 3/6 = ½

(ii). Pr. (a no less than 4) = Pr. (1 or 2 or 3)

= Pr. (1) + Pr. (2) + Pr. (3)

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 = 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 3/6 = ½

(iii). Pr. (a no greater than 4) = Pr. (5 or 6)

= Pr. (5) + Pr. (6)

= 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/3 = 1/3

2. A bag contains 5 red balls, 6 yellow balls & 4 white balls. A ball is picked from the
bag at random. Find the Pro. that the ball is.
(a) Read or white (d) Neitherred nor yellow
(b) Yellow or red
(c) Not red
Solution

Total number of balls = 5 + 6 + 4 = 15 balls

a. Pr. (Red or white)

= Pr. (Red) + Pr. (white)

= 5/15 + 4/15

= 9/15 = 3/5

b. Pr. (Yellow or Red)

= Pr. (Yellow) + Pr. (Red)

= 6/15 + 5/15

= 11/15

C. Probability of not red

= Pr. (Yellow or White)

= Pr. (Yellow) + Pr. (white)

= 6/15 + 4/15

= 10/15 = 2/3

d. Pr. (Neither red nor yellow)

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= Pr. (white)

= 4/15

Students’ Activities: participate actively

Step IV: Application

Mode: Individual student

Teachers’ Activities: writes or give the below question on board for individual student to
solve
Question:
A bag contains 10 balls of which 6 are red and the rest are white and blue and of equal
numbers. If a ball is picked at random, find the probability that it is.
a. Either white or red
b. Not red
c. Blue or red
d. White

Students’ Activities
Solves the above question

Step V: Evaluation

Mode: Individual
Teachers’ Activities
i. Instruct the student to solve the above question as class work.
ii. Grades their performances accordingly.
iii. Lead them to correction where necessary
Students’ Activities
I. Follows teacher instruction.
ii. Takes to teacher correction.
C. Assignment
A pair of fair dice each numbered 1 to 6 is tossed. Find the probability of a score of
a. Two odd numbers
b. A sum of 8 or sum of 12
c. Both prime and both odd numbers
d. Perfect square or multiple of 4

D. References: Comprehensive Mathematics for SSS, Second Edition,

By D.B Adu, A. Johnson publisher Ltd
Pg 217 – 228
New Concepts Mathematics SS2, Third Edition
By H.N odogunetal

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A. LESSON INFORMATION

THEME: Statistics

DATE:

CLASS: SS2

TIME:

DURATION:

SUBJECT: Mathematics

UNIT TOPIC: Probability

LESSON TOPIC: Independent events

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. Explain Independent events

ii. Identify terms used with independent events, state the multiplication law of
probability
iii. Solve related question
iv. Apply multiplication law of probability to solving related problems.
INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Ludo, a fair die coin, a basket containing balls
of different colour.

B. LESSON PRESENTATION

Step I: Identification of student prior idea

Mode: Entire student

Teacher’ Activities: Ask the student to the following question to probes student prior
idea on the above matter.

I. Explain mutually exclusive event.

ii. Identify terms used with mutually exclusive event

iii. State the addition law of probability

Students’ Activities: Responses to the above question accordingly

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Step ii: Exploration

Mode: Whole class

Teachers’ Activities

I. Leads the student by explaining what independent event is: This is when the
occurrence of one event has no effect on the occurrence of other event that is the
event can occur without affecting each other, then two events are independent event.
For instance, Tojump up and up their hands at the same time

ii. Leads the student to identify terms use with independent events such as: ‘and’,
‘both’, ‘all’ are usually used. Independent events in probability are sometimes referred
to as multiplication of probability & applicable to a solution of selecting more than one
item in problem involving probability. The law is stated as thus:

If events A, B, C -------------- are independent, the Prob. of A and B and C ---------------

happening is given as:

Pr. (A and B and C ------)

Pr. (A) x Pr. (B) x Pr. (C) x --------------------------------------

Students’ Activities: Follows teacher instruction

Step III: Discussion

Mode: Entire student

Teachers’ Activities: Engages the students with solving related question.

1. Three balls are drawn one after the other with replacement, from a bag containing
3red, 6white and 3blue identical balls. What is the Prob. that they are one red, one
white and one blue?

Solution

Possible outcome = 3+6+3= 12balls

Pr. (one red) = 3/12 = ¼

Pr. (one white) = 6/12 = ½

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Pr. (one blue) = 3/12 = ¼

Pr. (one red, one white and one blue) = ¼ x ½ x ¼ = 1/32

2. Two cards are drawn one after the other with replacement from a well shuffled reach
of 52 playing card, there are 4 queens in any desk of 52 cards. Find the Prob. that they
are both queen

Solution:

Possible outcome = 52

There are four queens in the pack

Λ (queen) = 4

Pro (first queen) = 4/52 = 1/13

Pro (second queen) = 4/52 = 1/13

Pro (both are queen) = 1/13 x 1/13 = 1/69

3. A basket contains 3red balls, 5 blue balls and 17green balls. Two balls picked one
after the other without replacement. Find the Prob. that

a. Both are red b. First is blue, the other is green c. One is blue, the other is green

Solution

Total no of balls = 3 +5 + 7 = 15 balls

a. Picking two balls without replacement

Prob. (first red ball) = 3/15 = 1/5

Prob. (2nd red ball) = 2/14 = 1/7

Prob. (first red ball and 2nd red ball) = 1/5 x 1/7 = 1/35

b. Prob. (First blue and 2nd green ball)

Prob. (First blue ball) = 5/15 = 1/3

Prob. (2nd green ball) = 7/14 = ½

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Prob. (first blue ball and 2nd green ball) = 1/3 x ½ = 1/6

C. Pro of one blue, one green becomes

Prob. (first blue and 2nd green) or prob. (first green and 2nd blue)

= (5/15 x 7/14) + ( 7/15 X 5/14)

= 35 + 35 = 70= 1
210 210 210 3

Students’ Activities

Participate actively

Step IV: Application

Mode: Individual student

Teachers’ Activities
Write the following question on the board for student to solve

A bag contains 6 white balls and 4 black balls and another bag contains 5 white balls
and 7 black balls. If two balls are drawn without replacement from each bag, find the
pro that (a). All four balls are black (b). Exactly one of the four balls is white

Solution

a. Possible outcome (total balls) of the first bag = 6+4 = 10 balls

Prob. (first black ball) =4/10 = 2/5

Prob. (second black ball) =3/9 = 1/3

b. Possible outcome of the second bags = 5+7 = 12 balls

Prob. (first black ball) = 7/12

Prob. (2nd black ball) = 6/11

Prob. (four black ball from both bags) =2/15 x 1/3 x 7/12 x 6/11 = 7/165

b. BBBW = 2/5, 1/3, 7/12, 5/11 = pro (BBBW) = 2/5 x 1/3 x 7/12 x 5/11 = 7/198

Prob. (BBWB) = 2/5 x 1/3 x 5/12 x 7/11 =7/198

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Prob. (BWBB) = 2/5 x 2/3 x 6/11 = 14/165

Prob. (WBBB) = 3/5 x 4/9 x 7/12 x 6/11 =14/165

Pro (exactly one of the for ball is white)

= 7 + 7 + 14 + 14 = 14 + 28
198 198 165 165 198 165
= 2310 + 5544 =7859 = 1309 =119 = 0.2404 = 0.21dp
32670 32670 5445 495

Students’ Activities: Solve the above question

Step V: Evaluation

Mode: Individual

Teachers’ Activities

I. Instruct the student to solve the above question as class work

ii. Grade them accordingly

iii. Leads them to correction

Students’ Activities

I. Follows teachers instructions

ii. Takes to teachers’ correction

C. Assignment

1. Two dice are thrown once, what is the probability of getting

a. 2sixes

b. Two prime number

c. One odd number and one even number?

2. Three cards are drawn from five cards, lettered FGHIJ one after the other without
replacement. What is the probability that the cards spell the word FIG?

D. References: New Concept Mathematics for SS2, Third Edition

13
 By H.N odogunetal,Learn Africa Ltd
Pg 229 – 241
Man mathematics for SS2, University press plg. Pg 213 – 223

A. LESSON INFORMATION

THEME: Statistics

DATE:

CLASS: SS2

TIME:

DURATION:

SUBJECT: Mathematics

UNIT TOPIC: Probability

LESSON TOPIC: Outcome table

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

i. Recall what probability is

ii. Explain what an Outcome is

iii. Construct outcome table for tossing of two coins, throwing of two dice

iv. Solve related problems

INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES: Ludo, playing cards, coin and dice

B. LESSON PRESENTATION

Step I: Identification of student prior idea

Mode: Whole class

14
Teacher’ Activities: Ask the student to the following question to probes student prior
knowledge.

i. Explain what probability is

ii. Describe mutually exclusive event

iii. Identify the terms use with independent events

Students’ Activities

Responses to the above questions accordingly

Step ii: Exploration

Mode: Entire class

Teachers’ Activities

Leads by explaining what an outcome table is?

An outcome table is a table showing the result of an experiment. Example of all the
possible outcome of an event or experiment

Students’ Activities

Follows teacher instruction

Step iii: Discussion

Mode: Whole class

Teachers’ Activities: Engages the student with construction of outcome table

1. Tossing of a coin twice

H T

H HH HT

T TH TT

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2. Throwing of two dice

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

2 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6

3 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6

4 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6

5 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6

6 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6

Students Activities

Participate actively

Step IV: Application

Mode: Individual student

Teachers’ Activities: Guides the student in solving related question using the above
outcome table

Question: Using the above outcome table. Find the pro of (a). The sum of 9 (b).Two
odd numbers

Solution:
a. Possible outcome is 36

Sum of 9 are (3, 6) (4, 5) (5, 4) (6, 3)

Pro (sum of 9) = 4/36 = 1/9

b. Odd numbers are (1, 1) (1, 3) (1, 5) (3, 1) (7, 3) (3, 5) (5, 1) (5, 3) (5,5)

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Pro (two odd no) 9/36 = ¼

Students’ Activities

Solves the above question as class work

Step V: Evaluation

Mode: Entire class

Teachers’ Activities

Ask the students the following questions

I. What is an outcome table?

ii. Describe how to construct an outcome table for tossing of two coins

iii. Explain the construction of an outcome table for tossing of two dice

iv. Determine the probability of getting the sum of 7, if two dice are thrown together

Students’ Activities

Responses to the above questions

C. Assignment

If two fair dice are thrown together

(a). Construct the outcome table

(b). what is the probability of obtaining (I). The sum of 6 (ii) 3 on the second die

(iii). Two even number

D. References: Man mathematics for SS2, Third Edition By MAN

University press plc, Pg 213 – 223
Comprehensive Mathematics for SSS, Second Edition
By D.B AduA Johnson publisher Ltd
Pg 217 – 223.

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