Lab Report

Ali HAIDER 2445102

MUHAMMAD MUZZAMIL 2445114

DISHA KUMARI 2445153

Experiment 01
VERNIER CALLIPER
Objectives:
1) To learn how to use Vernier caliper and its components.
2) To determine the length and depth of a given object using Vernier caliper.
3) To determine the internal and external diameters using Vernier caliper
4) Determine volume of a given cube by measuring all three sides known as length
width and breadth. Also find the depth of the hole if any

CALCULATIONS:

DIMENTIONS Reading on main Reading on vernier Total reading = MSR

scale (cm) scale (division) + (LC *VSR)
L 4 1 4.01
W 0.9 8 0.8
B 0.7 8 0.78
V = 3.065 cm3
ii. Determine volume of a solid cylinder by measuring its external diameter and height:
DIMENTIONS Reading on main Reading on vernier Total reading = MSR
scale (cm) scale (division) + (LC *VSR)
Do 2. 7.5 2.075
H 4 0 4
V = 13.5 cm3
iii. Determine volume of a hollow cylinder by measuring its internal, external diameter
and height:
DIMENTIONS Reading on main Reading on vernier Total reading = MSR
scale (cm) scale (division) + (LC *VSR)
Do 2 7.5 2.075
D1 0.7 1.5 0.715
H 4 0 4
V = 11.92 cm3
Summary:
The vernier caliper allows precise measurements of small objects. This experiment helps
understand error management, reading scales, and the importance of precision tools in
measurements
Experiment 02
Hooke’s Law
Objectives:
1) To observe behavior of a tension spring under loading conditions.
2) To verify the validity of Hooke’s Law and elastic region of a material.
3) To find the spring constant (K) from graph of force vs displacement.
Observation Table:
Initial Position: ____0.057_____ m.
CALCULATIONS:
No. Applied Load Distance covered Spring Constant(K)
F (N) X (m) K=-F/x
1 0.91962 0.018 10.9
2 0.3924 0.035 11.21
3 0.5886 0.053 11.11
4 0.7848 0.068 11.54
5 0.981 0.085 11.54
6 1.1772 0.1 11.772
Graph :

1.4 Graph b/w (F) vs (X)

1.1772
1.2
0.981
1
Force Applied (N)

0.7848
0.8
0.5886
0.6
0.3924
0.4
0.196
0.2

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Distance Covered (m)
Summary:
This experiment is designed to explore Hooke's Law by observing a spring's behavior under
different weights and measuring its stretch or compression. By recording the force applied and

the spring's displacement, we can verify Hooke's Law and calculate the spring constant (K)
with in the elastic region, where the spring returns to its original shape once the force is
removed.

Experiment 03
Time period of a Simple Pendulum
Objectives:
1) To determine time period of a simple pendulum for different lengths.
2) To find out value of gravity on earth using simple pendulum.
3) To discuss the result of the experiment.
Observation Table:
i. Determine time period of a simple pendulum and compare with theoretical value.
No. Length of No. of Major time for N Time Calculated
string L(m) oscillation oscillation t(sec) period of time period
N(#) one (eq.1)
oscillation
T=t/N
1 0.335 10 11.88 1.18 1.16
2 0.3 10 11.2 1.12 1.12
3 0.25 10 10.6 1.06 1.00
4 0.2 10 9 0.9 0.89

ii. Modify the equation 1 and determine the value of gravity using the above method

No. Length of No. of Major time for N Time Value of

string L(m) oscillation oscillation t(sec) period of gravity
N(#) one (eq.2)
oscillation
T=t/N
1 0.335 10 11.88 1.18 9.5
2 0.3 10 11.2 1.12 9.4
3 0.25 10 10.6 1.06 8.8
4 0.2 10 9 0.9 9.75
 Summary :
The experiment typically confirms that the time period of a simple pendulum increases as the
square root of its length, validating the theoretical.

Experiment 04,05,06
Projectile Motion

Objectives:
1) To determine the range as a function of the angle of inclination.
2) To determine the maximum height of projection as a function of the angle of inclination.
3)To determine the (maximum) range as a function of the initial velocity.

Angle of Initial Velocity (m/s) Maximum Range (m) Maximum Height (m)
Inclination v. exp v. o Calculated Observed Calculated Observed
(α)
30 85.15 85.28 642.68 615.21 92.76 97.36
45 117.13 117.26 1403.05 1220 350.76 44.76
60 128.23 128.46 1458.28 1350 631.45 840

Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed height Error %

height(m) (m)
30 584 580 0.68
45 470.20 470 0.04
Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed height Error %
height(m) (m)
30 656 580 11.58
45 337 377 10.61
Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed height Error %
height(m) (m)
30 1257.60 1250 0.60
45 943 950 0.74

Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed range Error %

range(m) (m)
30 554 570 2.39
 45 940 900 4.25
Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed range Error %
range(m) (m)
30 1516 1504 0.79
45 1349 1200 11.04
Angle of incline Initial velocity Calculated Observed range Error %
range(m) (m)
30 2178 2100 3.58
45 1887 1775 5.93

Experiment 07
Application of Archimedes’ Principle
Objectives:
To learn and verify the validity of Archimedes’ principle.
To determine volume and density of a given object using above principle.
Observation Table:
Object Calculated Initial Final Volume Actual Error
Mass Volume Volume Volume difference Density %
(g) (cm3 (ml) (ml) (ml) (g/cm3
)
M V V1 V2 VD=V2-V1 D=M/VD (V-VD)/V
250 30.02 1000 1040 40 6.25 33.244
500 57.01 1000 1060 60 8.33 5.244
1000 74.84 1000 1100 100 8.75 33.61
2000 132.33 1000 1250 250 10 74.68
APPENDIX A: Calculation Table for finding volume of an object using Vernier caliper:
Object Mass Outer Diameter Inner Diameter Height Volume
(g) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm3)
250 3.805 1.38 3.04 30.02
500 5.075 1.37 4.475 57.0
1000 5.75 1.31 4.965 74.84
2000. 7.612 0.52 6.95 133.6245

Summary:
The experiment confirms that Archimedes' principle holds true by showing that the buoyant
force on the object is equivalent to the weight of the displaced liquid.

Experiment 08
Pressure Measurement using Bourdon Gauge
Objectives:
To determine pressure using Bourdon gauge apparatus.
Observation Table:
Piston Weight = 1000 N.
Piston Area= 315 mm2
Increasing Mass:
Weight Total Observed Pressure (k Experimental Calculated Error %
Added Weight N/m2) Mean Pressure
(N) (N) RUN 1 RUN 2 Pressure (k N/m2)
(AIR) (liquid) (k N/m2)
0 10 45 50 47.5 31.74 33
5 15 60 65 60. 47.61 26
5 20 80 85 80 63.49 26
5 25 90 95 92.5 79.36 16.5

Decreasing Mass:
Weight Total Observed Pressure (k Experimental Calculated Error %
Added Weight N/m2) Mean Pressure
(N) (N) RUN 1 RUN 2 Pressure (k N/m2)
(AIR) (liquid) (k N/m2)
0 25 90 95 92.5 79.36 16.5
5 20 80 85 80 63.49 26
05 15 60 65 60 47.61 26
5 10 45 50 47.5 31.74 33
GRAPH:

79.36
80
Graph b/w Total weight and Pressure
70 63.49
Calculated Pressure (Kn/m2)

60
47.61
50

40
31.74
30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Total Weight (N)
Summary:
The experiment demonstrates the Bourdon gauge's effectiveness in measuring static pressures
and highlights any file discrepancies due to calibration needs, mechanical wear, or reading
limitations