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Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ships of the
seven seas
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Ships of the seven seas

Author: Hawthorne Daniel

Author of introduction, etc.: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Illustrator: Francis J. Rigney

Release date: February 2, 2024 [eBook #72859]

Language: English

Original publication: Garden City: Doubleday, Page & company,

1925

Credits: Bob Taylor, Peter Becker and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHIPS OF

THE SEVEN SEAS ***
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN
SEAS
The Santa Maria, the Niña and
the Pinta
 The most famous ships that ever sailed the seas
The Niña, shown in the foreground, was the smallest of
the three, but in her Columbus returned to Spain after the
Santa Maria was wrecked, and the captain of the Pinta
seemed tempted to prove unfaithful.
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN SEAS
BY
HAWTHORNE DANIEL
AUTHOR OF
“IN THE FAVOUR OF THE KING”

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

DRAWINGS BY
FRANCIS J. RIGNEY

GARDEN CITY NEW YORK

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

1925
 COPYRIGHT, 1925, BY
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES

AT
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

First Edition
 TO
NELLE R. DANIEL
MY WIFE
WITHOUT WHOSE ENCOURAGEMENT AND
ASSISTANCE THIS BOOK WOULD PROBABLY
HAVE BEEN BEGUN, BUT MOST CERTAINLY
WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN COMPLETED
 FOREWORD

In gathering material for a book of this kind one’s sources of

information are likely to be so numerous and so diverse as to defy
classification. Some of the information I have gotten first hand on
ships in which I have served or voyaged. Much more of it has been
picked up from countless scattered sources during twenty years or
more in which ships have been my hobby. More still, however, has
been consciously taken from books on ships and shipping that I have
gathered together or referred to during the time I spent actually in
preparing the manuscript.
Those books to which I have most often referred, and to the
authors and publishers of which I am particularly indebted, are as
follows:
“Ancient and Modern Ships,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes
“The Clipper Ship Era,” by Arthur H. Clark
“Dictionary of Sea Terms,” by A. Ansted
“Elements of Navigation,” by W. J. Henderson, A. M.
“The Frigate Constitution,” by Ira N. Hollis
“Lightships and Lighthouses,” by F. A. Talbot
“The Lookout Man,” by David W. Bone
“Mercantile Marine,” by E. Keble Chatterton
“Modern Seamanship,” by Austin M. Knight
“Sailing Ships and Their Story,” by E. Keble Chatterton

In addition to these I have received much assistance from the New

York Public Library, the American Museum of Natural History, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, the U. S. Congressional Library, the
Marine Museum at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis,
and a number of friends, who, knowing of my interest in ships, have
brought me some of the most interesting of the facts that I have
used.
H. D.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. The Development of Ships 1
II. The Development of Sails 34
III. The Perfection of Sails—The Clipper Ships 56
IV. The Development of Steamships 75
V. The Perfection of Steamships 96
VI. Steamships of Many Types 117
VII. Ships of War 140
VIII. Ports and Port Equipment 168
IX. The Art of Seamanship 191
X. The Science of Navigation 215
XI. Lighthouses, Lightships, and Buoys 235
XII. Ship Design, Construction, and Repair 252
XIII. Shipping Lines 267
XIV. The Importance of Ships 279
An Abridged Dictionary of Nautical Words and
APPENDIX. 295
Expressions
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The Caravels of Columbus Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
An Egyptian Boat of 6000 B. C. 3
A Large Egyptian Ship of the 18th Dynasty 5
A Peruvian Balsa 7
An African Dugout 9
An Eskimo Umiak 11
An Eskimo Kayak 13
A Birch-bark Canoe 15
An Outrigger Canoe 17
A Phœnician Bireme 19
A Greek Trireme 21
Seating Arrangement of Rowers in a Greek Trireme 25
An early 16th-Century Ship 27
A Mediterranean Galley 31
An Egyptian Boat of the 5th Dynasty 35
An Egyptian Ship of the 12th Dynasty 37
A Roman Ship 39
A Viking Ship 41
A 13th-Century English Ship 43
A Galleon of the Time of Elizabeth 45
The Amaranthe 49
A 16th-Century Dutch Boat 51
53
A Corvette of 1780
A British East Indiaman 57
A Black Ball Packet 59
A Whaling Bark 61
The Red Jacket 63
The Great Republic 65
The Ariel, 1866 67
A Gloucester Fisherman 69
An American Coasting Schooner 71
The Charlotte Dundas 77
Robert Fulton’s Clermont 79
The Savannah 81
The Great Britain 83
The Great Eastern 85
The Steamship Oceanic 89
The Deutschland 93
The Majestic 97
The Leviathan 99
The Berengaria 101
The Mauretania 105
The Belgenland 107
The George Washington 111
The Homeric 115
A Mail Liner 119
An American Intermediate Liner 121
A Cargo Liner 123
A Tramp Steamer 125
An Oil Tanker 129
A Turret Steamer 131
A Whaleback 135
A Great Lakes Freight Carrier 137
An English Warship of the Time of Henry V 141
A British Line-of-Battle Ship, 1790 143
The American Frigate Constitution 145
A Steam Frigate—the U. S. S. Hartford 146
The Monitor 147
The Merrimac 149
A Torpedo Boat 151
H. M. S. Dreadnaught 153
A Submarine 155
A Modern Destroyer 157
A Modern Super-dreadnaught 159
A Battle Cruiser 161
A Scout Cruiser 163
An Airplane View of the U. S. S. Langley 165
A Map of the Port of New York 169
A Map of the Port of Liverpool 171
A Map of the Port of Rio de Janeiro 173
A Map of the Port of Cape Town 175
A Map of the Port of Marseilles 177
A Tug Boat 179
A New York Harbour Ferry 181
A New York Harbour Lighter 183
A Mississippi River Stern-wheeler 185
A Modern Venetian Cargo Boat 187
A Page of Knots in Common Use 193
Bearings and Points of Sailing 195
How a Fore-and-Aft Sail Is Reefed 197
A Freighter Tied Up to a Pier 199
A Few Types of Sailing Ships Common in European
201
and American Waters
A Few Types of Sailing Boats to Be Found Around the
203
World
The Rigging of a Three-masted Ship 209
The Sails of a Four-masted Ship 213
Using a Cross Staff 217
Using an Astrolabe 221
A Sextant in Use, and a Ship’s Log 225
Using a Pelorus 229
Sounding by Machine 233
The Pharos at Alexandria 237
The Tillamook Rock Light Station 239
Cape Race Lighthouse 241
Minot’s Ledge Light 243
Bishop Rock Lighthouse 245
Fire Island Lightship 247
Automatic Buoys 249
A Ship on the Ways 253
A Floating Dry Dock 255
The Olympic 259
The Aquitania 263
The Paris 265
The Spray 281
The Detroit 283
A Reconstruction of One of Caligula’s Galleys 284
A European Side-wheeler 285
A Hudson River Steamer 287
A Steam Yacht 289
An Experiment of 1924 291
 INTRODUCTION

I remember well being thrilled as a boy by the tales of various

members of my family who had been engaged in the old “China
Trade” and in the operation of clipper ships and in whaling. These
stories related to a bygone age—a day when the American flag was
seen in every part of the globe.
Even in my own boyhood America had no merchant marine except
for the coasting trade and the freighters upon the Great Lakes.
American seamen had ceased to exist and the calling of an officer in
the Merchant Marine was no longer one that offered an attractive
career to the American boy. It is unnecessary here to go into the
reasons for the decline and fall of our nation upon the sea. The Civil
War, the introduction of steam propulsion, the development of the
West, and in addition a great number of economic changes, were
some of the causes of the disappearance of the American flag from
the Seven Seas.
It was not until the outbreak of the World War that American
business men as a whole began to think seriously of the possibility of
reviving American shipping; it was not until 1916 that the Congress
took definite action to aid with constructive legislation; it was not until
our own country entered into the war that large results appeared. In
the past few years there has been an extraordinary revival of interest
in everything that pertains to the sea—the novels of Melville written
three quarters of a century ago have been revived in dozens of
editions and the sea stories of Conrad are among the best sellers. In
the same way, old books, old engravings, and crude old lithographs
and woodcuts relating to almost every form of ships and shipping
have been sought out and prized by an ever-growing circle of
enthusiasts. This is not a passing fancy; there is something more
solid behind it. I hope I am right in believing that the people of the
United States are again turning their faces to the sea. Over the sea
our ancestors or we ourselves have all come. We have filled the
vacant spaces from the original colonies on the Atlantic Coast to the
new and splendid civilization of the Pacific. No longer can we say
“America is sufficient for us; our thought and lives must stay at
home.” We are part of the world now, very dependent on the rest of
the peoples of the world for our own progress, and our own success,
and even for our own safety. This is shown by the fact that every
school and every college throughout the land is, in its teaching,
paying more and more attention to the affairs of mankind beyond our
own borders. The study of languages, the study of geography, the
study of economics, of international laws—all receive increased
attention.
Mr. Hawthorne Daniel has rendered a conspicuous service in
writing a book which can be understood and appreciated by the
average citizen. Most of us are just “average citizens” and whether
we live a thousand miles from the nearest ocean or not, whether we
have ever smelled salt water or not, it will be a good thing for us to
have some knowledge of the great epic of ships and the men who
have made them and sailed them.
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Hyde Park, N. Y.,
June 4, 1924.
 SHIPS
OF THE SEVEN
SEAS