Revise Sets and Rel and

func(class 11) for this chapter

Chapter 1
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

he
™There is no permanent place in the world for ugly mathematics ... . It may
be very hard to define mathematical beauty but that is just as true of
beauty of any kind, we may not know quite what we mean by a
beautiful poem, but that does not prevent us from recognising

is
one when we read it. — G. H. HARDY ™

1.1 Introduction

bl
Recall that the notion of relations and functions, domain,
co-domain and range have been introduced in Class XI
along with different types of specific real valued functions
pu and their graphs. The concept of the term ‘relation’ in
mathematics has been drawn from the meaning of relation
be T

in English language, according to which two objects or

quantities are related if there is a recognisable connection
re
or link between the two objects or quantities. Let A be
o R

the set of students of Class XII of a school and B be the

set of students of Class XI of the same school. Then some
of the examples of relations from A to B are
tt E

(i) {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a is brother of b}, Lejeune Dirichlet

(ii) {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a is sister of b}, (1805-1859)
C

(iii) {(a, b) ∈ A × B: age of a is greater than age of b},

(iv) {(a, b) ∈ A × B: total marks obtained by a in the final examination is less than
examples of
the total marks obtained by b in the final examination},
no N

relations
(v) {(a, b) ∈ A × B: a lives in the same locality as b}. However, abstracting from
this, we define mathematically a relation R from A to B as an arbitrary subset
of A × B.
©

If (a, b) ∈ R, we say that a is related to b under the relation R and we write as

a R b. In general, (a, b) ∈ R, we do not bother whether there is a recognisable
connection or link between a and b. As seen in Class XI, functions are special kind of
relations.
In this chapter, we will study different types of relations and functions, composition
of functions, invertible functions and binary operations.
a relation (a,b) ∈ R can also be written as R: a→b
 extreme relations are two extreme
type of relations: the empty relation
(where no elements are related to
each other) and the universal
relation (where every element is
related to every other element)

2 MATHEMATICS

1.2 Types of Relations

In this section, we would like to study different types of relations. We know that a
relation in a set A is a subset of A × A. Thus, the empty set φ and A × A are two
extreme relations. For illustration, consider a relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} given by
R = {(a, b): a – b = 10}. This is the empty set, as no pair (a, b) satisfies the condition
a – b = 10. Similarly, R′ = {(a, b) : | a – b | ≥ 0} is the whole set A × A, as all pairs

he
(a, b) in A × A satisfy | a – b | ≥ 0. These two extreme examples lead us to the
following definitions.
(or null relation)
Definition 1 A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is
related to any element of A, i.e., R = φ ⊂ A × A.

is
Definition 2 A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A
is related to every element of A, i.e., R = A × A.

bl
Both the empty relation and the universal relation are some times called trivial
relations.
Example 1 Let A be the set of all students of a boys school. Show that the relation R
pu
in A given by R = {(a, b) : a is sister of b} is the empty relation and R′ = {(a, b) : the
difference between heights of a and b is less than 3 meters} is the universal relation.
be T

Solution Since the school is boys school, no student of the school can be sister of any
student of the school. Hence, R = φ, showing that R is the empty relation. It is also
re
o R

obvious that the difference between heights of any two students of the school has to be
less than 3 meters. This shows that R′ = A × A is the universal relation.
tt E

Remark In Class XI, we have seen two ways of representing a relation, namely raster
method and set builder method. However, a relation R in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} defined by R
= {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is also expressed as a R b if and only if
C

b = a + 1 by many authors. We may also use this notation, as and when convenient.
If (a, b) ∈ R, we say that a is related to b and we denote it as a R b.
no N

One of the most important relation, which plays a significant role in Mathematics,
is an equivalence relation. To study equivalence relation, we first consider three
types of relations, namely reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Definition 3 A relation R in a set A is called
©

(i) reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A,

(ii) symmetric, if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies that (a2, a1) ∈ R, for all a1, a2 ∈ A.
(iii) transitive, if (a1, a2) ∈ R and (a2, a3) ∈ R implies that (a1, a3) ∈ R, for all a1, a2,
a3 ∈ A.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 3

Definition 4 A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is

reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Example 2 Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 is congruent to T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Solution R is reflexive, since every triangle is congruent to itself. Further,
(T1, T2) ∈ R ⇒ T1 is congruent to T2 ⇒ T2 is congruent to T1 ⇒ (T2, T1) ∈ R. Hence,

he
R is symmetric. Moreover, (T1, T2), (T2, T3) ∈ R ⇒ T1 is congruent to T2 and T2 is
congruent to T3 ⇒ T1 is congruent to T3 ⇒ (T1, T3) ∈ R. Therefore, R is an equivalence
relation.

is
Example 3 Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined as
R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is perpendicular to L2}. Show that R is symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive.

bl
Solution R is not reflexive, as a line L1 can not be perpendicular to itself, i.e., (L1, L1)
∉ R. R is symmetric as (L1, L2) ∈ R
⇒
pu L1 is perpendicular to L2
⇒ L2 is perpendicular to L1
⇒ (L2, L1) ∈ R.
be T

R is not transitive. Indeed, if L1 is perpendicular to L2 and

re
Fig 1.1
L2 is perpendicular to L3, then L1 can never be perpendicular to
o R

L3. In fact, L1 is parallel to L3, i.e., (L1, L2) ∈ R, (L2, L3) ∈ R but (L1, L3) ∉ R.
er ing
bett
for rstand
e Example 4 Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 1), (2, 2),
und
tt E

(3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3)} is reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
Solution R is reflexive, since (1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3) lie in R. Also, R is not symmetric,
C

as (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1) ∉ R. Similarly, R is not transitive, as (1, 2) ∈ R and (2, 3) ∈ R

but (1, 3) ∉ R.
no N

Example 5 Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by

R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a – b}
is an equivalence relation.
©

Solution R is reflexive, as 2 divides (a – a) for all a ∈ Z. Further, if (a, b) ∈ R, then

2 divides a – b. Therefore, 2 divides b – a. Hence, (b, a) ∈ R, which shows that R is
symmetric. Similarly, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R, then a – b and b – c are divisible by
2. Now, a – c = (a – b) + (b – c) is even (Why?). So, (a – c) is divisible by 2. This
shows that R is transitive. Thus, R is an equivalence relation in Z.
even + even = even
odd + odd = even
odd + even = odd
 4 MATHEMATICS

In Example 5, note that all even integers are related to zero, as (0, ± 2), (0, ± 4)
etc., lie in R and no odd integer is related to 0, as (0, ± 1), (0, ± 3) etc., do not lie in R.
Similarly, all odd integers are related to one and no even integer is related to one.
Therefore, the set E of all even integers and the set O of all odd integers are subsets of
Z satisfying following conditions:
(i) All elements of E are related to each other and all elements of O are related to

he
each other.
(ii) No element of E is related to any element of O and vice-versa.
(iii) E and O are disjoint and Z = E ∪ O.
The subset E is called the equivalence class containing zero and is denoted by

is
[0]. Similarly, O is the equivalence class containing 1 and is denoted by [1]. Note that
[0] ≠ [1], [0] = [2r] and [1] = [2r + 1], r ∈ Z. Infact, what we have seen above is true

bl
for an arbitrary equivalence relation R in a set X. Given an arbitrary equivalence
relation R in an arbitrary set X, R divides X into mutually disjoint subsets Ai called
partitions or subdivisions of X satisfying:
pu
(i) all elements of Ai are related to each other, for all i.
(ii) no element of Ai is related to any element of Aj , i ≠ j.
(iii)
be T

(iii)Ai ∪ Aj = X and Ai ∩ Aj = φ, i ≠ j.
The subsets Ai are called equivalence classes. The interesting part of the situation
re
o R

is that we can go reverse also. For example, consider a subdivision of the set Z given
by three mutually disjoint subsets A1, A2 and A3 whose union is Z with
A1 = {x ∈ Z : x is a multiple of 3} = {..., – 6, – 3, 0, 3, 6, ...}
tt E

A2 = {x ∈ Z : x – 1 is a multiple of 3} = {..., – 5, – 2, 1, 4, 7, ...}

A3 = {x ∈ Z : x – 2 is a multiple of 3} = {..., – 4, – 1, 2, 5, 8, ...}
C

Define a relation R in Z given by R = {(a, b) : 3 divides a – b}. Following the

arguments similar to those used in Example 5, we can show that R is an equivalence
no N

relation. Also, A1 coincides with the set of all integers in Z which are related to zero, A2
coincides with the set of all integers which are related to 1 and A3 coincides with the
set of all integers in Z which are related to 2. Thus, A1 = [0], A2 = [1] and A3 = [2].
In fact, A1 = [3r], A2 = [3r + 1] and A3 = [3r + 2], for all r ∈ Z.
©

Example 6 Let R be the relation defined in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} by

R = {(a, b) : both a and b are either odd or even}. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Further, show that all the elements of the subset {1, 3, 5, 7} are related to each
other and all the elements of the subset {2, 4, 6} are related to each other, but no
element of the subset {1, 3, 5, 7} is related to any element of the subset {2, 4, 6}.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 5

Solution Given any element a in A, both a and a must be either odd or even, so
that (a, a) ∈ R. Further, (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ both a and b must be either odd or even
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R. Similarly, (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ all elements a, b, c, must be
either even or odd simultaneously ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Further, all the elements of {1, 3, 5, 7} are related to each other, as all the elements
of this subset are odd. Similarly, all the elements of the subset {2, 4, 6} are related to
each other, as all of them are even. Also, no element of the subset {1, 3, 5, 7} can be

he
related to any element of {2, 4, 6}, as elements of {1, 3, 5, 7} are odd, while elements
of {2, 4, 6} are even.

EXERCISE 1.1

is
1. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and
transitive:

bl
(i) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 13, 14} defined as
R = {(x, y) : 3x – y = 0}
(ii) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as
pu R = {(x, y) : y = x + 5 and x < 4}
(iii) Relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
be T

R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x}
re
(iv) Relation R in the set Z of all integers defined as
o R

R = {(x, y) : x – y is an integer}
(v) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
tt E

(a) R = {(x, y) : x and y work at the same place}

(b) R = {(x, y) : x and y live in the same locality} (a is wife of b) but b cannot be wife of
someone else as b is a male and
C

(c) R = {(x, y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y}

hence (a,b) belongs but (b,c) doesnt
(d) R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y} not belong so (a,c) cannot exist hence
this is transitive(similar to (ii) in Q1)
(e) R = {(x, y) : x is father of y}
no N

2. Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as

R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
3. Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as
©

R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

4. Show that the relation R in R defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b}, is reflexive and
transitive but not symmetric.
IMP
5. Check whether the relation R in R defined by R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b3} is reflexive,
symmetric or transitive.
Solutions For Exercise 1.1 → Q1

How to write
in boards
 ember)
IMP(Rem

# if (a,b) belongs to R, but if (b,c) doesnt belong to R

then (a,c) cant exist and hence R is transitive

# if (a,b) belongs to R and (b,c) belongs to R, but if (a,c)

doesnt belong to R then R is not transitive

# if (a,b) belongs to R and (b,c) belongs to R, but if (a,c)

belong to R then R is transitive
 (definition of transitive)

(definition of
symmetric)
 If the relation is too big (definition of transitive)
than no need to write it

(definition of Reflexive)

(definition of symmetric)
 6 MATHEMATICS

6. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is
symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
7. Show that the relation R in the set A of all the books in a library of a college,
given by R = {(x, y) : x and y have same number of pages} is an equivalence
relation.
8. Show that the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by

he
R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is even}, is an equivalence relation. Show that all the
elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other and all the elements of {2, 4} are
related to each other. But no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
9. Show that each of the relation R in the set A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12}, given by

is
(i) R = {(a, b) : |a – b| is a multiple of 4} can be written as find
equivalence class of [1]
(ii) R = {(a, b) : a = b}

bl
is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case.
10. Give an example of a relation. Which is
pu (i) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(ii) Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
be T

(iii) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.

re
(iv) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
o R

(v) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.

11. Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by
tt E

R = {(P, Q) : distance of the point P from the origin is same as the distance of the
point Q from the origin}, is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of
all points related to a point P ≠ (0, 0) is the circle passing through P with origin as
C

centre.
12. Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all triangles as R = {(T1, T2) : T1
no N

is similar to T2}, is equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles T1

with sides 3, 4, 5, T2 with sides 5, 12, 13 and T3 with sides 6, 8, 10. Which
triangles among T1, T2 and T3 are related?
13. Show that the relation R defined in the set A of all polygons as R = {(P1, P2) :
©

P and P2 have same number of sides}, is an equivalence relation. What is the

e) 1
f slop set of all elements in A related to the right angle triangle T with sides 3, 4 and 5?
pt o
c once 14. Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as
(
R = {(L1, L2) : L1 is parallel to L2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find
the set of all lines related to the line y = 2x + 4.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 7

15. Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4,4),
(1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}. Choose the correct answer.
(A) R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
(B) R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
(C) R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.

he
(D) R is an equivalence relation.
16. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a, b) : a = b – 2, b > 6}. Choose
the correct answer.
(A) (2, 4) ∈ R (B) (3, 8) ∈ R (C) (6, 8) ∈ R (D) (8, 7) ∈ R

is
1.3 Types of Functions
The notion of a function along with some special functions like identity function, constant

bl
function, polynomial function, rational function, modulus function, signum function etc.
along with their graphs have been given in Class XI.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of two functions have also been
pu
studied. As the concept of function is of paramount importance in mathematics and
among other disciplines as well, we would like to extend our study about function from
be T

where we finished earlier. In this section, we would like to study different types of
functions.
re
o R

Consider the functions f1, f2, f3 and f4 given by the following diagrams.
In Fig 1.2, we observe that the images of distinct elements of X1 under the function
f1 are distinct, but the image of two distinct elements 1 and 2 of X1 under f2 is same,
tt E

namely b. Further, there are some elements like e and f in X2 which are not images of
any element of X1 under f1, while all elements of X3 are images of some elements of X1
C

under f3. The above observations lead to the following definitions:

Definition 5 A function f : X → Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if the images
of distinct elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for every x1, x2 ∈ X, f (x1) = f (x2)
no N

implies x1 = x2. Otherwise, f is called many-one.

The function f1 and f4 in Fig 1.2 (i) and (iv) are one-one and the function f2 and f3
in Fig 1.2 (ii) and (iii) are many-one.
©

Definition 6 A function f : X → Y is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element

of Y is the image of some element of X under f, i.e., for every y ∈ Y, there exists an
element x in X such that f (x) = y.
The function f3 and f4 in Fig 1.2 (iii), (iv) are onto and the function f1 in Fig 1.2 (i) is
not onto as elements e, f in X2 are not the image of any element in X1 under f1.
an equivalence relation
 8 MATHEMATICS

he
is
bl
pu Range = Co-domain
Fig 1.2 (i) to (iv)
be T

Remark f : X → Y is onto if and only if Range of f = Y.

re
Definition 7 A function f : X → Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is
o R

both one-one and onto.

The function f4 in Fig 1.2 (iv) is one-one and onto.
tt E

Example 7 Let A be the set of all 50 students of Class X in a school. Let f : A → N be

function defined by f (x) = roll number of the student x. Show that f is one-one
C

but not onto.

Solution No two different students of the class can have same roll number. Therefore,
no N

f must be one-one. We can assume without any loss of generality that roll numbers of
students are from 1 to 50. This implies that 51 in N is not roll number of any student of
the class, so that 51 can not be image of any element of X under f. Hence, f is not onto.
ite
r
to w
©

How ards Example 8 Show that the function f : N → N, given by f (x) = 2x, is one-one but not
in bo
onto.
Solution The function f is one-one, for f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ 2x1 = 2x2 ⇒ x1 = x2. Further,
f is not onto, as for 1 ∈ N, there does not exist any x in N such that f (x) = 2x = 1.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 9

Example 9 Prove that the function f : R → R, given by f (x) = 2x, is one-one and onto.
Solution f is one-one, as f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ 2x1 = 2x2 ⇒ x1 = x2. Also, given any real
y y y
number y in R, there exists in R such that f ( ) = 2 . ( ) = y. Hence, f is onto.
2 2 2

he
is
bl
pu
Fig 1.3
be T

Example 10 Show that the function f : N → N, given by f (1) = f (2) = 1 and f (x) = x – 1,
re
o R

for every x > 2, is onto but not one-one.

Solution f is not one-one, as f (1) = f (2) = 1. But f is onto, as given any y ∈ N, y ≠ 1,
we can choose x as y + 1 such that f (y + 1) = y + 1 – 1 = y. Also for 1 ∈ N, we
tt E

have f (1) = 1.
Example 11 Show that the function f : R → R,
C

defined as f (x) = x2, is neither one-one nor onto.

Solution Since f (– 1) = 1 = f (1), f is not one-
no N

one. Also, the element – 2 in the co-domain R is

not image of any element x in the domain R
(Why?). Therefore f is not onto.
©

Example 12 Show that f : N → N, given by

x 1,if x is odd,
f ( x)
x 1,if x is even
is both one-one and onto. Fig 1.4
 10 MATHEMATICS

Solution Suppose f (x1) = f (x2). Note that if x1 is odd and x2 is even, then we will have
x1 + 1 = x2 – 1, i.e., x2 – x1 = 2 which is impossible. Similarly, the possibility of x1 being
even and x2 being odd can also be ruled out, using the similar argument. Therefore,
both x1 and x2 must be either odd or even. Suppose both x1 and x2 are odd. Then
f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 + 1 = x2 + 1 ⇒ x1 = x2. Similarly, if both x1 and x2 are even, then also
f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 – 1 = x2 – 1 ⇒ x1 = x2. Thus, f is one-one. Also, any odd number
2r + 1 in the co-domain N is the image of 2r + 2 in the domain N and any even number

he
2r in the co-domain N is the image of 2r – 1 in the domain N. Thus, f is onto.
Example 13 Show that an onto function f : {1, 2, 3} → {1, 2, 3} is always one-one.
Solution Suppose f is not one-one. Then there exists two elements, say 1 and 2 in the

is
domain whose image in the co-domain is same. Also, the image of 3 under f can be
only one element. Therefore, the range set can have at the most two elements of the
co-domain {1, 2, 3}, showing that f is not onto, a contradiction. Hence, f must be one-one.

bl
Example 14 Show that a one-one function f : {1, 2, 3} → {1, 2, 3} must be onto.
Solution Since f is one-one, three elements of {1, 2, 3} must be taken to 3 different
pu
elements of the co-domain {1, 2, 3} under f. Hence, f has to be onto.
Remark The results mentioned in Examples 13 and 14 are also true for an arbitrary
be T

finite set X, i.e., a one-one function f : X → X is necessarily onto and an onto map
f : X → X is necessarily one-one, for every finite set X. In contrast to this, Examples 8
re
o R

and 10 show that for an infinite set, this may not be true. In fact, this is a characteristic
difference between a finite and an infinite set.
tt E

EXERCISE 1.2
1
1. Show that the function f : R∗ → R∗ defined by f (x) = is one-one and onto,
C

x
where R∗ is the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain
R∗ is replaced by N with co-domain being same as R∗?
no N

2. Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions:

(i) f : N → N given by f (x) = x2
(ii) f : Z → Z given by f (x) = x2
©

(iii) f : R → R given by f (x) = x2

(iv) f : N → N given by f (x) = x3
(v) f : Z → Z given by f (x) = x3
3. Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f : R → R, given by f (x) = [x], is neither
one-one nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
 How to write in
Q1)
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 11

4. Show that the Modulus Function f : R → R, given by f (x) = | x |, is neither one-

one nor onto, where | x | is x, if x is positive or 0 and | x | is – x, if x is negative.
5. Show that the Signum Function f : R → R, given by

1, if x 0
f ( x) 0, if x 0

he
–1, if x 0

is neither one-one nor onto.

6. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function

is
from A to B. Show that f is one-one.
7. In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-one, onto or

bl
bijective. Justify your answer.
(i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x
Imp
pu
(ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 1 + x2
8. Let A and B be sets. Show that f : A × B → B × A such that f (a, b) = (b, a) is
be T

bijective function.
re
n 1
o R

, if n is odd
2
9. Let f : N → N be defined by f (n) = for all n ∈ N.
n
, if n is even
tt E

2
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.
C

10. Let A = R – {3} and B = R – {1}. Consider the function f : A → B defined by

⎛ x−2⎞
f (x) = ⎜ ⎟ . Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
no N

⎝ x−3⎠
11. Let f : R → R be defined as f(x) = x4. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
©

(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto.
12. Let f : R → R be defined as f (x) = 3x. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto.
Reflexive: (a,a) is in the relation for all a ∈ A
eg. A = {1,2,3} → {(1,1),(2,2)} is not a reflexive relation as it doesnt have (3,3)
Symmetric: If (a,b) is in the relation, then (b,a) must also be in it.
eg. A = {1,2,3} → {(1,2),(2,1)} is a symmetric relation even though it doesnt have (1,3)(3,1) but if the relation had
(1,3) and no (3,1) then wont be a symmetric relation

Transitive: If (a,b) and (b,c) are in the relation, then (a,c) must also be in it. (a,b) (a,c)
eg. A = {1,2,3} → {(1,1)(2,2)(3,3),(1,2)(2,1)(1,3)(3,1)} is not a transitive relation as (1,2) and (1,3) is in Relation
but there is no (2,3) same for (1,3) and (1,2) exist but there is no (3,2)
(b,c) (a,b) (a,c) (b,c)
Sol)
relation is reflexive, symmetric and
→ {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1)} transitive as (1,2) (2,1) and (1,1)

→ {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3)(3,1),(2,3),(3,2)}

relation is reflexive, symmetric

and transitive as (1,2) (1,3) and
(2,3); (1,3) (1,2) and (3,2) i.e all
elements are related