PATIENT INFORMATION AND HOSPITAL

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

AMAN SINGHAL [RA2211047010110]

AAGAM CHHAJER [RA2211047010110]
DIVJOT SINGH MANCHANDA [RA2211047010131]
SOMAAN RAUNIYAR [RA2211047010115]

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Sumathy G

Assistant Professor, Department of Computational Intelligence

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR- 603 203
OCTOBER 2024

i
SRM INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
KATTANKULATHUR-603203

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Course Project Report titled “PATIENT INFORMATION AND
HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” is the bonafide work done by AAGAM
CHHAJER [RA2211047010110], DIVJOT SINGH MANCHANDA [RA2211047010131],
SOMAAN RAUNIYAR. [RA2211047010115], and AMAN SINGHAL [RA2211047010132]
of IIIrd Year/Vth Sem B. Tech (AI) who carried out under my supervision for the course
21CSE205P - DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM . Certified further, that to the best
of my knowledge, the work reported herein does not form part of any other work.

SIGNATURE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Faculty In-charge Dr. R. Annie Uthra
Dr. Sumathy G Professor and Head,
Assistant Professor, Department of Computational Intelligence,
Department of Computational Intelligence, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai
Kattankulathur Campus, Chennai

ii
 ABSTRACT

The Patient Information and Hospital Management System is a robust digital

solution created to streamline healthcare workflows, manage patient data securely,
and optimize hospital operations. By centralizing patient records, such as
demographics, medical histories, diagnoses, lab results, and treatment plans, the
system allows healthcare providers to access accurate, real-time data for effective
and informed care. This reduces redundancies, minimizes errors, and enhances the
quality of patient services provided across departments.

The system's appointment scheduling and resource management features enable

efficient handling of patient visits, bed occupancy, and staff assignments. Through
these modules, administrative staff can easily manage appointments, allocate
resources, and minimize scheduling conflicts, leading to reduced patient wait times
and improved utilization of hospital facilities. This ensures a smoother experience
for patients and promotes timely access to necessary medical attention.

Furthermore, billing and financial management modules automate billing, payment

processing, and financial tracking, which simplifies accounting tasks and reduces
errors in financial transactions. Patients benefit from a transparent billing system
that allows them to view charges and payment history, enhancing trust and
satisfaction with hospital services.

The system also includes role-based access control, ensuring that only authorized
personnel can access specific data and safeguarding patient confidentiality in
compliance with healthcare data regulations. By integrating critical hospital
functions into one platform, this management system boosts operational efficiency,
improves interdepartmental communication, and ultimately supports a more
patient-centered approach to healthcare delivery.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TITLE PAGE

1 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1

2 CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM UNDERSTANDING 2

AND ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP MODEL

3 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN OF RELATIONAL 5

SCHEMAS, CREATION OF DATABASE
TABLES

4 CHAPTER 3: COMPLEX QUERIES 7

5 CHAPTER 4:ANALYZING THE PITFALLS, 8

IDENTIFYING THE DEPENDENCIES AND
APPLYING NORMALIZATIONS

5 CHAPTER 5: TRANSACTION CONTROL 9

LANGUAGE

6 CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION OF 10
CONCURRENCY CONTROL AND RECOVERY
MECHANISMS WITH POSTGRESQL

7 CHAPTER 7: CODE FOR THE PRODUCT 12

8 CHAPTER 8: RESULTS 16

10 CONCLUSION 21

11 FUTURE ASPECTS 23

12 APPENDIX 25

iv
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In healthcare institutions, efficient management of patient information and hospital

operations is crucial to providing high-quality care and ensuring smooth
workflows. However, hospitals often face challenges due to the lack of a
centralized and integrated management system. Current systems are frequently
fragmented, which leads to data redundancy, delays in communication,
inefficiencies in appointment scheduling, and inaccuracies in billing. This
fragmentation affects all stakeholders—patients, doctors, and administrative
staff—each facing unique but interconnected issues.

For patients, challenges arise in scheduling appointments, accessing their medical

histories, and understanding billing details. With limited transparency and
fragmented systems, they experience confusion and frustration. Doctors, on the
other hand, require up-to-date patient records, test results, and prior medical
histories to make informed diagnoses and treatment decisions. In many cases,
doctors encounter delays or incomplete information, which risks both patient safety
and the effectiveness of medical care.

Administrative staff are responsible for managing hospital operations, billing,

resource allocation, and inventory, yet they often work with disjointed systems that
require manual intervention. This lack of integration leads to increased errors in
billing, delayed payments, resource shortages, and overall inefficiency in hospital
administration.

Furthermore, security and privacy concerns are paramount in healthcare due to the
sensitive nature of patient data. Existing systems may lack adequate data security,
putting institutions at risk of data breaches and compromising patient trust.
Compliance with regulatory standards such as HIPAA (in the United States) or
GDPR (in Europe) adds an additional layer of complexity to data management.

1
 CHAPTER 1: Problem Understanding and
Entity-Relationship Model

This chapter provides a foundational overview of the project by analyzing the

problem domain, identifying key entities, establishing their relationships, and
designing a robust database structure to support the application's functionality. The
main entities utilized for this Hospital Management System project are Patient,
Doctor, Appointment, Diagnosis, Insurance, LabTest, Medication, Room, Medical
Record, Department, Treatment, and Bill (a total of 12 entities). The relationships
between these entities are illustrated in the entity-relationship diagram modeled
below. This structured approach enables efficient management of patient care,
medical records, appointments, billing, and resource allocation within the hospital,
supporting a streamlined and effective healthcare delivery system.

2
The Patient entity is central to the Hospital Management System as it represents
individuals receiving care. Each patient is uniquely identified by a PatientID and
has attributes such as Name, Date of Birth (DOB), Blood Group, Address, City,
State, Country, and Phone Number. Patients have various interactions within the
hospital system. They undergo Lab Tests, which are recorded in the LabTest entity,
linked through the PatientID attribute. They are prescribed Medications as part of
their treatment, which is managed through a relationship where the Doctor
prescribes medications based on the patient’s diagnosis. Additionally, each patient
has insurance details recorded, which are managed by linking the Insurance entity
with the Patient entity to cover medical expenses. This insurance coverage is
captured by attributes such as Provider, Insurance Type, and InsuranceID. The
Patient entity also connects with Appointments and Medical Records, providing a
comprehensive view of their healthcare history.

The Doctor entity represents healthcare providers within the hospital. Each doctor
has a unique DoctorID, along with attributes such as Name, Specialization, and

3
Department, which indicate their area of expertise. Doctors have multiple
responsibilities, such as performing Diagnoses for patients, which are logged in the
Diagnosis entity and linked via DoctorID. The doctor’s work is organized by
Departments, ensuring that each doctor is associated with a particular department
like cardiology, oncology, or emergency medicine, which is represented in the
Department entity by attributes such as DepartmentID and Location. Doctors also
schedule and manage Appointments with patients, recording details like Date,
Time, and Room Number, ensuring structured patient-doctor interactions.
Furthermore, they provide Treatments as part of patient care, which are
documented in the Treatment entity with details like Treatment Name, Description,
Date, and DoctorID.

The LabTest entity records various medical tests conducted on patients. Each lab
test has a unique LabTestID and includes attributes such as TestName and
TestResult. The entity is linked to the Patient entity to document tests a patient has
undergone. Similarly, Medications prescribed by doctors are recorded in the
Medication entity, with each medication having attributes like MedicationName,
Dosage, and PatientID, which ties back to the patient receiving the medication.
The Insurance entity captures details of a patient’s health insurance coverage.
Attributes such as InsuranceID, Provider, Insurance Type, and Insurance Name
help manage financial aspects by connecting patients with their respective
insurance providers. This connection allows tracking of which treatments and
diagnoses are covered under a patient’s insurance plan, simplifying the billing and
claims process. The Bill entity is also associated with this, containing BillID,
Amount, LabTestID, and Appointment attributes to streamline financial
management and record all expenses related to patient care.

The Room entity represents hospital rooms and wards where patients may be
accommodated. Each room has attributes like RoomID, RoomType, and Capacity,
helping manage patient accommodation effectively. The Appointment entity tracks
scheduled visits between doctors and patients, containing attributes such as
AppointmentID, Date, Time, and Room Number. This entity ensures that patient
appointments are organized, minimizing scheduling conflicts.
Finally, Medical Records capture the entire history of a patient’s treatments,
diagnoses, and prescriptions. This entity is linked to both the Patient and Doctor
entities, ensuring a detailed log of each patient’s medical journey within the

4
hospital. The Treatment entity further supports this by documenting specific
treatments administered to patients, with details like Treatment Name, Date, and a
summary description.

This Entity-Relationship Diagram demonstrates a well-structured database design,

enabling efficient management of patient care, doctor interactions, medical records,
billing, and more. By capturing relationships between these entities, the system
supports seamless data flow, allowing healthcare professionals to provide timely
and coordinated care.

CHAPTER 2: Design of Relational Schemas,

Creation of Database Tables

This chapter discusses the design of relational schemas for a patient management
system, which includes defining entities, attributes, and relationships. The images
included provide visual examples of how data is structured within the database
tables, helping to understand the real-world layout of information.

In the development of the relational schemas, we identified several primary entities

including Patient, Doctor, Appointment, Room, Medication, and Department. The
data layouts in the images below display example records that represent the
structure of these tables in our database design.

5
Figure-2 shows the structure of the appointment table with fields like
appointment_id, patient_id, doctor_id, appointment_date, and reason_for_visit.
This table helps track patient visits and the reasons for their appointments,
facilitating scheduling and record-keeping.

The Patient Information section includes key data fields to uniquely identify and
categorize each patient within the hospital system. These fields include the Patient
ID, First Name, and Last Name, which together serve as the primary means of
patient identification. The Gender field is important for certain medical conditions
and considerations that may vary by gender. Additionally, the Address field
provides insight into the patient’s place of residence or, in some cases, their current
ward location within the hospital. This ensures that patients can be easily located
and communicated with, both within the hospital and post-discharge.

The Appointment Information section tracks the scheduling and purpose of each
visit to the hospital. It includes Appointment ID and Appointment Date, ensuring
each visit is uniquely identified and recorded for proper tracking and continuity of
care. The Reason for Visit field, such as "Pain" or "Eye Check", provides a quick
reference to the patient’s condition or complaint, which is essential for triaging and
prioritizing care based on urgency. This section also helps in aligning resources
(such as rooms and staff) to ensure efficient patient management.

The Room and Accommodation Details are crucial for managing patient
placements within the hospital. Information like Room ID, Room Number, and
Room Type (e.g., "General") helps to identify and manage patient occupancy in
various hospital rooms. Room Status indicates whether a room is currently
occupied, which is important for maintaining hospital capacity and efficiently
assigning rooms to incoming patients. This also helps ensure that available

6
resources are maximized, and patients are placed in suitable accommodations
based on their needs.

The Medical and Medication Information section tracks the clinical aspects of a
patient’s treatment. Nurse Allocation identifies the nurse assigned to a patient,
ensuring accountability and consistent care. The Medication Issued Status field,
such as "Ongoing" or "Completed", indicates whether a prescribed medication
course is being followed or has been completed. Dosage instructions associated
with each medication help healthcare providers track the treatment plan accurately.
This section plays a vital role in ensuring that patients are receiving the correct
treatment in a timely manner, contributing to effective medical outcomes.

The Contact Information section records the patient’s phone numbers, which may
include multiple contacts (such as family or emergency contacts). This ensures that
the hospital can reach the patient or their relatives in case of emergencies,
appointment reminders, or follow-up communication. Reliable contact information
is vital for maintaining communication throughout the patient’s treatment journey
and after discharge.

The Doctor and Department Information section is essential for managing

healthcare staff and their roles. The Doctor ID, along with the First Name and Last
Name, uniquely identifies each doctor, while their Specialty (e.g., "Kidney",
"Eyes") helps assign the appropriate medical expertise to the patient’s condition.
The Department ID and Department Name organize medical staff based on their
specialization, such as “ABC” or “DCF” for internal departments. This system
allows for better resource management, facilitating patient referrals to specialized
departments as needed.

7
8
9
 CHAPTER 3: Complex Queries

This next step after designing the relational schema is to model the complex
queries to retrieve data from these tables. Upon data retrieval, there are countless
use cases where multiple tables are needed to get the intended data for display. The
complex queries that utilize joins are illustrated below with the query along with
the table output.

1. CREATION OF A TABLE AND ADDING COLUMN TO IT

2. DELETING ENTRIES FROM TABLES

10
3. UPDATING ENTRIES

4. SELECTION BASED ON QUERY

5. INNER JOIN

11
6. LEFT JOIN

7. RIGHT JOIN

8. CROSS JOIN

12
9. CREATION OF VIEW

13
10. TRIGGER

14
 CHAPTER 4: Analyzing the pitfalls, Identifying the
dependencies and applying normalizations

Before implementing the Patient Information Platform, it is essential to normalize the

database tables. Normalization in database design plays a critical role in organizing
healthcare data, minimizing redundancy, and maintaining data integrity. By structuring
data into related tables and establishing relationships among them, normalization helps
avoid duplicate information—this conserves storage space and reduces the chance of
inconsistencies. For instance, a patient's address stored in multiple locations would
require updates in every instance, increasing the risk of error. Normalization also
enhances data retrieval efficiency, making patient data management more effective.

Normalization to 1NF:

The initial step in the normalization process involves transforming unnormalized data
into the First Normal Form (1NF). In the unnormalized version, multiple attributes are
often combined into one, leading to redundancy. For a patient database, this could include
multi-valued attributes such as contact numbers or addresses stored in a single column. In
n1NF, these multi-valued attributes are split into individual records, so each attribute has
a unique value within each table row. For example, a patient’s multiple contact numbers
would be separated into individual rows.

Normalization to 2NF and 3NF:

Once in 1NF, the tables are analyzed for Partial Dependencies to achieve Second Normal
Form (2NF). In a patient information system, partial dependencies may arise when
non-primary attributes (like patient age) are only partially dependent on a subset of the
primary key. By splitting the table, we ensure that each table represents a single concept,
such as separating patient contact details from their medical records.

To achieve Third Normal Form (3NF), we remove Transitive Dependencies where a

non-primary attribute depends on another non-primary attribute. For example, if a

15
patient’s primary physician is stored alongside their address and both fields depend on
patient ID, transitive dependency is removed by creating separate tables for patient
addresses and physicians, linked by foreign keys.

Normalization to 4NF:

In healthcare data, multi-valued Dependencies are common, especially for attributes like
phone numbers, emergency contacts, and addresses. In Fourth Normal Form (4NF), we
create separate tables for these multi-valued attributes, linking them to the patient ID as a
foreign key to remove redundancy and ensure data integrity.

16
 CHAPTER 5: TRANSACTIONAL CONTROL
LANGUAGE

A transactional control system is a set of SQL commands and mechanisms

that manage the execution, integrity, and isolation of transactions in a
database. Transactions are sequences of one or more SQL operations (like
INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) that must be treated as a single unit of
work. They should either complete fully or not at all, maintaining data
consistency and preventing partial updates in cases of failure.
Transactional control ensures that a database remains reliable and
accurate even in cases of concurrent access or system crashes.

Key Concepts in Transactional Control Systems:

Transaction: A transaction is a sequence of SQL operations that is treated
as a single unit. Transactions help maintain the ACID properties (Atomicity,
Consistency, Isolation, Durability).

ACID Properties:
Atomicity: Ensures that all operations within a transaction are completed.
If any part fails, the entire transaction fails, and the database state remains
unchanged.
Consistency: Guarantees that a transaction takes the database from one
valid state to another, maintaining all rules, constraints, and relationships.
Isolation: Ensures that the operations in one transaction are not visible to
other concurrent transactions until they are complete.
Durability: Ensures that once a transaction has been committed, the
changes are permanent, even in the case of a system crash.

Transaction Control Commands:

START TRANSACTION: Begins a new transaction. From this point on, any
SQL operations are considered part of the transaction until it is explicitly
ended by either committing or rolling back.

COMMIT: Saves all changes made by the transaction permanently in the

17
database.
ROLLBACK: Reverts the database back to its state at the beginning of the
transaction or to a specific savepoint, effectively undoing any changes
made in the transaction.

SAVEPOINT: Creates a designated point within a transaction to which you

can rollback, allowing for partial undoing within a transaction without
affecting the whole.

18
OUTPUT:

The amount didn't get deducted, and rollback happened as the required amount was
not present in the sender’s account.

Thus, no transactions happened.

19
20
OUTPUT:

This time there was sufficient balance, so the amount got deducted and there was
no rollback.

The transaction was done, so it is visible here.

21
 Chapter 6: Implementation of Concurrency Control
and Recovery Mechanisms with PostgreSQL

Concurrency control and recovery mechanisms are critical components in ensuring

the consistency and reliability of a Patient Information System (PIS), especially
when using PostgreSQL as the database management system. These mechanisms
help manage simultaneous access to sensitive patient data, prevent data conflicts,
and provide system recovery in the event of a failure. PostgreSQL’s built-in
features offer a robust and scalable solution for handling these requirements,
ensuring that the healthcare system remains operational even during peak usage or
unforeseen incidents.

PostgreSQL offers advanced concurrency control techniques to manage multiple

users accessing and modifying patient records simultaneously. One such technique
is Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC), which allows each transaction to
operate on its own snapshot of the data. This ensures that read operations do not
block write operations, and vice versa. For instance, while multiple doctors may
view a patient’s records, updates to those records are handled without causing
conflicts, as each user works on a separate version of the data. PostgreSQL also
provides different transaction isolation levels, with Serializable being the highest
level of isolation, which ensures that concurrent transactions behave as if they were
executed sequentially. This isolation level is vital in healthcare applications where
multiple users may update the same patient record, preventing inconsistent data
from being recorded. Additionally, PostgreSQL supports row-level locking and
table-level locking, which are used to prevent conflicts when multiple users
attempt to modify the same record. For example, if a nurse is updating a patient’s
contact details, the record will be locked to prevent other users from making
conflicting changes until the update is complete. In case of deadlocks—where two
transactions prevent each other from proceeding—PostgreSQL automatically
detects and resolves them by aborting one of the transactions, allowing the other to
continue. This ensures that no transaction gets stuck indefinitely, ensuring the
smooth operation of the system.

PostgreSQL offers robust recovery mechanisms to safeguard patient data and

ensure system reliability in the event of failures such as crashes or power outages.

22
One of the core features is Write-Ahead Logging (WAL), which logs all changes to
the database before they are applied. This ensures that in the case of a system
crash, the database can be recovered by replaying the log, either committing or
rolling back transactions to maintain data integrity. For example, if a power failure
occurs while a patient's medical record is being updated, PostgreSQL uses WAL to
ensure that the transaction is either fully committed or rolled back, preventing
partial or corrupt data from being stored. Additionally, PostgreSQL supports
Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR), allowing the system to be restored to a specific
state at a particular time using archived WAL files. This feature is critical for
recovering from catastrophic failures or data corruption. For instance, if an
incorrect update is made to patient records, the system can roll back to the last
known good state, ensuring that erroneous data is not retained. PostgreSQL also
provides Hot Standby and Replication, allowing the database to maintain real-time
copies of itself. These replicas can take over in case the primary database fails,
ensuring minimal downtime and continuous access to patient data. Lastly,
automated backups can be scheduled to create snapshots of the database, ensuring
that even in the event of a failure, the most recent data is recoverable.

To implement effective concurrency control and recovery in the Patient

Information System, several practical steps must be followed. For concurrency
control, PostgreSQL should be configured to use Serializable isolation and
Row-Level Locking to ensure that only one user can modify a particular patient’s
record at any time, thus preventing data conflicts. For recovery, it is essential to
configure Write-Ahead Logging (WAL), Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR), and Hot
Standby to guarantee that the system can recover from failures while preserving the
integrity of the data. While managing high levels of concurrent access, especially
during peak hours, can lead to locking conflicts, PostgreSQL’s MVCC and
appropriate isolation levels can mitigate this risk. Ensuring zero data loss in critical
healthcare applications will require careful configuration of backup and recovery
strategies, such as automated backups and real-time replication, to prevent data
corruption or loss during unforeseen events.

PostgreSQL’s advanced concurrency control and recovery mechanisms provide an

ideal solution for the Patient Information System, ensuring data consistency,
system reliability, and fast recovery from failures. By leveraging features like
MVCC, Serializable isolation, and Write-Ahead Logging (WAL), PostgreSQL

23
guarantees that the data remains consistent even in the event of concurrent
transactions. Moreover, tools like Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR), Hot Standby,
and Automated Backups ensure that the system remains available and recoverable,
with minimal downtime and data integrity maintained at all times.

24
25
 CHAPTER 7 : CODE FOR THE PROJECT
// /pages/api/patients.js

import prisma from '../../database/prismaClient';

export default async function handler(req, res) {

if (req.method === 'POST') {

const { first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender, contact_number,

address } = req.body;

try {

// Convert date_of_birth to a Date object

const newPatient = await prisma.patients.create({

data: {

first_name,

last_name,

date_of_birth: new Date(date_of_birth), // Ensure date format

compatibility

gender,

contact_number,

address,

},

});

res.status(200).json(newPatient);

} catch (error) {

26
 console.error("Error creating patient:", error);

res.status(500).json({ error: 'Error creating patient' });

} else if (req.method === 'PUT') {

const { patient_id, first_name, last_name, date_of_birth, gender,

contact_number, address } = req.body;

try {

// Convert date_of_birth to a Date object for updating

const updatedPatient = await prisma.patients.update({

where: { patient_id },

data: {

first_name,

last_name,

date_of_birth: new Date(date_of_birth),

gender,

contact_number,

address,

},

});

res.status(200).json(updatedPatient);

} catch (error) {

console.error("Error updating patient:", error);

res.status(500).json({ error: 'Error updating patient' });

27
 }

} else {

res.status(405).json({ error: 'Method Not Allowed' });

// /pages/index.js

import { useState } from 'react';

import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';

import axios from 'axios';

export default function Home() {

const { register, handleSubmit, setValue } = useForm();

const [patientId, setPatientId] = useState(null);

const onSubmit = async (data) => {

try {

if (patientId) {

// Update patient

await axios.put('api/patients', { patient_id: patientId, ...data

});

alert('Patient updated successfully!');

} else {

// Add new patient

28
 await axios.post('api/patients', data);

alert('Patient added successfully!');

setPatientId(null); // Reset after submission

} catch (error) {

console.error(error);

alert('Error saving patient data!');

};

return (

<div>

<h1>{patientId ? 'Edit Patient' : 'Add Patient'}</h1>

<form onSubmit={handleSubmit(onSubmit)}>

<div>

<label>First Name:</label>

<input type="text" {...register('first_name', { required: true

})} />

</div>

<div>

<label>Last Name:</label>

<input type="text" {...register('last_name', { required: true })}

/>

</div>

<div>

29
 <label>Date of Birth:</label>

<input type="date" {...register('date_of_birth', { required: true

})} />

</div>

<div>

<label>Gender:</label>

<input type="text" {...register('gender', { required: true })} />

</div>

<div>

<label>Contact Number:</label>

<input type="text" {...register('contact_number', { required:

true })} />

</div>

<div>

<label>Address:</label>

<input type="text" {...register('address', { required: true })}

/>

</div>

<button type="submit">{patientId ? 'Update Patient' : 'Add

Patient'}</button>

</form>

</div>

);

30
CHAPTER 8 : RESULTS

31
32
33
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Patient Information and Hospital Management System (PIS/HMS)

is a comprehensive solution that streamlines the management of healthcare
operations, ensuring a seamless flow of information across various departments. It
enables efficient patient care by maintaining accurate records, facilitating easy
appointment scheduling, and tracking treatments and medications. By leveraging
robust technologies such as PostgreSQL, the system ensures that sensitive patient
data is handled securely, with advanced concurrency control and recovery
mechanisms safeguarding against data conflicts and system failures.

The system's ability to manage concurrent transactions through Multi-Version

Concurrency Control (MVCC) and ensure data integrity through Write-Ahead
Logging (WAL) is crucial in environments where multiple users access and update
patient information simultaneously. Recovery mechanisms like Point-in-Time
Recovery (PITR) and Hot Standby ensure the system can quickly recover from
failures, minimizing downtime and preserving data accuracy.

Furthermore, integrating real-time data replication and automated backups

strengthens the reliability of the system, ensuring that healthcare professionals can
access the most up-to-date information at all times. The design of the system
promotes better coordination among medical teams, reduces administrative
overhead, and enhances patient satisfaction by providing a transparent and efficient
healthcare experience.

Overall, the PIS/HMS represents a critical advancement in healthcare technology,

combining operational efficiency with data security and reliability, which are key to
improving patient outcomes and optimizing hospital management.

34
 FUTURE ASPECTS

The future aspects of the Patient Information and Hospital Management System
(PIS/HMS) offer vast opportunities for transformation in healthcare delivery. One
major area is the integration of AI and machine learning. Predictive analytics could
be used to analyze patient data, enabling healthcare providers to foresee health
trends, patient conditions, and treatment outcomes, allowing for proactive care.
Additionally, AI could assist in clinical decision-making by suggesting diagnoses
and treatments based on historical patient data, as well as automate administrative
workflows such as appointment scheduling and medication tracking.

Another area for growth is the use of blockchain technology for enhanced data
security and interoperability. Blockchain can ensure data integrity and prevent
unauthorized access to sensitive patient records. It can also facilitate secure data
sharing across different healthcare systems, ensuring patient information is
accessible wherever and whenever needed, with full privacy compliance. This could
improve collaboration between healthcare providers while maintaining strict security
standards.

The rise of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring is also shaping the future of
PIS/HMS. Integration with telemedicine platforms could allow for virtual
consultations, improving access to care, especially in underserved areas.
Additionally, remote monitoring systems could be incorporated, using wearable
devices to track patients’ health in real-time and alert healthcare providers to any
anomalies, enabling quicker responses to emerging health issues.

In the context of cloud-based solutions and mobile access, the shift to cloud
technologies could offer greater scalability, easy access to patient data, and
collaboration opportunities across healthcare professionals. Patients could also
benefit from mobile apps that provide direct access to their medical records, lab
results, appointment scheduling, and more, improving patient engagement and
communication with healthcare providers.

Finally, enhanced patient experience will remain a focus. With patient empowerment
through self-service options for appointment management, bill payments, and direct
communication with healthcare providers, patients will have more control over their

35
healthcare journey. Real-time feedback systems could help hospitals continuously
improve patient care by responding to patient satisfaction and concerns.

These future advancements will not only make the Patient Information and Hospital
Management System more efficient but will also lead to better healthcare delivery,
improved patient outcomes, and greater accessibility to medical services.

36
 APPENDIX : NPTEL PROGRESS REPORT
AMAN SINGHAL RA2211047010132

37
AAGAM CHHAJER RA2211047010110

38
SOMAAN RAUNIYAR RA2211047010115

39
DIVJOT SINGH MANCHANDA RA2211047010131

40