MODULE

IN
STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY

TEACHER : MISS MARY JANE L.

BALILI
You can work at your own pace at home using this MODULE WHICH IS A SELF – INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIAL.
Topic: Exploring Random Variables

Time Frame: (Prelim) Week 1

Teacher: Ms. Mary Jane L. Balili

Introduction:

1.1 Definition of Terms:

Random number - number is a number chosen as if by chance from some specified distribution such that
selection of a large set of these numbers reproduces the underlying distribution. Almost always, such numbers
are also required to be independent, so that there are no correlations between successive numbers.

1.1.1 A “module” is a portion of such curriculum. It is a relatively autonomous portion, since it is based on a
limited number of objectives which the learner is expected to achieve and the school is expected to be able to
assess and certify.
1.1.2 This module will encourage you to integrate theory and practice within your own research context. It
provides an introduction to Exploring Random Variables.
1.1.3 How to use this module:
 Answer first the PRETEST WITHOUT referring to any part of this module OR ASKING
ANYBODY to help you answer the questions. This is just done to measure how much you know
about Exploring Random Variables. Your answers will be submitted to your instructor but will
not be graded but IT MUST be passed. Reading the succeeding discussions or asking somebody
to answer the questions is cheating yourself. So be honest.
 Read carefully and with comprehension the discussion that follows by topic.
 Then read the activity or activities after each discussion
 There are worksheets after each discussion. Answer the questions. These are what you will
submit to your instructor after a given period of time AND WILL BE GRADED. Use the BCI
test booklet in answering the questions. Keep your module.
YOU CAN NOW START
1.1.4 Learning Competencies:
 Illustrate random variable ( discrete and continuous)
 Distinguish between discrete and a continuous random variable
 Find the possible values of a random variable
1.1.5 Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability
distributions
 Apply an appropriate random variable for a given real – life problem

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Pretest:
What is random variable?
Learning Content:
Mode of teaching : Modular
References : ( Statistics and Probability textbooks page 1-8)
Guided Learning:
Experiment – is any activity , which can be done repeteadly under similar conditions.
Sample Space – The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment .
Random Variable – is a function that associates a real number to each element in the sample space. It is a
variable whose values are determined by chance.
Example : Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed . We want to find out the number of tails that occur. Thus , to each outcome in
the sample space we shall assign a value. These are 0,1,2, or 3.If there is no tails ,we assign the number 0; if
there is 1 tail,we assign the number 1; if there is 2 tail,we assign the number 2; if there is 3 tail,we assign the
number 3.The number tails is random variable .The possible values of this random variable are 0,1,2, and 3.
Illustration: Let T represent the tails and H represent the head.Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y. Complete the table below.

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Solution:

So the possible values of the random variable Y are 0,1,2, and 3.

A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible outcomes is countable . Mostly, discrete
random variables represent counting data , such as the number of defective chairs produced in a factory.
A random variable is a continuous random variable if it takes on values on a continuous scale. Often,
continuous variables represent measured data, such as heights ,weights, and temperatures.
Example : the number of female athletes - discrete random variable
The speed of a car - continuous random variable

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Learning Activity:
Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
1. the number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer
2. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
3. the amount of paint utilized in a building project
4. the number of siblings in a family of a region
Formative Assessment:
Defective Cellphones
Suppose three cellphones are tested at random . We want to find out the number of defective cellphones that
occur. Thus , to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value. These are 0,1,2, or 3.If there is no
defective cellphone ,we assign the number 0; if there is 1 defective cellphone,we assign the number 1; if there is
2 defective cellphones,we assign the number 2; if there is 3 defective cellphones,we assign the number 3.The
number defective cellphones is random variable .The possible values of this random variable are 0,1,2, and 3.
Illustration: Let D represent the defective cellphone and N represent the non – defective cellphone. Let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cellphones that occur. Find the values of the random
variable X. Complete the table below.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X

(number of defective cellphones)

Supplemental Activity:
Differentiate discrete random variables and continuous random variables

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.
Topic: Constructing Probability Distributions

Time Frame: (Prelim) Week 2

Teacher: Ms. Mary Jane L. Balili

Introduction:

1.1 Definition of Terms:

Probability - the extent to which something is probable; the likelihood of something happening or being the
case.

1.2 Learning Competencies:

 Illustrates a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties.
 Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
1.3 Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability
distributions
 Apply an appropriate random variable for a given real – life problem
Pretest:
What is a discrete probability distribution?
Learning Content:
Mode of teaching : Modular
References : ( Statistics and Probability textbooks page 9-16)
Guided Learning:
A probability mass function or discrete probability distribution consists of the values a random variable can
assume and the corresponding probabilities of the value.
Example : Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed . We want to find out the number of tails that occur. Thus , to each outcome in
the sample space we shall assign a value. These are 0,1,2, or 3.If there is no tails ,we assign the number 0; if
there is 1 tail,we assign the number 1; if there is 2 tail,we assign the number 2; if there is 3 tail,we assign the
number 3.The number tails is random variable .The possible values of this random variable are 0,1,2, and 3.
Illustration: Let T represent the tails and H represent the head.Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the probability of each of the values of the random variable Y.

Solution:
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Learning Activity:
Defective Cellphones
Suppose three cellphones are tested at random . We want to find out the number of defective cellphones that
occur. Thus , to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value. These are 0,1,2, or 3.If there is no
defective cellphone ,we assign the number 0; if there is 1 defective cellphone,we assign the number 1; if there is
2 defective cellphones,we assign the number 2; if there is 3 defective cellphones,we assign the number 3.The
number defective cellphones is random variable .The possible values of this random variable are 0,1,2, and 3.
Illustration: Let D represent the defective cellphone and N represent the non – defective cellphone. Let X be the
random variable representing the number of defective cellphones that occur. Find the probability of each values
of the random variable X.

Formative Assessment:
Illustrate the table here of your answer in the Learning activity (table of the probability distribution of discrete
random variable X).

Supplemental Activity:
In each of the following probability distributions, get the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable. What sum did you get? Show your solution.

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Topic: Computing the Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Time Frame: (Prelim) Week 3

Teacher: Ms. Mary Jane L. Balili

Introduction:

1.1 Definition of Terms:

Mean - (average) of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of
values in the set.

1.2 Learning Competencies:

 Illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable
 Calculates the mean of a discrete random variable
 Interprets the mean of a discrete random variable

1.3 Learning Outcomes:

 Demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability
distributions
 Apply an appropriate random variable for a given real – life problem

Pretest:
Find the average of the following scores : 25,35,38,22,19,17,40,16
Learning Content:
Mode of teaching : Modular
References : ( Statistics and Probability textbooks page 21-27)

Guided Learning:
Example : Grocery Items
3 1 1 2 3
The probabilities that a costumer will buy 1,2,3,4, or 5 items in grocery store are , , , , and ,
10 10 10 10 10
respectively. What is the mean or the average number of items that a costumer will buy?
Solution :

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So , the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1 .This implies that the average number of items that the
costumer will buy is 3.1.

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Learning Activity:
Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.

Formative Assessment:
The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3,4,5,6, or 7 patients in any day are 0.15 , 0.10 , 0.20 , 0.25 , and
0.30, repectively. Find the mean or the average number of patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
Supplemental Activity:
Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.

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Topic: Computing the Variance and Standard deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution

Time Frame: (Prelim) Week 4

Teacher: Ms. Mary Jane L. Balili

Introduction:

1.1 Definition of Terms:

Variance – refers to a statistical measurement of the spread between numbers in a data set. More specifically,
variance measures how far each number in the set is from the mean and thus from every other number in the
set.

1.2 Learning Competencies:

 Illustrates the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable
 Calculates the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable
 Solve problems involving variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable
1.3 Learning Outcomes:
 Demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability
distributions
 Apply an appropriate random variable for a given real – life problem
Pretest:
Write the symbol of variance and standard deviation.
Learning Content:
Mode of teaching : Modular
References : ( Statistics and Probability textbooks page 31-41)

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Guided Learning:
The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,dispersion, or variability of items in a
distribution.
Example : Number of Cars Sold
The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership , along with its corresponding probabilities , is shown
in the succeeding table . Compute the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

Solution:

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Learning Activity:
Complete the table below and find the variance and standard deviation of the following probability distribution.

Formative Assessment:
Number Heads
When three coins are tossed , the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of
heads that occur is given below. Compute the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

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Supplemental Activity:
Number of Items Sold
The number of items sold per day at a retail store ,with its corresponding probabilities is shown in the table .
Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

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