Computer Networking Full Course - OSI Model Deep

Dive with Real Life Examples

youtube.com/watch

17 January 2022

Introduction
hey everyone welcome back to another video and in this video we're doing a complete
computer networking course

which is important for the current boot camps that I'm running and the future boot camps
as well because if you're a

developer then networking is you know important uh how networking works even if you're
a mobile developer or a web

developer for example or like we're doing the devops boot camp right now right um so it's
crucial right it's

extremely important so the the a little bit of like a motivational thing that I'll tell you is when
I started with

like computer science in my in my college I had the thrill of uh you know

like how things are working so I used to look at like what is RAM how does RAM work
how do computers work what are the

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computer architectures what happens when the computer starts up how does the internet
work when I type

www.google.com how does it display the web page what are all the internals and
everything so in this little story that

I mentioned there are a lot of components how computers work how this thing works how
that things works and so

on and so forth this is the sort of mindset you need to have if you want to be a great you
know like developer and

like uh be an extraordinary student if you will so in this video we'll learning about how
internet works okay computer

networking so please watch it completely it's going to be a long video because it's going
to cover like everything

about how internet internet works so we look at like what is internet basic

stuff how it's how it started right what were the early days like how it has evolved over the
years and then

technical uh technical deep types so what happens when you enter a URL what is a URL
how it gets resolved what is a

server what is a client what is the you know protocol what are the protocols The OSI
model and how actually how things

are working you know in a story format because even though we'll be learning

about the textual uh textbook stuff obviously but that is something everyone can teach
there is something you can

find everywhere um one thing I'll try to put it in a way is um make learning fun

as I always do in every single of my one of my videos uh storytelling uh uh

format right so that you have fun while learning so we're starting with the internet and uh
this is the complete D

boot camp that we are currently going on so you can check out the links in the description
we also have a complete data

structure algorithms boot camp for interview preparation so for that you can also find the
links in the description and then you can clear uh

any Fang interview with that preparation it's free everything is free so make sure you
check it out all right so when

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we talk about like computer networks right what does it mean what what do we mean by
computer network in in simple

terms it's it's just uh computers connected together right that's it someone in my college
also if they ask

me some technical definition or whatever right oh no you know that movie uh 3D

it's it's a movie Bollywood movie they ask what is a machine and that that guy literally like
says a lot of things I

have never been that guy I could not care less uh about the big big definitions okay what
is computer uh so

there computers computer also has a full form if you didn't know commonly oriented
machine particularly used for

training Education and Research that's the uh full form of computer I I I

memorized it because in my high school my teacher they used to ask us this

thing every day so anyway uh what is a network computers connected together

that is a network no no problem that is a network right then what is the internet so internet
is basically a

collection of these computer networks okay so my computer is connected to my sister's

computer her

computer is connected to someone else's computer and our computers are connected to
like you know the Wi-Fi or whatever

and that is connected to other people's computers and sort of like this these this
connection of con computers

connecting with computers this connection is basically spread across like you know
houses cities countries so

on and so forth so this entire connection on a global scale it's known as the

internet okay so I don't think I have to draw anything about it but uh this is a

network computer a connected to computer B okay if this is like spread across a

large region or countries or whatever know everyone connected to each

other like whatever like this is the internet okay so internet is a comp

collection of computer networks let's look at like uh we all know this right we all know
what

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computer is we all know these basic basic definitions and everything but let's look at uh
what do we actually

mean like how did it start and uh how are they actually connected that is what

we are going to be focusing on this course let's look at how it all started so let's talk about
how the internet

How it all started?

started let's go to you know the very beginning of uh of this era so what

happened was that the Cold War was going on and there was the United States and the
the Soviet Soviet Union and they

they were like battling with one another like who is going to be the very first okay so when
it came to you know um

launching the world's first satellite so the United States and you know the Soviet Union uh
you know Russia they

were like hey um who is going to launch the very first satellite we want our names to be
written in history for

example so Russia won the Soviet Union uh one they launched Sputnik in around

1950s somewhere 1957 to be precise so that was the very first satellite but

now the the US were like okay this is not cool we wanted to be the first how so what do
we do how do we not miss out

on further opportunities like for example we want to be the first to you know step on the
moon we want to be the

first on this or that or whatever right so you us was like okay this is not cool this is not
working we want it to be the

first uh so the US government they created a uh a program arpa so arpa is known as

advanced

research projects agency okay so they were like hey you are supposed to you know uh
do all the

scientific uh discoveries and keep our country number one okay so what happened

was that uh arpa you know they they wanted to like have a some sort of a way

to communicate with each other okay so arpa had like facilities they had their buildings or
whatever okay so they had

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their buildings in ious parts of the United States okay but they were like Hey how do we
communicate with them it's

becoming very difficult you know buildings are so much far far away from each other so
they developed something

called the arpanet okay so arpanet was basically uh uh there were like four uh four places

where these computers you can say were first was at like

MIT okay second was at like Stanford

third was at I believe UCLA and there was one more uh

University of Utah they were like connected to each other or

whatever okay something like that so now basically this is what they had so they

were like hey we can now communicate with one another we want to sell some files or
what you know whatever you want to do you can do it they were using PCP

for this transmission control protocol what what is TCP it's a very important topic TCP IP
IP addresses UDP and you

know file file the the the how simple mail transfer protocol all these things we'll be
covering in detail okay so

don't worry TCP forget about what TCP is let me tell

you what it like what what do we mean by these protocols and stuff so basically

in simple terms um you are sending an email to someone okay they that may

require some steps obviously I'm sending an email to someone it will require some

steps it like hey first send this email over here then send this email to that person they will
then download it from

the server and then they will read that email or whatever that will happen okay you want
to talk to your

friend okay so you're talking to your friend hey you connect with a friend make a establish
a connection then you send your video they receive your video

they send your they send their video you receive their video and you're talking on video
conferences and some of the

frame rates drop or whatever happens when network is not stable right you

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want to send a file that is very important and you don't want anything to be removed from
that file while it's

being transferred okay you're like hey I want to send these special secret documents and
uh obviously all the data

has to be sent no data should be lost okay so this is what you can say different

type of things I am trying to send over the Internet make sense email video

secure files so many things different types of things I'm trying to send over the Internet so
different types of rules

will be required okay there might be some rules set by someone hey if you're sending a

secure file the internet should make sure that 100% of the data that you have sent to your
friend will be

delivered if you're video conferencing with your friend then the internet can drop a few
pictures or frame rates

because it does not matter that much okay so these rules that are set up by people how a
particular data is being

sent these are known as protocols similar there's this TCP protocol IP protocol UDP so
many other things okay

now you know what TCP IP UDP and stuff the category is individually what it is

we'll look into later on what is the difference between TCP UDP how email works and
everything

else okay sound good so this was like the very first computer sorry internet

stuff okay cool this organization is still available like there still like

they have been renamed but they are still in practice okay so that's basically about it and
uh after that you

know as Years Years progressed uh more and more inter uh more and more computers
were added more and more

locations were added to the aranet and uh that's it yeah started falling like

DCP IP just write IP over here as well that's it

okay as simple as that so right now we are in the very early stage of the internet it does
not have like really

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with like consumers or what it's more like research focused okay you're only able to talk
to one another like

this okay via some protocols we still use like tcpip but how it has changed

quite a lot let's look into that okay cool so one problem happened was that

but uh as this was a research project many people wanted to share their like

research papers and stuff which was not really working in this particular

domain okay so basically the idea was that

um I want to be able to share some documents that reference like some other

documents or whatever okay so what happens is that uh I want to send a

research paper from MIT to standard transfer for example this is a research paper it has a
link in it this link is

linking to another research

paper Okay so this automated sharing this was missing

previously okay so someone is like hey imit has sent me a document on uh about

something like uh you know um apples or

something and there's some other information about apples in another document I need
some sort of a way that

I just click this link and it will Point me towards that document then that research paper or

whatever comes into picture www the worldwide web you must have heard about

Tim burners right so Tim burners uh you know developed the worldwide web okay so

worldwide web is a project that basically stores these

documents okay okay you can store and you can

access these documents via the worldwide web all right you can actually check out

the very first website that was created as well let me show you okay this is the world's first
website

info.ch hypertex www. pro. HTML so don't confuse yourself with

worldwide web K what is worldwide web where is it stored okay whatever no it's just a
universal like it's it's allowing

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you access to all these documents and it has all these links okay if I click on

technical how to provide data okay you have plain text files you have script

and things like that okay you have to make a server we

all know we we learning how how to make servers and everything worldwide web you can
see on Wikipedia as well it's where

do documents and other web resources are identified bya a url url like this you know we
all know about what a URL is

which may be interl by hyperlinks there are so many links that are interlined in this web
page and they are accessible

over the Internet that's it that is the worldwide web a collection of all these pages and

everything okay and it's published by web

servers you can host your own server Okay so now you know where this all these things
is stored on web servers

how servers work we'll cover later on okay so URLs and everything uh URL

and everything we'll talk more about more about later but uh this is basically about it this
was the world's

first website okay this is it but you'll be like Kunal

there's a problem here there is no search engine like how do I search for something if I
want to search for

something how do I search for it you can't you can't search for anything in

this so This option was not available okay so to answer your question how did we search
for things then you couldn't

okay you just go to hyperlinks from hyperlinks you can you could save it in like some
indices but it could not scale

to like you know when there were like so many pages coming up and things like that so in
the end they had to develop

search engines Yahoo I believe was the very first one um but you can check out more
about it like in the history of

search engines you can go to Wikipedia and you can check it out then we had search
engines and now that's it that we

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are now you know in the history of internet now now a lot lot more things are coming up
you know like web 3 and

things like that and so so on and so forth like I'm not sure like uh you know

uh where we'll where we'll head up but uh but you know where we're going so

yeah that's the modern internet now we have search engines and everything but that's
like the brief history okay now

let's learn about you know the protocols thing that I was mentioning so you might have a
question Kunal why even we want

protocols why do we need these rules you know so imagine you are making an
application okay and someone else in

some other country is making an application you have some different rules about how
your application can

communicate with some other one's application they have a different rule like I will con
communicate with another

applications in a different way so can you really communicate with each other no no you
can't

that is why it is extremely important to have like a set of rules and regul regulations okay
so these rules and

regulations who writes these I'm talking about I want to send an email okay so every
single person who

sends an email to another person across the world you know have there have a

that email is being sent using a set of rules and regulations okay first this

will happen then this will happen then this will happen but who made these rules who
controls these rules who

creates the new rules the internet Society right now I'm just telling you

all the cool stuff but uh how it works how the every step happens that we'll cover later on
okay so the internet

society as you can see over here uh this is the internet society and they are the ones who
are responsible for all these

things okay so how do we actually make submissions

we can do that by RFC RSC means I believe request for comments okay so you

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can set a document like hey I have this idea about some feature of the internet or
whatever you can please you know

check it out so you can submit it on on this page it's usually submitted by you know very
high professionals or whatever

but anyone can submit submit until unless they have like an like till they have an idea
okay so the internet

Society comes up with all these rules and stuff you can learn more about them over here
internet society.org okay so

now let's talk a little bit more about some technical terms we know like how internet
started now and

everything but only mentioning about these protocols right the protocols and how

Client-Server Architecture
the like we know what is happening but we don't know how it's happening like I know
what the internet is how it started

but we still don't know how it works so before that let's You Know cover a few

terms and stuff so you may have heard about servers okay what is a server you

may have may have heard about a client so what is a client so example you have your
computer right this is you you have

your uh computer and um you write here

google.com Okay you click enter it sends a

request to the Google server and Google sends back a response

to your computer

client server

okay you write google.com again this is a very broad explanation every single D

construction of it like a deep dive of how this is happening internally what are the actual
steps that are being

taken and I will actually make the picture clear in your mind how the internet works okay
A little bit of a

spoiler alert you know the various countries and various continents across

the world we are connected via wires these wires are laid underground under

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the ocean that's how we are literally connected so internet is not like in the

cloud it's actually under the sea I'll tell you more how these things work internally later on
but the simple idea

is right now let's focus on what we are doing okay then then I'll talk you talk to you talk to
you about how we are

doing it so basically you write google.com Okay Google it it it this basically your

computer sends a request to the server Google's server okay and the server gets that

response Ser is like okay I got your response uh I got your request here's what you
wanted there you go take all

these take all these things it sends back a web page and a bunch of other

things a response is sent back to you

okay so does this mean that you cannot be the server yourself when you're like

your own computer cannot be a server it definitely can be that is known as when you
work on

Local Host and stuff okay so your same computer can actross a server also and a client
also okay let's just give you an

example of this okay here let me write

google.com web page loaded how what happened so there's a bunch of things

inspect ele inspect so inspect basically shows me all the things Network I'll refresh so

many things happened okay in this one request these many things

happened okay a get request was made and get request was made and so on and so
forth and these are all the things you

know like status 200 means everything is okay and everything so you got like HTML

uh and uh you got like J some JavaScript and PNG and HTML Json files and so on so

forth so all these things we got back from Google and it created this web

page okay let's do a deep dive into this like how this thing is working and how

google.com gets resolved to IP addresses or forget about IP addresses let's talk about
what are IP addresses okay what

are these protocols and everything let's and what is this like status code what is this get
what is this um you know

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post and get let if I refresh it you can see there's get there's post what is this method what
is this domain what is

this status code what is this indicator initiator what is this type and what

does this mean by like this transferred what is this B and KB what is this size what is this
thing what are these

milliseconds everything will cover okay so if you want to see all the

HTML that we got and everything and you can see like what is this thing everything we
cover right now okay so let's do it okay so before that let's

Protocols
talk a little bit about protocols that I mentioned previously so what are protocols Protocols
are just um rules

that are defined by the internet Society okay they're like hey these are the rules this is
how data is transferred

and everything okay so there are some like basic basic protocols there's like TCP which
we'll look into

details okay so TCP is known as transmission control

protocol Okay so so the idea is that it will ensure that the data will reach its

destination and it will not be like uh corrupted on the

way okay so there's something you definitely want the person to get completely you
should use it will be

using TCP in your applications okay there might be another examples like UDP so when
you do not

care about if 100% of the data is reaching your friend or not whomever you want to send
the data

for example video conferencing okay so not all data may be

reaching and that is totally fine by this that is totally fine by us another one is

HTTP UDP means uh user datagram protocol the next protocol is hyper text transfer

protocol okay this is being used by web browsers the worldwide web okay so it

basically defines um the format of

the um you know uh the data that is being transferred between your like uh

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when we talking about www so web clients basically and web servers okay clients and
servers Okay cool so when a client

over here in this you can see sends a request to a server

so these particular things like Client Center request to a server server will send something
back all of these things

are uh given inside HTTP how the server will send back the data that is also a

rule that is given in HTTP okay we'll talk more about that later HTTP https and everything
okay

cool so it's basically about it but don't worry we'll go into details of it as well like how it
works and everything

How Data is Transferred? IP Address

okay okay one more thing that we'll cover later on and I'm just giving you a brief about is
how data is transferred

okay um you know everything in online is like uh in computers everything is zero and one
okay so it's it doesn't make

sense to send the entire data at once suppose you want to send a large file over the
Internet do you send the

entire file in just one single go no it comes in chunks isn't that correct same

things happen with these sorts of things like uh when you loading a web page watching a
movie online or whatever data

you'll be getting will be in packets okay sound good let's

refresh so you can see these are like individual calls and you're getting different different
packets of

data all right okay so we have to cover about packets

also packets are to be covered there's one more thing when you write

google.com Okay how does it find which server to connect to or whatever

okay so basically these computers and servers they are all identified via

something known as an IP address so you can think of it as your uh phone book okay so
in computers what

happens is that uh sorry in like phone numbers what happens is you have your so many
friends right you have let's say

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200 contacts and uh when you call want to call someone you just dial their name

okay just like hey call Mommy and it will call your m okay or call suchin or someone okay

anyone you want to call do you type their number all the time no so what is happening
actual value is some number 9

9 91 1 1 9 something like that this is being linked to a

name okay name like John or something you want to call John you just call John

and it will directly dial this number this is the same thing for IP

addresses and stuff okay all the devices that are connected together you are watching me

right now okay you are connected to YouTube right now okay so YouTube server

okay you are interacting with the YouTube server so every single device on the internet
that can talk to each other

they have something known as an IP address okay IP address so

example um X x x x this is a format and

every single X can have the numbers from 0 to

255 okay you write google.com it will be resolved to a

particular IP address I hope it makes sense what is an IP

address okay sound good so we'll talk in detail about IP

address there are like classes of IP address that are reserved for example okay that no
one can use or whatever

okay and how it actually like Works Cool sound good if you want to check IP

addresses of your own computer you can you can do that as well you can use the curl
command and you can use like the

command C if config do

me- s you can use this command it will give you your IP address of your um the

internet internet provider okay so how does this work

Kunal do everyone have the same IP address or what is the IP address of my devices if
my device is connected to

uh if let's say you are at your house you have a router like a modem and a

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router and uh um you you you have like four devices connected to your Wi-Fi so

all these four devices are they going to have the same IP address or different IP address
or how is it going to work work

okay let's think about this this is how it actually works this is your internet service

provider okay mine is AEL for example Okay Internet service provider okay your

internet service provider gives you a modem or something okay your

modem and router or whatever okay this is going to have a

global IP address

all the devices connected to this Wi-Fi modem are going to have the same IP

address for everywhere around the world okay inside this modem device one

may be connected device 2 may be connected and device 3 may be

connected so the modem will give IP addresses to these as well

okay these are known as local IP

addresses okay these are known as local IP

addresses how does it do it DHCP Dynamic host configuration protocol this is also

a set of rules and regulations only I will talk to you about DCP as well in like in the later of
this courses right

now I'm just setting the stage taking my time and just setting the stage we'll cover it in
detail so modem and it allow

it assigns these IP addresses using DHCP

protocol okay that's basically about it okay so this is a global IP address

so if anyone wants to if you make a request to google.com Google will actually see This
Global IP

address so if this device one makes a request or device two makes a request request for
Google it will only be like

okay this one single device is making a request

okay

cool okay and when the request comes back from Google so this is connected to

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the internet I'll talk about how isps work and everything later on so you send a

request to Google your ISP will send a request to google.com Okay it will return back the

request okay now this modem will decide the router will decide who was the one

who had the request was it device one device two device 3 it does that using

natat Okay network access

translator I wrote it down over here somewhere yeah okay so like hey device one had

Google Chrome open on its Tab and uh that is the something that requested

this okay sound

good cool okay but now modem and router is

like okay I know device one was the one that made a request but which application in
device one made the

request how do we figure that out you're running let's say mongodb you

make some request and you want data to be get got you want the data to be back in
mongodb or you're running your own

server on your system you make a request to the internet and the data when it comes you
want it to come to your own

server or application whatever you're running you're gaming some for example you're
gaming you're chatting to someone

in an online game that is installed on your computer you send request to the internet the
internet gives back the

message of your friend and now your router is like okay I know it's it needs to be sent to
kunal's device but how do

I know where do I need to send this message do I send to the game or the browser or
whatever where do I send it

so IP address is a very important Point IP address decides which device to send

the data but how do we decide which application to send the data in that

device we that we do that using

ports okay because one single computer can be running many internet

applications and when the internet sends the data to that computer the computer has to
decide okay fine I have gotten

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the data but which application requested this data you do you make a you make

the you know all the all these will be having obviously the same IP address because
they're on the same device okay

but how do these applications differ using port numbers

okay that is basically what a port number is so if you're talk if you're talking to your friend
using uh you know

some some application some chat application or something so you will be having an IP
address you you and your

friend you and your friend are talking to each

other okay you will have an IP address and you will have a port number your

friend will also have an IP address and a port number IP address will determine where
your computers are located port

number will be denoting which application you are using to

communicate okay so IP address will identify the computer but Port will be

identifying the application okay

Port Numbers
cool let's talk a little bit about about ports okay so ports are are basically 16

bit numbers okay uh if you don't know what bits are check out the mathematics uh

video I did in the data algorithms boot camp there I have covered in detail uh number
Theory and everything so 16bit

means what if a port number is a 16bit number so 16bit basically means you can

have 16 cells um and each every cell can contain

what zero or one so how many total numbers can you create 2

to^ 16 okay so total port numbers that are possible are 2 to^

16 just something around 65,000 okay something around 65,000 port

numbers uh are available

okay sound good we know that web pages are using which particular uh

protocol HTTP don't worry how it's using it I'm just telling you I'm asking what is it using
how it's working everything

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I'll cover later on okay so we know web pages are using HTTP okay

so there should be some sort of port number defined for it if you're browsing on the web
you say google.com request is

sent to Google Google sends the request back now your request is on your device but it
does not know where to send it do

I send it to the web browser do I send it to the email do I send it to some game you're
playing where do I send

it for that a port is defined so all the HTTP stuff that you do that will happen

on Port

at it's well defined these are well-known ports okay it's defined by

people all right sound good

if you are running mongod DB okay DB I believe the port for

this is 27017 correct me if I'm wrong I'm not sure okay so ports that are from zero

till uh one23 these are reserved

ports what do we mean by reserved ports reserved Port means that if you have

your own application created you created your own application and you're like hey I will
host my application on Port at

you can't do that it's already reserved for HTTP

stuff okay sound good port number 1024

till something like 49 152 they are also registered but they

are registered for applications some some some specific applications like mongodb my
SQL okay so SQL has every SQL

Server that you run on your applic on your system it has a port of 1433 port

number okay the remaining ones you can use

okay sound good remaining you can use

okay that's basically about it but we'll dive deep into it as well so this was just basic stuff
right now we'll

obviously dive deep into everything okay so when we talk about like the internet you you
have your own like computer over

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here let's say okay your friend has a computer in some other other country and you're

connected somehow okay say

internet this is a cloud okay so you all are connected like

these you know big big things on the initial scale you're connected with your internet
service provider ISP so an ISP

is a person that connects you with the entire of the internet a company or whatever like
I'm using A10 okay but

before we dive into it let's talk a little bit more about like how do we measure it right so
when when we say

that what is the speed of your internet service provider like I'm like 350 Mbps

or whatever write that okay so what do we mean by this what do we mean by if your
speed is let's say 1

Mbps Mbps what is it what does it mean it's very

simple what what is the full form of MVPs is it megabytes per second no it's

meab bits per second bits bit one single bit is 0 or 1 okay so 1 Mbps means 1

megabits you can transfer per second Mega means one with six zeros so

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 bits per second can be

transferred 1 gbps is

what 9 bits 10 to power 9 bits

per second 1 kbps is what 10 to

power what KB means th000 yeah 1,000 bits per

second very small very

slow Okay cool so when you when you send the

data okay so you send the data back you send

the data from one computer to another computer let's talk about you you are sending data
from one computer to

another computer that is known as upload when someone sends data to you and you're
downloading that called

download okay the download speed upload speed that's basically what it's

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about okay so check it out uh you can check out ukla speed test or whatever

random speed tests and you can check out your internet speed okay so now let's talk
about let's start talking about

because it's such a complex topic I don't want to rush into it because people are like I
don't understand OSI

model or whatever and how it's actually linking towards one another so that's why I'm
building it up okay now let's

talk about how does this thing happens how does the communication between two
computers and things like this happen

there are two ways via which it happens okay one is the guided way and one

another one is the unguided way guided way means what guided way means like uh

there's a set of path already defined for example for example two computers

are connected with a wire that's the guided way what is the unguided way uh

communication is happening but there's no like one single path for example Wi-Fi

Bluetooth okay internet when I am talking to someone from the UK okay I

send the request to like my ISP ISP sends it to UK UK gives it back okay how

are our countries connected so on the minute details how it happens I look into later on
now

let's look into how the bigger picture happens how are countries connected with one
another okay because it's super fast

this transmission and everything that happens it's super fast how

Submarine Cables Map (Optical Fibre Cables)

this is how it's actually a website that you can go to submarine

cable.com so literally they have uh they have wires running across the

ocean from one country to another wires are running down the ocean

so you can see in India India fromwhere from Chennai

coochin and uh yeah somewhere from the south you can see we are connected to

Sri Lanka and uh this is uh Mumbai so from Mumbai we are connected to like

Dubai Oman UAE and we're also connected to I believe somewhere in Singapore so

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we're connected to Malaysia and stuff and that's how it sort of like

works okay so there's like a big um you know entity in like countries

that controls this big stuff in India I believe it's startup I could be wrong but you can this is

something this information you can find online who controls it from India and then they the
bigger entity they give it

to like smaller entities and then they give it to internet service providers and internet
service providers give the

control to us that's how it works on a larger scale so this is literally inside like uh

inside the ocean here you can

see some Marine cables are inside the ocean

this is one of the cable it's from Spain UK and the United

States cool easy SW let look one in India over

here let's check this

one okay 28,000 kilom is the length of

this cable it's running from a lot of places wow Japan South Korea and China and

Malaysia India UAE Israel um Italy

and UK one single wire spread across

continents how fascinating is this you can see this as well submarine

cables this is how it's inside the

water so internet is not like above above us it's actually under the ocean

this is basically the somebody in cable Google also owns a lot of this right uh Google has
its own

like search engine and whatever they own a lot of such cables right so Google is like also
pretty pretty famous in this

they have have like a lot of cables underground some people askal don't sharks or
something you know they cut

this cable or fish fishes don't they cut these cables um no they don't because it's actually
very heavily guarded okay

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and it's actually I believe buried on the ocean floor so animals can't get to it okay so if you
want to learn more

about it you can um how the you know data is uh like how computers get connected so
physically they get

connected in this way you know you can look at like your

optical fiber cables for example optical fiber

cables okay how these things work and all these other things coaxial cable coaxial cables
or

whatever okay you can take a look into this other than that this is the

wireless one so in the wireless we are already familiar with

it what is the wireless stuff Wireless stuff consists of

um like radio channels for example right so I'm talking about uh example

Bluetooth which is for short range Bluetooth is there then we have

Wi-Fi okay and if you want to talk about like longer ranges for that we have like

3G 4G like LTE now we have 5G also something like

that okay so that's basically about it now you'll be like why do you have why

do we have these you know why can't we just use satellites why do we have to put cables
under the ocean so many long

long cables across the world because it's faster than satellite okay

currently also there isn't like I haven't given you the actual feeling of how the internet thing
you know actually

works how how the protocols happen and what are various stages and the all the

things that I mentioned like you will have your Global IP and you know you will get the
request and it will

transfer it to your local computer and then it will transfer it to your application or whatever
so how these

things happen internally we haven't covered it yet we will cover it later on in this video
itself when we talk about

the OSI model okay so there are some layers in the OSI model and we'll cover every
single layer in detail before that

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I want to give you a refresher on what we learned in high school okay in high school we
learned a little bit about computer

okay so I just told you how countries are connected let's do a little bit of a refresher of
how various things are

LAN, MAN, WAN

connected okay so we know there's something known as a local area network

Lan okay so we know there's a local area network I'm just writing down pointers

you can Google it like uh like yourself what is this small uh house for a small

house or office if you have like some devices connected that is known as local

area network Okay small here does not mean that there's only five computers you can

connect or 10 computers you can connect okay you you can even come you can you
connect 10,000 computers if you

want okay but it just basically means it's like in an area

Okay Okay cool so that's basically it and uh let's also look at some of the

concepts of like Lan or how how these computers let's say connected it's very general
knowledge we have worked with

this before um you have uh if you have game you know gamed with your people like folks
before

you can connect it VI ethernet okay so how by ethernet ethernet

cable right they're like network adapters and ethernet switches because there are so
many ways to connect to the

outside world uh via Wi-Fi via like Bluetooth via Ethernet or whatever there

needs to be some sort of a device to manage this that's known as a like a network
adapter like network card s for

example okay or how you can connect on a local area Wi-Fi also yeah Wi-Fi works

you can connect by Wi-Fi also

okay now in high school we also learned about man metropolitan area network

which is across the city it's very simple stuff across a

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city okay I'll cover in detail how ISP helps us in you know connecting us to the internet
internet service providers

okay then there's a wide area

network okay of across countries for

example okay cool all right so wide area network

basically allows you know for you to connect over countries okay typically using optical

fiber cables optical fiber

cables okay so we all learned about this in the in high school but how does it

relate to the Internet so internet is actually a collection of all these

three a lot of local area networks that are connected to each other using

Metropolitan networks that are connected to each other using wide area

network okay so this wide area network there are

two more things I want to mention over here one is known as

Sonet okay Sonet basically means Synchro uh synchronous Optical networking

okay so it basically carries the data uh using optical fiber cables hence

it can cover larger distances second one is frame

relay now what is frame relay it's basically a W for you to connect your local area network
to The Wider area

like the internet okay

so that was about it okay let's talk a little bit more about this thing in detail a little bit more
terms before we

move forward to how the internal implementation and everything is done okay right now
also we have learned a

lot of terms and I'm writing it down over here the video is recorded I'll be adding time
stamps so you can add on it

add on to it like come back revisit and whatever so when I talk about modems and stuff
okay what is a modem when I talk

MODEM, ROUTER
about router what is router router so a modem is basically used to convert

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digital signals into analog signals and vice

versa okay for example the Digital Data that you have on your computer a modem

can convert that into an electrical signal so that you can transfer it over let's say some
telephone lines or some

other uh you know uh other modem at the receiving site for example and that will

recover the Digital Data like an image okay sound good or and a router is

basically a device that routes the data packets the packet thing we talked about right
based on their IP

addresses okay when we talk about OSI model we'll know that it works on the network
layer and uh they connected to

like the the lands that we just talked about in the B area networks okay so how this data is
rooted

and everything what is a packet what is consistent inside a packet and everything I'll
cover shortly okay but

uh what we're trying to say over here is that uh like for now that is what you need to take
into consideration we talk

about modem okay cool we already talked about

like how the client and server model works and everything so we talked about like what
modems and routers and these

all devices and stuff we'll cover later when we talk about OSI model and everything okay
so the client server

model we know uh client makes a request server will send a response we had a you
know uh we had it written over here

somewhere right okay cool um we talked about IP addresses a little bit right we

talked about uh what are an IP what is an IP address and it sort of like resolves you know
uh it's like a phone

book phone book of the internet if you will okay and um we can basically

remember the domain name and it will uh point to the computer or a server of that IP
address okay one more thing I

talked to you about was internet service provider okay so internet service providers are
companies that provide us

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access to the internet okay so internet service providers are basically

connected to larger internet service providers that provide service to them like I
mentioned

previously okay so in India the the top level you know uh they are like top

level is internet service providers in the world and there are only a few these are known
as Tire one or tier one um

internet service providers uh in India we have the tier one service provider Tata okay tier
2 internet service

provider can be like airel or whatever okay so there's a long cable

from Chennai uh for Tata in like Chennai to Singapore and

stuff okay so repeated it multiple times hence

you should not get uh not get confused and um yeah on a bigger picture that's

basically about it cool let's move forward okay now one more thing we

studied in uh in high school which is also very basic stuff which is uh how computers are
connected various ways

they are connected right so topologies you have studied this in high school as well

Topologies (BUS, RING, STAR, TREE, MESH)

topologies just a little bit of Rev don't want to leave out anything Canal you left out this
thing you left out

that thing or whatever okay so the number one topology very simple one everyone knows
this bus

topology okay so every system in the bus topology it's like connected to one like

a cord or like a backbone okay for example so here we can have let's say a

a backbone is like this and computers are connected to it like this computers

are connected this is bus topology okay but what is the problem here it's very simple if if
this gets

broken this link gets broken then uh it will like U spoil the entire

network okay and also since everything is being transmitted via this cable this

one over here um only one person can send data at a particular

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time okay so this is the bus topology this is sometimes how computers are

connected okay second one is also pretty simple which is known as uh ring

topology ring so as the name suggests computers are connected in a ring with

one another okay so in this for example you want to send data from here to here it's

very simple it will go via this wire okay but in ring topology what is

happening is that every system communicates with one another

okay so if Target from let's say computer a to computer F or something

like that it would have to go through computer B and computer C

also okay

cool but what are the limitations here now one more limitation here is if one

of the cables break then that's it you won't be able to transfer data uh what is the second

limitation a lot of lot of unnecessary like you know um calls are being made so

if you want to send data from a to F it's making calls to B and C also so that's also not
good right that's that's

a limitation all right cool let's talk

about another one another topology how are other computers are connected star

topology okay so what is the star topology there there is one controlling device one
Central device that is

connected to all the computers all computers are connected to

that only if computer a wants to send something to computer

B then um it will just communicate via this device over here this is a centralized

device cool what are some of the limitations if

the central device fails then computer system will go down your network will go

down okay there's another one fourth

one what is the fourth one tree

topology it's sort of like a combination of bus and star topology

okay so some some some star networks connected like a bus so bus basically

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contains one single one like this and every single one can have like itself a

star topology computer computer

computer centralized device computer computer computer so many many Star are

connected in a bus sort of a m okay so little bit has little bit more

fall tolerance and everything number five

mesh okay so mesh is basically something that uh every single computer will be

connected to every single computer okay

so every single

computer is connected to every single computer what are the limitations it's

expensive so much wire being used okay if you want to add one more

computer then you'd have to connect that computer with every single computer so
scalability issues

right that's it

yeah okay so this was about topologies okay now basic stuff are done and now

let's talk about the main stuff um which is also extremely important a lot of terms I'll be
sharing over here that are

going to be useful during the you know devops boot camp like you know like DNS

IP addresses cookies uh OSI model model and all these other things okay now this

is a new new like segment of this uh course now we're talking about the

Structure of the Network

network in uh like the structure of the network basically okay so structure of

network we'll talk about the OSI model let's talk about the structure of

network how things work internally what are all the processes involved and so

many other things like protocols how everything works internally what does it look like see
that as well structure of

the network let's imagine it with a real world scenario because I mentioned

initially I'll do that internet is very complex okay we all know that so it would make sense
to break it down into

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smaller pieces okay so how can we break it down into smaller pieces let's see

you you order some food okay you order some thing you order

food okay to the restaurant you call the restaurant or you order it on your app and the
restaurant gets your order very

simple right now you given the order to the restaurant the restaurant will uh

they will like you know um take your order and prepare your order okay so

restaurant will take your order and they will then prepare your order for example okay and

then they will sort of like let's say

um you know send it to the Delivery Agent okay a restaurant example is

actually a bit complicated um let's say we talk about

Amazon okay so you order something online okay you order something online

make sense you give it to Amazon and Amazon will be like okay we got it and

Amazon will take care of it okay then Amazon is like okay we have

got your order and now Amazon will ship your order to your local delivery

agent okay your delivery company delivery company let's say if

you're ordering is coming from the United States so it will be having delivery company
from the United States from there your order will be sent out

then your order will be transported

transported okay now your order has arrived in India your order has arrived in India it

will again be transported to the delivery company responsible right to the delivery

company that is responsible over here

delivery company or whatever okay and that delivery company

in turns will then provide it to Amazon like hey Amazon um the package is going to be
delivered or whatever you can

deliver it so let's let's imagine Amazon is like directly delivering it and this company is only

for Country wise country wise distribution okay then you get your Amazon from order
received

okay this is the internet this is how we can imagine the internet so basically

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you request some files you request let's say a video from YouTube a movie or

something right you can you can do that and YouTube will take care of it YouTube is
going to be like okay this is what

you want let me see how we can do it it is going to prepare all the data and it will give it to
you in terms of

transportation from its server then it will reach the server in your country it will be like
okay this is all everything

and now it's received to you

okay so this is basically what we are trying to do this layer where you get

the order and everything this is the application

layer from which you are interacting the very first so

application layer can be like your WhatsApp Messenger it's an application inter internally
how this complex thing

is working do you really know no we don't know all we know is how to use the application

WhatsApp okay so this was a general analogy now let's look into the details

of it let's look into how this thing works how the internet works this is the main part OSI

model very important part this is how the internet works main part this

transportation of data you send a message and the message is received to your friend
this this part is the

internet okay let's see how it happens okay so let's talk about how it works

OSI Model (7 Layers)

how the internet works okay so the OSI model stands for open systems

interconnection model okay so the idea is that um it it was developed uh so

that uh you know uh there was like a standard way uh of about how two let's

say two or more computers communicate with each other okay s good so it's just like it's

a it's a standard for how people and how servers or whatever communicate with each
other okay so there are a few

layers in this OSI model internet is very complex a lot of things happen Okay so right from
checking out an

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application and a messenger sending an application sending a message that that
message will be you know uh

sent to your isps or whatever and then it will be sent to your friend in another country and
then it will determine which where your friend is

which device which application very complex let's divide it into steps okay so there are
seven layers in

the USI model how many layers seven layers first is the application

layer I'll go into details of every single layer but right now let's look at the overview then
we will check at check

out every single layer independently okay application

layer presentation layer third one is session

layer transport layer Network

layer data link layer and then at the last physical layer OSI model is the

most important topic for interviews they ask you ask you in many many interviews

my friend was asked about it in the in his Facebook interview so OSI model is extremely
important please take care of

it okay so here are seven layers of OSI model every single layer will have like different
like you know protocols and

things and devices and everything being used which we'll cover into in details

okay so in detail we're going to cover this thing let's look into the abstract of it first just like
in simple terms

let's look into it okay then we'll look at every layer in detail first one is the application layer
okay let's talk

about the application layer what is the application I don't feel like writing I'm just dictating
you can write the

notes on your own okay so application layer basically it's implemented in what

software it's implemented in software as the name suggests it's an

application so the folks who are the users they will interact with their application send
messages files or

emails or whatever application layer contains the applications okay like browsers and

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messaging applications and so on and so forth okay so you send your data over from

application layer to presentation layer you sent a message that message was sent to

presentation layer now okay now what is the idea of

presentation layer so the the presentation layer basically uh so in

the application layer when I talk about like having software systems or you know like like
Network applications and stuff

like a Skype or Chrome or or whatever so obviously application layer protocols

have some you know application layer protocols like uh like HTTP and like file transfer
protocol so on and so

forth tnet I'll talk more about these protocols later on okay in detail okay and DNS and
everything we we'll talk

more about that later for now just focus on the above thing so it will have your data it will
give the data to

presentation layer like hey presentation layer take this data presentation layer will take
the data whatever your message

you're trying to send to your friend in another country it will get the data from the
application layer and this data

will be in form of what like words and characters and letters and numbers and so on and
so forth right so the

presentation layer is going to convert these characters and stuff into machine
representable binary

format okay from asky to something like ebcd I okay this is known as

translation okay a few more things happen for example before the data is

transmitted further it goes under like encoding like I me I just mentioned encoding
encryption okay so changing the

data so that it's only readable to the person that the data was sent to okay

that thing is happening over here how this happens internally can like okay you're saying
data is encrypted then how

does my friend know how to encrypt or decrypt it or whatever no don't worry about that I'll
cover that later on when

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we directly just talk about presentation layer right now in this module we are learning what
every layer does how it

does it I'll check out uh I I'll share with you later on okay so it encrypts the data it also
provides

abstraction okay it also provides abstraction so basically uh it

abstraction I've converted in object progamming but this presentation layer uh is basically
going to assume that uh

if I send the data downwards okay then it will take care of

it okay the data over here is also compressed so that it's easier to transport over like large
and like

reduce the traffic and everything so data is also compressed this can be

lossy or lossless it depends um but like uh yeah so we talked about encryption

compression translation right cool sound

good here SSL protocol is used SSL we'll talk more about like later secure sockets layer
for encryption and

description decryption okay so SSL what is it what are these HTTP tet or so many

terms you mentioned what are these protocols right now just think of it as protocol right
now just focus on what

these layers are doing okay then your data is sent to session layer okay okay so then
your data is

sent to session layer now the session layer protocol basically helps in

setting up and managing the connections and it enables you know like the sending and
receiving of data followed by

termination of the connected sessions okay so before a session is

established it will do some sort of authentication and stuff server you know many times it
asks for username and and

password that happens quite a lot of times that is known as like authentication okay and
then

authorization takes place so whether you have permission to access the file on a server
or not that

depends okay sound good okay so with the session

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layer also this is like the similar stuff session layer assumes that the layers below it will do
their work

session layer assumes that there's a layer let's say transport layer below it and it will be
like okay if I just

establish a session the data Transportation will be done by the transport layer it assumes
it so session

layers work is this thing okay maintaining for one more example can be when you're
shopping from flipcart or

amazon.com okay there's a session being created for your computer and the flip cart
server or whatever okay and when

everything happens it logs you out and payment is done that's basically the idea of
session layer okay how it works

internally we'll we'll obviously look uh look into like later on the data packets are used and
everything is used so on

and so forth okay cool next is the transport layer so data is transferred

from session layer to transport layer now transport layer basically it's like okay transport is
going to hey

application layer got some data and then it presented that data then the session was
established and now it's my part to

work with this data and make sure it's transported to the friend easily

okay so it has its own like protocol of how data will be transferred like UDP and TCP after
this overview I'll tell

you a little bit more about protocols okay so Protocols are nothing but how data is
transferred okay so it does it

in three way there's one part known as segmentation so data that is received from the
session layer it will be

divided into small data units called segments okay and we talked about port

numbers right so every segment will contain the source and the destination port number
number and a sequence number

port number we already know what it is right so correct application the data will be
received to the correct application like WhatsApp or Google

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Chrome or whatever sequence number basically helps to reassemble the segments in the
correct order we all

know that all the data will not be transferred as once it will be transferred into chunks for
that it has a sequence number I'll actually show you

this sequence number also we'll have some commands lined up okay the next thing is
flow control flow control

basically transport layer control the amount of data that is being transferred so the server
is you know having 40 mvpn

but the client has server is sending at 40 MVPs but the client is receiving at

uh 20 MVPs so then that's not going to work okay it'll be like hey slow

down also one more thing it works on is error control some data packets got lost

or corrupted data or whatever so how it works with that this is also something we'll see in
detail okay when we learn

about transport layer in detail right now I'm just telling you the overview okay and it adds
something

known as a check sum to every data segment okay that way it can figure out whether the
data that was received by a

friend was good or not okay so there's like uh connection

oriented transmission like TCP and there's a connection connection less oriented
transmission called UDP UDP is

faster because it it does not provide any feedback if data is lost or not it's like okay
whatever data you're sending

keep sending that is why some data packets get lost in UDP for example

video conferencing or gaming but in TCP it's like when your friend receives the

data your friend will send an acknowledgement hey Kunal uh internet I've got the data it
means 100% data

transferred don't worry so uses of TCP like email and file transfer protocol so

on and so forth okay so that's basically about we learn

more about like check sum and like segments and all these other things later on after that
what happens is uh

it gets transported so in here we'll be learning about UDP and

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TCP okay please make notes yourself okay um I can like can I don't want to like

uh ruin it but uh please make like notes yourself and I have I'm sharing everything so you
can make like make

make notes yourself okay so now we come at Network layer so Network layer is

pretty simple so Network layer basically works for the transmission of theed data
segments from one computer to another

that is located in a different network okay so basically here till now

here we're talking about our own network right now but now when you're talking about
sending this to the network layer

now this is communic communicating with other computers outside this is where the

router lives router lives over here router lives over

here okay make your own

notes from video okay so this thing like router lives over here and stuff uh things like

that you can make your own notes okay what is the function of uh

Network layer logical addressing so IP addressing done in the network layer is

known as logical addressing because you all know every computer has their own IP
address Network layer assigns the

senders and receivers IP address uh to every segment and it forms

an IP packet now Kunal why why is it assigning the senders and receivers IP address to

the packet the data packets that it's receiving so that every data packet can reach the
correct

destination okay sound good and also it performs routing so

moving one data packet from source to destination okay it's based on like IP

uh like IP addresses and things like that okay cool so it perform some sort of a

you know like logical uh addressing and then it will transport the

data okay we'll learn about how it does it in detail like subnet masking and

routing from packet one to packet B how it happens internally everything we cover later

on okay okay so it determines like okay Kunal um you know you have your own uh

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Network computer and there's your friend's computer what is the best path to take to
send from data from your

computer to your friend's computer what is the greatest path like I can take some routing
protocols and stuff there a

d algorithm that it may be using which we'll learn more about later so all these routing
protocols and like

transportation of packets and everything happens at the network layer load balancing
also happens over here right

to make sure that this it's not overloading okay cool after that the data is transported to
data link layer

data link layer basically allows like you to directly communicate with the computers and
hosts

okay okay so data link layer will receive the data packet from the network layer and this
data packet contains the

IP addresses of both the sender and the receiver which is you already talked about now
at the data link layer it's

actually doing two kinds of addressing logical addressing that is done at you know like the
uh like the at the network

layer which is about IP addresses and stuff um so when the sender and receivers IP
addresses are assigned to

form a packet so let's let's draw this only okay no problem no problem we can draw this
particular thing how it works

at the network layer okay no problem so we have your own computer you have your
computer a okay you have your computer a

it has a IP address of let's say something like uh 16811 okay it is connected to your

network like this network number one your Wi-Fi okay it's connected to your

Wi-Fi now here it's sending a message to let's say Facebook okay the data

packet okay so a data Facebook will have its own server like 1921 168.3 point1 or

for example it's the IP address of the Facebook server every pack it will contain three
things it will contain the

sender and receiver so if this is a receiver uh I have to draw it somewhere over here if
this is a receiver Okay

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computer B 192 16 8.2.1 okay so this IP address

192.168.1.1

subnet mask this thing is known as a packet so as you can see whenever a

packet is transported like this it will be like having the IP address of sender and

receiver okay then it will be transported to next person that is basically how it works so in
in data

link layer what happens is when you receive the data over here this will obviously be at
the network layer once

you have received the data and whenever you're working with routers or whatever that's
Network layer but now the idea is

which application to send this data to this is know as physical addressing this is done as
done at data link layer the

physical addressing not The Logical networking addressing no the physical addressing
and what are the physical

addresses you may have heard about those Mac addresses okay now Mac addresses of

sender and receiver are assigned to the data packet Mac

addresses okay to form a frame so frame is basically a data unit

of the data link layer what is a MAC address you may ask Mac address is a it's a 12-digit
alpha

numeric number of the network interface of your computer it's not like your computer has
only one uh Mac address no

your computer's Bluetooth may have some other network Mac address your computer's
Wi-Fi may have another Mac

address so on and so forth okay so data link layer performs

two functions it will allow the all the upper layers of the OSI model to access the uh the
these frames and stuff like

it will pass on these frames whatever things that I just mentioned and it also controls how
the data is placed and

received uh from the Medias using such using things known as media access control so
basically techniques used to

get the frame on and off Media and like error detection and stuff okay things like

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that so what does data link layer do data link layers adds Mac addresses in a

frame and in a packet calls it like a frame and uh pushes that frame in like

you can then transport that frame all all right I'll I'll cover this in detail uh later on but let's
move forward okay

and then in the end we have our physical layer okay physical basically contains of
Hardware this is the hardware section

and here you actually have like your some mechanical like wires or something mediums
and here uh it transmits uh

the bits from electrical signals it does not have like packets or datagrams like or segments
and things like that we

talked about so you work with uh cables and stuff in this okay so data that you

get from the above it will be like in the form of zeros and ones physical layer is going to
convert this into you

know and transport it over like wires and your local local media it can be like an electrical
signal or something a

light signal in the optical fiber cable or whatever or a radio signal in case of Wi-Fi or
something okay so the physical

signal uh the physical layer receives the signal converts it into like some at the receiver
section okay so when the

data is received to someone okay at that particular point of time the physical layer will
receive the signal convert it

into bits pass it to the data link layer uh as a frame and then frame will be you

know moved to higher higher higher higher layers let's look at how it this things works like
the order of execution how everything works okay let's see how

this thing works a little bit easily so I'm just going to I am going

to write it over here so you send a message this is

you and this is your friend okay how it how this thing

actually works so you have your application layer okay it will transport the message

to your presentation layer okay the presentation layer will do its thing transport it into the
session layer

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session layer will transport it into the transport layer and transport layer will make it into
like packets and segments

and stuff so divide it into like packets and stuff into the network layer okay

Network layer will also bundle it okay assign the IP addresses so

Network layer assigns the IP addresses sends it into the data link layer dat data link layer
will assign the like mac

addresses and stuff and send it to the physical router okay now your physical

router will send it to the physical router of your friend via that okay so

your physical router of your friend you can see this is not happening like directly I I'll just
show you right now

okay so how the IP addresses are resolved and

everything we'll cover later on okay so your physical layer it will be like in your data link
layer now it will give it

to data link layer data link layer will give it to the network layer okay Network layer will
give it to like the

transport and then transport will uh add the session layer okay session to presentation

presentation to application and your friend will receive your message presentation to

application okay this is how how it works each layer it will be like okay it

will imagine that I am talking to the session layer of my friend or I am talking to the
presentation layer of my

friend or me if my friend are chatting on WhatsApp so we'll be like I'm talking to the my
friend's WhatsApp number okay

but internally it's the route it takes is this thing that I just mentioned this is the

route okay it's like a conceptual way okay so

first it starts from application layer and the data is preed and everything and then it's
transferred to the physical

layer now this physical router will try to find the physical router of your friend using all the
routing techniques

and everything and all these other things and then it is goes back again till the application
layer that's as

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simple as it is how it works okay that is the OSI model I

talked in detail about every single layer and uh that's it okay so that was the OSI model
there's one more model

another model

TCP/IP Model (5 Layers)

another model this is known as the TCP IP

model what is the difference between tcpip model and OSI model okay it's

mostly similar uh it's just a little bit of a difference in like the layers and stuff so it is
basically known as uh the

Internet Protocol suit okay and it was developed by the uh

the American like the uh arpa thing that I mentioned previously okay the idea is

that it's sort of like similar uh to like uh OSI model but uh the layers are

reduced not from not like they're not seven layers it's like having five layers only

now okay so the layers are application layer

transport layer Network

layer data link layer and physical

layer okay so you can see that the OSI models application presentation and

session layer in this are merged into one okay so this is more like used

practically and the OSI model is more like uh concept based

Client Server Architecture

okay Theory okay and uh that is it yeah let's see now uh basically now we're

going to do a deep dive into these layers okay so we in detail see how

these things work internally and like a little bit more um you know Hands-On approach
and see how things work

internally okay let's start with the very first one let's talk about application layer okay what
is

application layer we already covered okay but now it's time to get into the details of it so
what is the what are

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like the responsibilities of this layer what do we do in this layer and like why why does this
layer exist so s simple

it's like the main like layer where users interact with right these are the layers where users
interact with it it

consists of applications right it Con consists of like uh uh various

applications like your web browser so basically this users interact with this okay we all
know we all it's very simple

this is very simple users interact with this okay for examp example if you're talking about
you know

WhatsApp where does WhatsApp lie application layer WhatsApp your browsers Etc okay
so

you write your message you send your data and everything it's available in the like
application layer is the one

that you use to interact with it okay so the where is the application it's on like your devices
okay where does it lie

on your devices where on on your

devices okay so application layer has like uh uh now imagine this okay how

data is transferred how data is communicated what type of data is transferred using which
types of like

steps and rules and regulations this is dependent on protocols we already covered this
there are many protocols

like HTTP like file transfer email protocol um and uh like UDP for videos

and TCP or whatever right um so application layer has some protocols

okay let's let's we we'll also learn about like protocols here

protocols and we'll also learn about the client server infra uh client server uh

architecture also in this chck architecture okay because the idea is

that whenever you send a request to some particular server they should be knowing like
uh how to deal with that request

okay if you want to talk to your particular server if the client wants to talk to the server the
server should

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know what type of you know request I'm getting what do I have to reply so there should
be a set of rules regul rules and

regulations this is what is known as protocols let's look into it a little bit more detail okay
so we already cover

about this like in in in brief we talked about there's like a client and then there's like a you
know a server and

something like that so you have a client like this okay so let's see how applications like
talk to each other

there okay um and how applications are like in the in the networking system where
applications lie and how does it

work so you have your client over here you have your server over here we already made
this diagram previously

client sends a request server sends a response back we

saw this in action also in the Firefox browser what is a server server is

basically a system that uh let's say you know um controls your uh the website

you're hosting for example okay so basically this is the client server

architecture so here basically the application that we're talking about has two parts client
part and a server side

part okay and these are known as processes and they communicate through each

other Okay cool so process will be running on this application and then

another process will be running on like the client and another process will be running on
server these will be communicating with each

other okay so if you want to host your own server okay then uh obviously like

uh you should have like some uh reliable IP address right uh which can be reached

via bya clients okay and um you should be also having uh like

um you know High availability your you don't want your servers to you down client on the
other

hand is uh you know uh folks who are using and who are consuming these

resources us we are like you're making a request to Google you are a client okay so
that's basically about it

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so when you make a request to like youtube.com Okay hey you're like hey YouTube uh
show show me some videos or

whatever so you are the client and the YouTube server is like the server and it sends you
the data back so when I'm

so we have a lot of servers we don't have just one server we have a lot of servers they
they're like a lot of

servers because this is like such a big company right so many folks are using if all the
folks are contacting just one

single server the server will go down happens many time when a result are announced so
many students are trying to

make request to the server and the servers are not not really fast or like not really enough
websites

crash same thing happened like you know uh so many like people try to buy PS5

websites crash games the shop was not working at PS5 pre-order

launch okay so these are known as these servers the collection of servers in a big
company it's known as a data

center okay it's like at a really big scale okay so when we talk about data centers we talk
about like it's a

collection of huge number number of computers okay it may have like static IP addresses
addresses that do not

change they have like very good you know internet connection that does not go down and
high upload speed because you

know uh there are also companies that are like renting their servers like Cloud providers
which you talk talk more about later in the future of the devops

boot camp okay you can actually do this thing that you're seeing on the screen right
making a request to the server

even though you type google.com but if you're in your terminal you just write ping
google.com or something

so you can see it's taking it in chunks packets that I talked about these are the sequences
these are the time to live

so something we'll cover later on okay no packet was lost 11 packets

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were received I told you about packets right these are those packets every packet is a
size of 64 bytes these are

the IP addresses of like Google server this maybe different for you

because Google does not have just one server they have many servers okay

and this something like the sequence so in order to make sure that data packets are
received in sequences there are the

sequence number I mentioned previously time to live is something I'll let you know later
on how it how this thing

actually works okay so that ping that basically you saw that was uh it it

measures the round trip time for messages sent from the originating host

to the destination of the computer and that are echoed back this entire time is known as
pink ping time okay so

questions I asked I got asked once like can we reduce this ping time not really because
you're getting the best possible

ping time signals are traveling at the speed of light through like cables and satellites Etc
so you're getting the

best possible time cool all right so this was about the client servers

architecture there's one more way in which uh applications are connected from end
systems this is known as peer

Peer to Peer Architecture

to-peer AR architecture or P2P okay so first is client

server second is P2P peer to peer in this what happens is various devices uh

applications that are running on various devices they get communicated uh they get
connected with each other so there's

no one server or a large data center or whatever okay so example in your college

there may be many computers the computers will be connected to one another something
like this

something like that this is peer to-peer communication there's no one dedicated server
but uh there's like a lot lot

more the key advantage over here is that um you know you can scale it very rapidly okay
and it's it's like a little

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bit like a decentralized network as well okay so here what is happening is gal

what is client and what is server over here in this since this is also serving as a client and
a server every single

computer can be termed as a client as well and a server as well well a good example for
this can be bit

torrent right bit torrent you may have heard about like uh you know in bit torrent there's
like seeding and stuff

so how torrent works we'll cover more about that later on like how torrent works okay but
torrent is a good example

of this okay hybrid also exists some are PE to perer and also having some sort of a
centralized database that is also

possible cool so that was basically about peer to peer all right now before

Networking Devices (Download PDF)

we move forward I just want to give you a quick overview of all these networking like
devices that we use it's a pretty

straightforward you can find the definitions like online I also have like a nice little PDF
open over here the

first one is like repeater so a repeater basically is at the physical layer we already know
what the physical layer is now and the its job is to regenerate the

signal over the same network because the signal before the signal becomes too weak or
corrupted okay so it can be

transmitted over the same network okay um and an important point to note over here is
that it does not amplify the

signal so when the signal becomes weak they copy the signal bit by bit and it reach
regenerate to its original

strength okay it's a two Port device okay so there are like two ports available um Hub
basically is a

multi-port repeater okay instead of just two Port it has multiple ports and it connects
multiple wires coming from

different branches for example the connector in like the star topology that we mentioned
okay so it cannot like

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filter the data uh so the data packets will be sent to like all connected devices um in in
other words it says

that the collision domain of all host connected to HUB remains one okay and also they do
not have the intelligence

to find out what are the best path for the data packets so Hub is like a repeater only okay
and the job is the is

to regenerate the signal over the same network because it before it becomes too weak it
will regenerate the network okay

it will not amplify it or whatever but in Hub it's basically a multi-port repeater okay you can
learn about the

types of Hub or whatever Bridge operates at the data link layer we talked about the data
link layer in detail we talked

about Mac addresses right at the data link layer we'll obviously cover data link layer in
detail but a bridge is

type of a repeater have we covered yeah repeater is over here and it has an additional
functionality that it can

filter out content by reading the Mac addresses of the source and destination we know
that at the data link ler the

Target and packets what we have that contain the Mac addresses of what sender

and receiver okay so it's able to filter that out switch is a multi-port bridge okay um

with a that can basically boost the performance and efficiency okay so it is

also at data link layer because it's a bridge so bridges are at data link layer so it is also at
a data link layer and

it can perform like error checking and before forwarding the data so it makes it very
efficient right cool router we

already covered what are routers at Network layer we already covered it no problem
gateway gateway is as the name

suggests a pass a passage to connect two networks together that may work upon
different networking models okay so for

example uh here it's saying that uh it's sort of like one network will may may working on
some different protocol

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another Network May working on different protocol it can basically connect that okay
brouter is basically a bridge and

router combined you can say right and it offers functionality of both bridg and router and
this is like a nice little

diagram for you okay so it's it's very simple nothing nothing you know major in this so I
just

wanted to mention like the um basic use cases of these things as well you can

take a screenshot of this if you want and uh yeah cool okay now uh one more

Protocols
thing that I promised I will go into details was protocols so we all know what protocols are
network protocols

let's talk about protocols and by the way we're on application layer only right now okay
protocols so every

application will have some sort of a protocol if you're working with web develop web web
web or something just browsing the internet you will be

following like tcpip protocol HTTP for example right if you're sending someone a file then
there's file transfer

protocol if you're sending an email then there's simple mail transfer protocol so on and so
forth okay

so what are some of the protocols let's divide it into like categories I've already explained
what protocols are so

I won't like go into you know details details of it um we talked about packets and and
protocols what protocols are and

stuff let's talk about like web protocols when we talk about protocols protocols okay how it
works and

everything okay just talk about TCP I protocols for example okay so here you

can have like uh HTTP okay hyper transfer protocol so it defines how uh you know the
the HTML

page like how data is transferred for example HTML pages and things like that I also
mentioned briefly about DHCP uh

Dynamic host control protocol it basically allocates the IP addresses to your uh de people
and devices that are

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connected to your network right and I gave you a little nice diagram of that as well
everything was covered file

transfer protocol okay how the files are uh how how the files can be transferred

but I don't think this is being used anymore because files can now be transferred over
HTTP right um there's

one more called simple mail transfer protocol this we'll see in detail how how emails work
okay if you want to send

a an email on receive an email how how it works using the simple mail transfer

protocol okay it's used to send the emails to receive the emails you

have pop 3 shout out to Dan Pop uh check out popcast pop and uh yeah and iMac

okay so these are used to receive emails what else what else Protocols are

there um SSH secure sh

okay so if you want to log into a terminal of someone else's computer for example you
can use SSS for that so

we'll be using this heavily uh I'll be using the C Cloud instances and we'll be using that um
in order to you know

um log into your computer and things like that okay um all right so that's

SSH and there's one more called I believe there are so many so you can Google it virtual
network computing it's

for graphical control okay that's it there's one more called tnet okay

outside of like DCP I there's one called tnet so tnet is basically a terminal uh

emulation that enables a user to connect to a remote host or a device using the

Tet client okay usually it's over Port 23 Port 23 let me write the port over

here as well okay so for example uh typing like

Tet host name would connect you would connect like a user to a host name that

is called like host name okay so if I say tet Kunal like it will connect me to a host name
called Kunal so it enables

users to manage an account or a device remotely okay it's a very low level

protocol okay all right um

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cool one more thing in like HTTP and https and stuff s means secure so I'll talk more
about that later we got data

that is like encoded for example like utf8 and stuff okay these are the standards of
encoding in tet it is like

not encoded or encrypted okay so all these things are handled at the application layers is
that what we're

talking about right now UDP already mentioned a lot of times how it works I'll cover in
detail I'm just listing it

out right now so it's a connectionless session um like a stateless collection

does not maintain the state okay data may be lost in this okay during the

lifetime of the connection cool uh let's look into like a little bit more detail of like some of

these uh protocols okay so now we have let's say applications okay and uh we're still on
the application layer so

obviously we're talking about applications so one thing we have to cover over here is uh
how do these applications like talk to each other

okay so there are like a few terms when we talk about like applications so

basically let's talk about uh let's say we talk about about um WhatsApp okay so when we
talk about

WhatsApp this is known as our program like our application so our

program is WhatsApp okay now this program WhatsApp

will have some processes in it okay so for example you're sending a

message okay or record a video These are known as processes of my

program prr okay so what is a program a program is just like your application okay for

example WhatsApp and um you know Amazon or Flipkart or uh email service or

whatever okay that's a program an application process is what Pro process is like um um
you know uh like uh one of

the features of the program for example right or a running instance of a program okay so
one program can have like many

many processes running at one okay you're recording a video while sending a message
for example okay and

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uh there's one more thing called um a thread you may have heard about thread so thread
is a lighter

version of a process okay so when we talk about like uh one process it can have like
multiple

running threads okay so what is the difference between like here I can say this has

like some thread sending a message can have like like set up um you know the

uh page or something recording a video open

camera open camera or something so the only difference between a thread and a
process is that the

thread is only doing one single job okay so you have multi- LEL multi-threading

uh know multi-threaded programs where multiple threads are working simultaneously

that's basically what the idea of a thread is okay now now how do

these uh things communicate with each other so we know that you have your application
running on your phone and

then there are so many billions and millions of phones in the world how does the internet
determine you know which

message is being sent from you want to send a message from your WhatsApp to
someone else's WhatsApp how would it

communicate over the Internet okay so here we are talking about addresses so IP
addresses and port

numbers we already talked about IP addresses we'll talk about port numbers in a in a
single single second there's

Sockets
one more thing known as sockets okay so sockets are basically like uh you know

um when you need to send messages from one system to like another system okay

um we can use sockets for that so it's not like you're continuously like you know it's not
like the client server

stuff but it's more like um um it's a software process it's not like

you have have something like like a hardware socket or whatever okay so

uh it's basically like uh the interface that is there between like the processes that I
mentioned and the internet for

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example that's known as a socket okay so interface between uh process and the

internet okay that's basically what a socket is and let's talk about ports you

Ports
already know about IP addresses but let's talk about like ports a little bit more in detail so
let's see okay let's talk

about ports we already about about ports IP addresses tells which device we are working
with ports tell us which

application we are working with now there may be possibility that many processes are
running of one application

you have many Chrome windows open okay so like Kunal I know like this data that you
have requested whatever is coming

from my friend needs to go to Google Chrome but which instance of Google Chrome
which process of Google Chrome

browser number one browser number two like tab number one two three or four or five
how do we determine this thing

there's this thing known as eeral ports for this e

eepl Emeral ports Emeral ports so basically the idea is that let's say you

have a you know port at reserved for uh for your HTTP so what the application

like it will do internally is it will assign itself random number port numbers and it will work
with that if the

multiple application instances are running okay once the process is done it will be

freed okay sound good cool so once the application is no

no longer using it the port will be free now these eeral ports e Epal ports uh

they can exist on the client side but on the server side you have to know the port

number okay so servers uh you know you should have like defined well defined

fixed port numbers because clients need to know about it internally internally they may
use on its own like after the

client has given the request then internally they can use these e eal ports but yeah that's
basically about

it cool so that was about how this communication stuff happens all right so

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we're still on the application layer and we talked a little bit about the brief let's talk about
HTTP in

HTTP
detail HTTP what is HTTP and how it works all

right so HTTP I know we have covered this before but you still may be having a doubt K
what is HTTP what is this

protocol what is the difference between HTTP and TCP and UDP and tcpip and what

is this thing Kun what is www and HTTP okay you may be having this question let's look
into it HTTP is very

simple I taught I taught you about client serval uh speaking is hard I taught you about

client server architecture okay you have a client I'll draw this diagram one more time
because it's very important you

have a client here you have your server here I gave you a little bit of an example of like
you know when you write

google.com it gives you surf so you request something and the server will

send you a response okay so this happens using the

HTTP protocol you are like Kunal you are now annoying me please tell me what is HTTP
protocol I've actually tell you

told pretty much a lot of times but here it goes again it is a client server

protocol okay and it tells us how you request this data from the server and it

also tells us how the server will send back data to the client so when you make a request
when a

client makes a request to the server that is known as an HTTP request and when the
server

sends back a response to the client oh you wanted the Google web page here you go I'll
send you a bunch of stuff

that is known as an HTTP response okay so basically these are

application layer protocols okay so every application layer protocol also requires some

transport layer protocol okay so this is basically an

application layer protocol HTTP okay has some methods like HT methods like get

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method push method so you want to get something so you use the get request you want
to post something when you submit a

form you use the post request for example so here we know that uh what are

some of the transport layer protocols TCP and UDP okay transmission control protocol
user datagram protocol we have

learned about this in brief that uh UTP like uh is used in like video

conferencing and stuff so here uh HTTP actually uses TCP okay so HTTP now you

know what it is uses TCP transmission control

protocol inside it for example okay because TCP makes sure that uh all the

data is received and everything okay sttp does not store the state it's a stateless

protocol okay stateless protocol so server will not store any information about the client
by

default Okay cool so example if the Ser if this client is making request again and again

and again server will not treat that as like a one single you know client okay

cool awesome okay so that's basically about it this

is an you know this application Layel protocol application layer protocol it's in the
application layer obviously and

it uses this in the transport layer HTTP uses this in the transport layer

transport

layer application

layer okay sound good TCP when we learn about

it this is actually connection oriented it does not have to you know we don't have to lose
any of the data that we are

sending that is why a connection has to be made with the servers um and then

once the connection has been made then you can exchange your data or whatever okay
that is basically about it

okay so whenever something we get in response for in the website we know that web
pages www when we talked about it

what is it it's just a collection of web pages so on web pages you see links you see text
you see documents you see

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videos you see images you see objects all of these things have their own specific

URL that is known as worldwide web let's try to see it okay so let's try to to see this thing
um if I just talk about

this thing if I say open image in new tab so this is a Google image you can

see this image itself has its own URL so here this is the protocol

https this is the URL okay and this this particular thing

is the link to the resource this Google.com is the URL and

this is the link to the resource of the basically google.com is the URL L okay

and in This Server these are the folders and stuff and it contains the PNG file over here
Google

logo okay you can also add some arguments like you know many of times you have some
arguments or something

like that so you can add arguments over here as well so over here if I talk about this thing
so you can see that it

has um the file question mark type is equal

to I or something like that this question mark stuff it's actually pretty common you go to

amazon.com okay so here you can see it has a little bit

off or if I just go to youtube.com Okay um I play Mr Bean or

something so here you can see here's some argument video is so you go to this URL and
the argument is question mark

after question mark everything you put is a argument so video is equal to this video ID
hence it will play this video

ID okay cool and in this photo I'm talking about the request and response

you can see that as well refresh click on any particular

thing let say this one so you can see these are the response headers these are all the
things you got into response

these are the request headers okay host name is there tle uh

and uh so many cookie and connection and cache control so many things are

available okay okay I'm just going to move it because I know you can't see um

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HTTP(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
let me move it somewhere how do I how do we move

it yeah I can do itth to the left for example okay um and I'll just going to

expand this made a request refresh okay how to get this thing just right click inspect okay
you just you can do this in

Google Chrome also click on any link you can see the status if I just go back okay

inspect uh Network refresh so you can see type of method get post get get get

get get post get post get Etc okay let's talk about the types of these methods okay so we
have when we talk about like

HTTP methods what is what what is the method when I'll first of all tell us that the method
is basically that is

telling the server what to do okay if you have get get method so you made a get request
let's say we say something

like that HTTP methods okay talk about first one let's

say get so get basically means that you are requesting some data hey give me the

web page give me this YouTube video or whatever second one is post method something
like hey I am a client and I

am giving something to the server like a web form when you register somewhere
username password or whatever that is a

post request okay and then there's something known as put okay put as

well cool so it basically puts data at a specific location there's one known as

delete as well if you want to delete data from the server you will send a delete request
delete request is

available there okay so these are just some sort of a ways like in order to do

it okay sound good will learn more about it when we do

like web development and stuff or if you know about web development you might be
knowing about this already okay so here let's look at any one of the requests

let's say this one okay so here you can see it's saying it's a post request to this

URL okay no problem okay and here you can see the request headers and the

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response so what did we send to the Like This Server okay so it's saying over here you
can see accept accept encoding

it encodes accepts this encoding accept language if you want to see what all these tags
represent just click on the

question mark it will open up MD and web docs okay so it says accept language

request HTTP header indicates the natural language uh uh that the client

prefers for example here it says English

okay and here it says accept like what type of response are you trying to accept so here
it's saying let's say I'm

only trying to accept text HTML application stuff okay encoding is mentioned over here

connection keep alive is mentioned over here right so this the type of the

connection so here you can see more about it cool keep alive keep alive General

head allows the sender to hit about hint about the the connection may be used to

set a time out and a maximum amount of requests for example okay so for

example if uh if you if you're talking about the connection to be like closed I believe as
well then it's nonpersistent

okay here it's saying that this allows us uh to hint about like how the

connection may be used to set a timeout okay so you can set up a timeout and the
amount of request like after this many

amounts or whatever okay so you can set a timeout and the maximum number of
requests that can be sent on this

connection before closing it you can mention that okay so these are the responses

that is also something we'll see later on okay there you

go sound good that's basically about it okay similarly you can see what we got as a

response from the server if I zoom in a little bit I'm not able to zoom in over here let me
just check yeah I can I can

as I got a response okay so here you can see that uh the encoding the content

length what is the type of the content the date you know the server and uh the

cookie information so on and so forth everything is available over

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here this is the raw raw one

okay these are the status codes stock this is the HTTP version HTTP version

this is like the uh status code let's talk about the status quotes a little bit more okay so
when you send a request

Error/Status Codes
to the server you need some sort of a way to know whether the request was successful or
did it fail or something like that or what happened

okay for that there exist status codes status codes exist for that for example

200 means that the request was successful okay and we have everything 404 means
what it you know you could not

find it okay uh 400 means like it's a it's a bad bad request right um and uh

500 means like there's some internal server error for example so there's like a class for
this like uh error codes

okay or status codes they are like some classes for this status codes if it lies in like the
100

range okay these are basically like uh informational category codes okay and if

it lies like information related informational

category when we're talking about 200 ranges success

codes okay when we're talking about 300 range codes these are for redirection

purposes redirecting when we talk about 400 CES this is the

client error that's something you did client error like you may press the

false URL or whatever 500 means server

error okay then that there's a error with the server cool so we saw request in like

the real world and that was basically about uh about HTTP requests and stuff so so many
types get put to you know

post and stuff like that all right let's move forward okay now let's move forward so we're
still talking about the

application layer we start talking about like HTTP let's let's give you let me ask you a
question now so I told you

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Cookies
that this is like stateless over here you can see that HTTP is stateless protocol means
you're visiting a website

you visit the website again and again it will not maintain the state of you every time you
visit a website it'll be like

hey it's a new person visiting a website or whatever but you might be confused like that's
not how it works in the real

world if I'm making like if I log to Amazon or something and then I close the

browser and then I start the browser again and I go to that particular website again it will
stay it will save

my session right it will save the items in the cart you will still be logged in

it will not ask you to log out and log in again right does that happen when you log out so
when you close the browser it

automatically logs you out no right so like Kunal us saying HTTP stateless with

every time you visit state state is not saved uh but you're still saying that this state saving
Behavior exists like

this we have noticed it ourself how does it happen the answer is

cookies cookies what is a cookie cookie is a

unique string okay it is a unique string so basically it is stored on the

client's browser our browser it is stored over there it's a file that is stored in my browser
okay stored in my

browser okay when the first time this cookie is set when you visit the application on a
website you visit for

the very first time it will set a cookie okay and after that whenever you

make a new request in that requests header a cookie will be

sent then the server will know oh this request is coming from Kunal and Kunal

has sent me this cookie let me check my database then the server will check the
database and it will find the uh the

state for that the server will know like who is

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contacting okay so you will send the request in a HTTP you know in an HTP HTTP
request you

will send the cookie and in the response this will be cookie there going to be a cookie
stored in your browser and

there's going to be some cookie data in the server okay user value basically okay

this cookie user value is kunal's Cookie for example okay so let's see how a little

bit more how it works in detail so here you can see in the response whenever a server
wants to set up a cookie here you

can see in the response it has a tag called set- cookie it has some URL and

names and like some path and stuff like that and here it has the expiration date

so this is the expiration date for the cookie just like you know like cookies expire here also
cookies

expire that's basically how it works okay you can see in this header or here you can see
the string over in this

header as well that's it we talked about headers already okay but sometimes like cookies

uh you know can be misused by like websites and companies and things like that to you
know just track you when you

visit the website and show you like what or whatever like it it's not everyone is
comfortable with such things right

Knowing When you visit the website or whatever okay there's one more thing known as
third party

cookies in Safari and stuff you know in browsers you may see some options at times like
uh uh you want to disable

third party cookies or whatever okay so third party party cookies basically

cookies that are set for the URLs that you do not visit okay for example you

visit uh flipcart.com or some other website xyz.com it has it an integrated

like um you know um ad for example for some other website so that way some

website may use your cookies the website you may not have visited so try to Google
about this on your own like how

to block third party cookies what all measures you can take and how some companies
are you know managing cookies

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and uh what all ways they use cookies for so Google about it okay so that was

about like HTTP okay that was it about HTTP um one more thing that in application layer
what are applications

do we interact with email also right so let's see how email

How Email Works?

works how email

works so what is the application Level protocol for email for sending email

it's SMTP as I mentioned previously uh it's known as simple mail transfer

protocol okay it's used to send email to people and in order to receive it you can use
something like pop 3 or

something okay so this is the application layer protocol at the application layer but how is
the data

going to be transported which transport layer protocol do we use PCP or UDP in

UDP we know some data will be lost do you want your email data to be lost emails are
very important things you

want to be you want to send entire email right how TCP Works how UDP works I will

teach you in transport layer okay so forget about that right now just think about what it's
doing TCP and UDP what

TCP and UDP are doing the how how it's happening we are talking about

application layer now okay so I'll be teaching you how application layer

protocols work so I taught you how HTTP works now I'm teaching you how email

works okay so which transport layer protocol will email use TCP or UDP TCP

because we want the entire data available to us isn't that what we want so that is what
happens if I'm talking

about s uh SMTP like simple mail transfer how to send the email so basically the email
clients like I'm if

I'm using Google do gmail.com or whatever they will have their own servers they will have
their own servers

so let's say you're sending an email from yahoo.com to gmail.com then what will happen
is that you are send sending

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the data this is the sender okay so what will happen is that the sender is going to send
the email to

the senders SMTP server senders SMTP

server the email will live over here for a while okay it will then make a

connection with the receivers SMTP

server you can get the data of the server as well uh information which I'll show you later
on okay after the

connection is established this is transferred to This

Server this is the receiver now when the receiver logs into

the system as you may see whenever you log into an email client when you Lo log into
your email application and refresh

it it's below it says downloading email from server in iPhone it does right

that's basically what it does after that receiver is like he is it downloading something then
it downloads the new emails that is how it

works so internally it's using TCP how TCP Works will cover in transport layer

right now this is what is happening so you push the email to your server that will connect
to by by the

way if both the receivers are on the same uh you know account for example both are
using uh Google gmail.com then

this thing does not happen this thing this connection thing does not happen directly
transferred

it okay cool and there may be many scenarios in which like uh error

handling may be required like message not delivered or something like that right so it uh
sometimes happens that um

you know if the if this server is offline the receiving server is offline right then this sending
server will keep

on trying after a few for a few few few days before it gives up okay we'll talk

more about that how error handling happens in like TCP okay so that is basically about it
when

we talk about these servers you can actually um take a look at the uh you

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know um the the name server lookup you can use the name server lookup command

and you can find the uh name and the IP address of the SMTP servers for various

domains try to see that okay so you can use this I'm saying uh ands look up type mxin
Mail Exchange it basically means

SMTP servers and for gmail.com there you got all the

information sound good all right okay so we learned about SMTP which is used to send
emails now let's look how you can

download emails so one is known as Pop okay pop uh pop basically means uh

post office protocol okay basically this is how it works um you first connect the

client connects to the pop server okay using TCP you can connect it it uses uh Port uh I
believe uh 110 so you can

connect it on Port 110 it does all the author authorization you can obviously you have a
username and password right

and then the client asks the servers for all the emails hey give me all my new emails that
are unread or whatever okay

so you have your client you have the pop

server okay you uh authorize it connect and author authoriz and then you

transact all the emails transact all the emails get all

the emails okay and after that you can update it okay so you can close this session and
the server will make update

on your command right so for example if you uh ask it to delete something it

will delete it okay

cool one point I i' like to make is that uh the the other folders like uh sent

items and drafts and all these are things these are not synced when we're using this
protocol

pop Okay cool so you can either download the emails and then delete those right

from the server um or you can uh download and keep the emails like on the

server as well cool notice something if you download

the emails and delete all the emails from the server then emails will only be available on
this client it will not be

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available on any new device you use okay the second one is

IMAP is also used to get get your emails it's known as Internet message access

protocol okay it's a little bit more complex but uh it allows you to view your emails on
multiple

devices okay so obviously emails will be kept on the server forever and it will not be like
deleted unless you delete it

you know manually right um local copies will be you know available on various

various devices and you can sync all your folders as well and all these other things okay
so example I use my you know

Mac OS like if I'm using an email on my if I delete an email from my iPhone it will be
deleted from my Mac and my iPad

whatever okay sound good so that's basically about how email works you all know about

the email stuff like the message and subject and you know um headers and bodies and
things like that so you all

already like know about it so no worries cool that's basically about

it all right uh that was it about emails and uh yeah pretty much about it all

right let's move forward one more thing I want to cover in application layer is uh when we
talk about uh IP addresses

and and uh URLs right so we did not talk about that in detail so what is the URL

what is this. i. edu.org domain level names or DNS which I was talking about

DNS (Domain Name System)

earlier let's talk about that okay now let's talk about we talked about like uh this is an

important point now let's talk about like uh we know that uh when we when we type

www.google.com it connects us with the Google server that has some IP address

okay so it's sort of like um you know phone in your phone book you have contacts names
and every name has a

phone number similarly you have like your uh domain names and every domain

name will have like a IP address associated with it okay but now the question is Kunal
where is this being

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stored where is this phone book stored and how does it find when you type google.com
how does it find that server

that is the real question now okay comes into picture DNS

it's a very very important topic DNS okay

cool awesome so DNS basically means domain name

system domain name

system okay so basically domain names are mapped to IP addresses we know that

and uh we use a service uh let's say they're stored in some database or whatever and uh
we use a service to look

up into these databases the most popular service for this is domain name system

DNS okay so when you enter google.com uh it will use DNS to find

the IP address of Google's server

okay cool okay so you'll be like Kunal how how is this a part of app application

layer how does that work well because you know it's very difficult for us to remember the
um you know the IP

addresses so that's why we use uh the domain names so what happens is when you type

www.google.com HTTP protocol is going to take that domain name it's going to use

DNS okay domain name system it's going to use that I'll tell you how it uses it but let's see
how what it's doing so

it's going to use it and it's going to convert that URL into the IP address and after that it
will connect to the server

make sense google.com you type in the browser okay HTTP we already covered

HTTP is HTTP will take that URL and it will try to find its IP address and once

the IP address have been has been found then it will connect to that server so what is
DNS T thing so it's

basically a directory a database service for example let's say we have some friends in the
world who have some big

big databases that have a store of all the AR record of all these things like Okay Google's
ww.google.com has a server

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name this thing or this thing this is the IP address for that so on and so forth so we ask
our friends hey HTTP

asks the friends hey you are a DNS directory service database can you please tell me I if
I have a google.com

can you please give me the uh IP address for it it'll be like yeah sure let's look into this in
a little bit more

detail there are so many URLs in the world right there are so many URLs if we

had just one single database that's not going to be enough for us because where would
you put it okay where would be

would be located and what if that's database goes down you will not be able to resolve
any D any any domain

name right so and also everyone will be directly trafficking on that database

only so these databases are divided into like various classes of domains okay let's see
what these

classes are so when you type something like this let's say okay so

something you have like let's say mail.google.com or something so you have like a mail

service of google.com this is known as the

subdomain okay what is a subdomain subdomain is basically like a a part of the bigger
domain okay Google has a mail

service so Google is the this is the main domain this is the this is is known as the second
level

domain and what is this this is the top level domain I'll tell you the differences one

second this is the top level domain okay now let's talk about

this so instead of storing everything in one database there are multiple databases for
these three

categories okay the top ones are known as your root servers root DNS

servers okay root DNS servers this is like the first point of contact for your

query and anything like uh whenever you write a domain name okay after your local
system we'll talk more about that

later okay so this is the root DNS server they have their top level domains

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do uh IO for example dotorg for example

Dot com for example so on and so forth top level

domains okay these it's these themselves have something

like student. or com

classroom.org something like that do like google.com or

something okay so these are second level domains we talked about this over here

second level domain okay so that is basically about it so

the root DNS servers are the main ones the first point of

contact okay so how it actually works let's see let me tell you a little bit

more so what happens is that uh when we talk about root DNS servers so you can

actually check out all like who is actually maintaining the root DNS servers like who is
maintaining it we

can check that out on this website so you can go to this website root servers. org and
here you can see that uh around

32 are here the you know root DNS servers around 162 are somewhere over

here around 10 are here and so on and so forth around six are here there's five

around New Delhi there's one in uh New Delhi the it's operated by internet

systems uh Consortium for example this is the ipv and IPv6 IP addresses by the

way we will talk about ipv4 versus IPv6 as well okay number of instances so on and so
forth so here are the root DNS

servers okay and then we can talk about these top level domains like.org and uho

or whatever companies have their own such uh as well right some companies they have
their own uh such such uh

domain names right so basically um this one the top level

domain okay the top level servers this is

basically uh organization type specific so is being used for commercial

organizations edu for educational institutions org for like nonprofit

organizations for example right but it is now open to General use also okay uk.

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us.in or country specific okay so these the database for

this is stored like they are uh these are the ones that are managed by I can

internet Corporation for assigned names and numbers organization I can so you

can go to I can.org and once you go to I can.org you can see that they are the

ones who register all of these uh top level domains I

can so now you know the answer where these are stored I can okay okay so what

happens when we uh put google.com in our website okay what will

happen let's see when we write google.com this is your computer okay this is your
computer you write

google.com What will happen so the idea is that first it will check in its own

computer first I will check in my own

computer okay so basically what happens is whenever you a website for the first

time it will store the value of its IP address that it has found in your local

cache local database on your system somewhere why because you don't want to

search for it again and again you may visit google.com again and again do you want to
visit it do you want to search

for it in the entire you know Globe again and again no imagine you are not

able to find it imagine we are not able to find it let's say in the in the local system

then what what happens then basically uh it's going to look it in the um not in

the local C after it's not find in the local cach then in the local DNS server

okay so users local DNS server okay so

the local DNS server is basically uh the first point of contact

okay okay so for example many times it's your internet service provider this is one more
point so your local DNS

server your internet service provider for example local server so what happens

is one one thing I want to share is your internet service provider actually has information
of all the websites you

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visit it does not matter if you're turning on incognito mode or whatever they they know
everything okay and if

something bad happens then they are liable to tell the police and the government
everything okay so next is your local

DNS server if if you are not able to find it over there as well then it is going to check in the
root

server in the root server like if you're searching for Doom it will search in the root server
hey do you have a do com in

the root server somewhere in the root server that we just

mentioned okay then root server is going to be like hey I don't have a com please

ask the top level domain so top level domain is going to be like okay it's going to be like
it's going to be like

nope I don't have it is going to check the top level

domain okay and top level domain obviously it's going to have all the Dooms and iOS and
do nets and orgs so

this will give you the IP address answer it will give you the IP

address okay

okay sound good and then this will connect to the server of

google.com these are the steps step number 1 2 3 4 5 6 that's it as simple

as that

okay sound good that is basically about it okay cool one thing I'd like to

mention over here is that you cannot buy a buy a domain name okay you you can only
rent it okay for example if you're

renting it via go godaddy.com then GoDaddy Etc they pay some amount to like I can and
we pay amount to like GoDaddy

and stuff so that's it yeah cool some organizations have their

own top level domains like I was mentioning previously like Google has a DOT Google
right fire is owned by Amazon

for example okay you cannot buy by a domain name you can only um like uh you

know um rent it okay cool okay you can

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also see the messages you know received by the DNS servers you can use the dick
command for that so there you go okay this is

basically consisting of uh this IP address is basically um the one that is

stored in my local cache okay so you can check out the man page of

dig and you can say it's a DNS lookup utility okay so it's a domain

information grouper is a flexible tool for integrating interrogating DNS name servers it
performs the DNS lookups and

displays the answers that are returned from the name servers that were queried okay so
there you

go all right okay so that was about the very first layer of the TCP model okay

where are all our layers where are the layers

here we go these are the layers of TCP model first we talked about application layer

TCP/IP Model (Transport Layer)

now let's talk about the transport layer okay you all are pretty much aware of let's say
data link layer should not be

a problem physical layer like basic understanding should not be a physical means the
physical stuff okay even

though we'll dive into details of this as well but what if someone asks you what is the
difference between transport

layer and network layer what is the work done by transport layer and what is the work
done by Network layer by now you

may know like a little bit of an information but you will definitely 98% be having a doubt
what are the

differences between transport and network what are these two doing what is happening
hence now let's look into it

in detail now let's look into transport layer

okay second one which is transport

layer I told you before first I will tell you in brief in short about every

layer and now I'm doing a deep dive in every layer okay

so transport layer let's say you are texting your

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friend you're using Whatsapp or something and you're texting your friend this is

you this is your friend

you're using Whatsapp or something some messenger okay you're using some
messenger your friend is also some using

some Messenger application okay you write your message and you send it to

your friend like this okay and then your friend receives the message what is happening
we already

talked about the application layer how WhatsApp is interacting with the internet we talked
about that but what

is the role of the transport layer this this thing that is happening like

one message being transferred from one computer to another the transportation part is
done by Network

layer okay from one computer from one computer to another computer this

transportation is done by what network layer and what is done by transport layer then
transport layer is the layer

that lies over here inside the devices so the role of the transport layer is to

take the information whatever message your friend is sending from the network

to the application understood so from one network to

another network if data needs to be transferred that is done by that part is done by
Network layer the actual

transportation from one computer to another but within that computer transportation of the
data from the

network to the applications that is done by transport

layer okay so Network layer is going to take care of delivering this message

from one computer to another but when the message is received on this computer

which application do I send this message to Whatsapp Google Chrome or what that

is done by whom transport layer okay sound good

cool so it's sort of like providing it pro it's providing us an

abstraction okay we talked about abstraction a lot so that's basically about it okay for
example you are you

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and your friends live in different countries okay you send your friend a box okay so you
will send your box the

Box you will send the package for your friend this is the Box this you will

send first to your ker company courier company in your or country and then this

cier company will send it over to another courier company of another country courier
company of

another country and that courier company in that same country will send the box

to your friend okay send the box to your

friend this is you so this is transport layer

transport layer this is Network

layer from one device to another device data transferred it it uses the network

layer but within the same devices okay within this device and within this device that is
happening on

transport layer okay so transport layer only works

with like first it's working on its own application then it trans then it it's basically giving the
data to the network

layer okay I'm an application I put WhatsApp in the message and then that transport layer
basically will give it

to network layer like hey this is the message please give it to my friend Network layer to
network layer will be

transferred to your friend's phone and then your friend's phones Network layer will
transport the data back to

transport layer which in turn will give it back to your WhatsApp application

okay so that's basically about it okay now ask where is this transport layer if

you want to visualize this where does it locate where is it located so on your devices right
on your end systems

computers or whatever that is where transport layer is okay so transport layer has some

protocols we've already talked about this we have talked about TCP and UDP okay so
TCP is basically um you know um

uh it handles uh like uh 100% of like data can be sent like if something is

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missing if some data is like if you want want like entire data to be sent we talked about
what TCP is already um and

in the order the data will be sent and everything in UDP that's not the case data data that
is being sent may not be

in order some data packets will be lost things like that okay so let's look into

what TCP is and what UDP is okay so these are some of the use cases of the

transport layer so for example if you want to connect one application to another
application if they're even

across the world and stuff so you can visualize it in terms of transport layer

um you can uh make sure like your entire data is being sent it also you know divides the
datas into like when we

talked about previously segments right so we we'll be looking into what segments are and
how this data is being

transferred we'll look into what is TCP IP and how does it make sure so basically if you're
sending to your

friend 15 files in different applications so Network layer will send those files but those
different

different files need to be sent to which particular application of your friend right that
depends on transport layer

okay now let's talk about how this thing happens Kunal we're talking about end systems
we're talking about devices you

are telling us that uh the role of Transport layer is to basically take the data like whatever
you have received

from Network to applications and from applications to network okay on the end system
only how it travels on the air

from one country to another that will be looking into Network layer but in in transport layer
what is happening that

um let's say you are sending a friend like a file over WhatsApp and you're video

conferencing them on Skype and you're sending them an email also okay so you're
sending your friend like there's

a message okay there's a mail and there's

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a video call three things are happening with your friends at the same time this is all
happening on your

system okay this is all happening on your system now for your friend they

also need to receive a message on their WhatsApp or whatever okay they need to
receive an email or

something or whatever like whatever you want to call it or a online file or something okay I
can just call it a file

you're sending a file let's say for example okay you're sending a file for example and
you're video calling them as

well so all of this data I know will be traveled through the internet how it

travels on the internet that we'll look into later on but first let's focus on how you know our
computers will

determine that which type of how to send these three types of data to the network and

how will our friend determine like when the network of your when your friend's device has
gotten the data how will that

determine which application to send which data we are sending data in a bundle right
okay so this thing is known

as multiplexing and this thing is known as D multiplexing so multiplexing is what

multiplexing will allow us to send

all all these messages and things to uh a lot of destinations so three

messages we are sending to three three applications three destinations just via one

medium okay for example you put something in a box you you are sending your friend uh
cookies and a PlayStation

and a mobile phone you put this in a box and you give your friend the Box okay so
transport layer has a

multiplexer you're sending all these three items in the multiplexer transport

layer Multiplex

okay transport layer

Multiplex and this will pass it to the D multiplexer so one is multiplexer and

one is D multiplexer so D Multiplex is just

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opposite of Multiplex obviously okay so applications will be

sent to like here you have the D multiplexer and basically it will pass it to WhatsApp and
your browser and your

video call Skype or whatever okay so this is multiplexing this is Dem multiplexing as
simple as

that okay but how does it work internally how does it happen what is it

that we use to refer to Applications tell me that what is it that we use to refer

applications what is it we use to refer machines IP addresses and what is it

that we use to refer applications I covered this already port numbers okay we also
covered about

sockets what are sockets sockets are just like some some sort of like a

connection between two application like a Gateway okay between the application and the
what network that's how applications

are connected okay so if this message application wants to send something to

another message application it will give it to the socket it will give it to the socket

over here this will give it to sockets this will also have sockets over

here and these sockets have port

numbers okay so you all know that these things are traveling in packets okay data travels
in packets we all know that

we have covered this previously okay so data travels

in packets we know that okay so the transport layer will

attach transport layer will attach these port numbers

these socket port numbers that's why it knows where the

application is coming from and to which application do you need to send the data okay
cool okay okay and there's one

more thing transport layer another point I want to add over here is that transport

layer also takes care of concession

control congestion control congestion is what congestion is traffic you know when

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so many cars align or something and so many people are there and the the the space is
limited the entry is limited

but so many people are trying to get in then there's like a lot of congestion so that's
basically what it means so in

transport layer happens in like Network layer also in transport layer also so for example
network uh has a lower

bandwidth but you are sending data packets so rapidly some packets will get lost and
stuff this is known as

congestion okay so basically it will try to like uh send the packets at like a

slower rate and things like that it's going to take note of all these other things okay sound
good so it uses some

algorithms for it you can check it out congestion control algorithms since we're talking
about transport layer so

this will be built into which which protocol transport layer protocol like TCP and UDP so
here it's saying that uh

congestion control

algorithms built in TCP okay cool okay let's move forward

now we all have a good understanding of Transport layer now okay you send the data to
network layer and in your

friend's house Network layer will send the data to transport layer so transport layer to
network layer and then the data

travels through the world then Network layer to transport layer gave a very nice
understanding to you okay let's

think about your friend let's think about your friend you are sending this data from
Network layer to network layer

sometimes it may be possible that data gets corrupted in between Maybe possible

nothing is perfect right we all have flaws so sometimes it may be happen like get data
gets corrupted you are sending

data into what you're sending data in segments we have looked we have looked at this
term called segments before

right so in say data packets for example okay so these B data packets can be lost for
example right or something like uh

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you're sending some files um and you're sending a file obviously you know can't send an
entire file so you send the file

in packets some for example one are you sending an a file and something that you

said obviously you want it to arrive in that order only how would it would it be that
something you said previously

arrives first and something you said said like much earlier arrives at last okay if I'm saying
hi my name is

Kunal and your friend gets received it something like this my high Kunal name

is that is also not cool right so what you want you want your friend to get all the data if
something is lost you want

to know like okay I was sending this message and these packets were lost due to some
error or whatever and uh you

also want to make sure that your data that is you're sending to your friend is in order okay
so how do we work with

this transport layer protocols they take care of this using something called check

Checksum
sums check sums okay sound good so what is a check

sum so basically you are sending some data to your friend Che some you can imagine is
like a number okay a random

number or whatever so basically you have your computer you're sending a data to your
friend data to your friend using

this data you will calculate a particular string value or something okay that we'll call check

sum okay then your friend receives this data friend receives the data so friend

gets the data and since the check sum was calculated using this data and basically this
data will have a check

sum associated with it this this one only check sum so now when you're sending this data

over to your friend you will attach the check sum that you calculated in your home and
when your friend receives the

data they will also calculate the check sum using the same algorithm if the value is
different then

something is gone wrong if the value is same then it's cool

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okay sound good that is basically about it there's one more thing that

um uh this was about like if correct data is given or not or whatever okay

Timers
and uh like if data is not being corrupted or something like that okay but you have

to also understand that uh what if the segments are being like you know the the the the
packets and data packets and

things like segments you're talking about what if they get lost or something how would I
know that my packets have

received to my friend something known as

timers ERS okay so what will happen you are at

here you are with your friend like you have you have a computer over here this

is this is you

okay and this is your friend

okay cool and basically you are trying to send you are trying to send your friend a a data
data packet okay so data

travels in packets so let's say first packet is being sent to your friend okay your friend is
going to be

like um okay I got the packet and your send will send you like a confirmation

but when you send your packet to a friend you will start the timer

okay you will start the timer your friend be like okay I have

gotten the packet I got it so now you will know

okay my friend got the packet now let's say you send another packet over here and let's
say in between only this

packet got lost in between only it got lost obviously timer will be started and

when you receive it back back timer end timer end when you send it again

timer start again so my timer is running this will never receive over

here and after some time since it never receive your friend will not be able to say hey I
got the packet back so hence

timer will expire and you will know that this

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packet two was not sent okay sound good so this is known as

timer retransmission timer okay it's known as retransmission

timer sound good all right imagine that you are sending

something to your

friend okay so you are sending please don't get confused now with t CP or UDP

or whatever what are transport layer protocols what are HTTP what is application layer
protocol everything I explain to you in details with real

world examples so you send let's say data packet number one okay your friend is

going to you start the timer your friend is going to like hey I got it you end the timer then
you send it again packet

number two you will start the timer your friend will let's say send you back again but let's
say this friend does not

tell you like while it's receiving back like hey I got packet number two so you

have not received that and timer will let's say expire for me I don't know now that if

they received it or not so I'll treat it as that they did not receive packet number two I'll try
to send another

packet number two now this person has two packet number twos

duplicate duplicate packets are available are you able to understand what is

happening okay how do we solve this problem problem we solve this problem using
sequence

numbers sequence

numbers okay so unique like identification uh like a value number will be provided every
every packet

every segment will get it okay so that's why how we can identify okay you got a

segment with number two uh number two was already present with us so it's a duplicate
one all right okay so that was

basically about how it works so we looked into detail about HTTP and like application
layer and what transport

layer is what it does how it does it only thing we need to look now is uh we

need to look at uh in details uh about TCP uh about UDP about uh IP addresses

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we haven't looked into that much um like obviously we'll look at we'll look at that uh in the
network layer

and uh the data link layer and the physical layer is nothing so it's it's just like physical
devices so not much

to cover over there uh but this is the only thing remaining right now okay so

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

let's start with uh protocols deep diving into protocols now uh what are the transport layer
protocols we are

still on transport layer so what are the transport layer protocols TCP and UDP what are
the

application layer protocols HTTP and stuff right right um what is

the um Network layer protocol IP Internet Protocol uh so we'll uh we'll

take a look at all of these okay cool first let's start with the um transport

layer protocol so since we are transport layer we know where transport layer works and
let's look into UDP now

UDP UDP stands for user datagram protocol is it recording

yes okay let's learn about user datagram

protocol so what is UCP UDP it's basically pretty simple it's uh the

transport layer protocol right and uh it basically uh uh you all know what it is

like it's used to transport you know like data in the transport layers like from Network to
transport layer and from

transport layer to network right but the problem is that uh here your

data may not be delivered okay data may or may not be

delivered okay data may change on the

way data may change on the way okay data may not be in order when your

friend receives the data data may not be in order so this is the problem so

obviously if you want to send some documents emails or whatever do these Technologies
use UDP then no if they use

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UDP then your email may come in different order or some data will be lost or whatever
important files will be

you know corrupted or something like that right sound good

all right so let's see how it happens so basically uh it is a connectionless

protocol connection less

protocol okay means no connection will be established between the two computers and it
will still send like the data in

TCP it will be like hey let me make sure there's a connection between these two and after
that I will send data which

I'll look into later on okay connectionless protocol okay and this thing that I mentioned
over here this

thing this thing to check something so check sum is used for what to to check

whether the data has been corrupted or not okay UDP uses this so UDP uses this

UDP uses check sums UDP uses check

sums okay so you will know whether the data has been corrupted or not

but UDP will not do anything about it okay it's corrupted there's an error okay no problem
it is what is it what it

is okay so let's look at this particular header and uh this particular like uh

the packet that we'll be sending so UDP packet what does it look like uh

previously we mentioned port numbers um obviously if you're talking about like transport
layer in transport layer we

have port numbers where are those we mentioned it somewhere over here sockets

and sockets have uh transport layer will attach these socket port numbers it is

written over here okay so every data packet will have a port number your port

number and your friend's port number so your Source

port number and your uh destination port

number destination port number in a packet will be

available okay the length of the packet the length of this datagram it's known as datagram
length of data gr will also

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be added okay and what else check

sum check sum will also be added so these are all the additional things that will be added
and then obviously your

data will be added what data you are sending okay this is what is added if

you want to check the size of this then uh this is 2 bytes um this is also 2 bytes 2 bytes 2

bytes and the data is also I believe uh 2 bytes okay so 1 2 3 4 this is total

eight bytes and then you have your data oh no data cannot data is not two bytes two
bytes is very less um data is like

if you're talking about the total size right so let's see total size total size is equal to 2 to^
16 and

uh this particular thing okay the the header this is known as the header

something that is attached to you this is header uh this is 8

bytes okay um so total size of data is 2

to^ 16 - 8 which is equal to what 6,000 65,000

something these many bytes this is the size of the data that you can send in one

packet Okay cool so that's basically how it

happens same thing we mentioned previously that's it these all things we mentioned okay
that was it no initial

connection or whatever just like we mentioned previously it happens like that same check
some Theory okay so why

do we use it because UDP is like faster right because it's not like always checking for hey
did you get the data or

whatever okay sound good

cool all right so that was about UDP and it's a lot lot uh faster that's why we

that's why we use it and that's uh pretty much about it

good and when we talk about uh DNS uh use cases of

UDP use cases um it's very

fast let me just write some use cases um video conferencing apps video

conferencing apps and the DNS thing we talked about previously this also uses

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UDP because it's fast okay

gaming gaming also uses UDP okay cool okay you can actually use

a command to see all these data packets that are coming in and out of your computer
okay so you can say TCP dump and I can

say only give me five packets okay if you remove five this my- C5 then it will

show you all like that are coming okay I I want I only want to see five so here you go five
packets

captured and uh there you go it has all the information see udb

packet okay sequence is there length is there and so many other things uh IP is

there AWS it's coming from somewhere right um

that's pretty much about it okay so these are the ec2 instances these are

ec2 instance we'll talk more about these things later right uh cloud computing

later in the course okay so don't worry about that okay so that was UDP now let's talk
about TCP protocol so TCP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

means transmission control protocol uh we have already looked at it in brief and we're
talking about HTTP so HTTP

uses TCP right and we we know like let's talk about TCP I'll write I'll I'll make

a new page for this okay because this is an important topic it's also asked in interviews
quite a lot explain TCP how

it works okay transmission control protocol uh

TCP transmission control protool

transmission control protocol we already looked at UDP and now it's time to look

at uh TCP so we know that it's being used in sttp and it's like very uh you

know uh like the data we have is uh you know is stays with us so what do it what

does it do like what is the use case of of TCP obviously uh we talk about TCP so

it's on the transport layer so we know it's from uh taking the data from your transport to
your network and from

Network to your transport layer okay so basically it allows us to do that it's

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at like the transport layer protocol okay transport

layer protocol it does the same thing that UDP does but differently okay when you um uh
you know

when you get the data when you get the data in the transport layer from where application
layer so you create data

segments okay so application layer sends data application layer sends lot of raw data

let's say sends lots of raw data and

TCP segments this data means divide it in chunks or

something divide in chunks add

headers you know check sums so on and so forth all these are things okay it may

also collect the data from Network

layer uh when Network layer dist for example you have a data uh and transport

layer passes the N data to what layer Network layer Network layer May divide that data
into more smaller chunks so at

the receiving end of your friend those more smaller chunks will be put into one okay
check

video I can't write this so have you can check this video when you look at

notes okay sound good so it also provides one more thing which is

congestion control that we talked about previously congestion

control okay sound good cool it's takes care of

two things takes care

of um when data does not

arrive okay so it will work with that sometimes data may not be delivered so

in that case we have to work with it and also rearranges and maintains the order

basically okay maintains the order of data

maintains the order of data and we looked at it previously how it does it using sequence
number Okay

cool so TCP is pretty pretty awesome we can use it in various various places like we can
transfer some PDFs you know

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um email and uh the HTTP uses it so web browsing and uh so many other things

like email and email service and things like that okay so what are the email application
layer protocols MTP right

pop IMAP we talked about these previously so these application layer protocols use
which transport layer

protocol TCP okay what are some of the

features features features uh it's uh it's pretty

straightforward so basically UDP was connectionless this is connection

oriented means first a connection has to be

established and then you can send data okay cool it is

also um you know um uh it also provides

us um like

um error control okay so error control we talked about this obviously error

control okay con congestion control we've talked about this also congestion

control right um it also is there's one more thing like uh

bidirectional okay I mean like duplex full duplex full duplex so what do we mean by

full duplex basically this means that uh you are two computers connected to each

other you can send one file from computer a to computer B computer B can

then send another file like this or you both can send files

simultaneously okay sound good cool notice something

that using TCP there can only be two end points like this okay so you cannot like send
one

message to 10 computers no they they all will be having their own TCP connection one
TCP connection only two between two

computers okay so that's basically about it okay so let's talk about this connection

thing can you're saying it first establishes a connection between two computers and then
it transfers data how

this connection happens so you already know about like data segments this is the one
that looks like for uh UDP for

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TCP it's a little bit more uh complex okay so if you want to look into like

the details of it you can uh you can check it out uh you know the research papers for that
so I won't be going into

much details of it because it has a lot of things obviously if it's connection oriented then
obviously lot more details

are required but basically it has the same thing like the source and the destination port
number the data

obviously will be there um it will add a sequence number and an acknowledgement

number okay and obviously your check sum and stuff so the sequence number and
acknowledgement number are the two two

3-Way handshake
different things that we have looked into right now so what does it mean so basically first I
will tell you verbally

then I'll draw the diagram what happens is that the client will request the server you will
request your friend's

computer hey I want to establish a connection with you then your friend server will
respond back to you you're

like yeah sure I want to establish a connection with you too and then you will respond
back to your friend okay cool uh I accepted and uh connection

established three-way handshake this is known as three-way handshake three-way

handshake very important concept and

also asked in interviews three-way handshake okay your computer let's say

this is the client this is the server okay so you will send a

connection request and uh in your connection request you're going to send it to your
server you will send the

connection request you are going to send a flag which is known as a synchronization flag
this is a flag that

you send synchron ization flag it means that a new connection is being

established this is nothing this is just like a flag a value inside the header that's it don't
ask me what a header is

okay we already covered over here this thing okay cool the server will like oh I have got

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a new sin flag what do we do it also sends a sequence number so we know it's in order
so sin flag and a

sequence number will be sent okay let's say that the sequence number is something

like 32 random number okay so sequence numbers are random numbers uh the

question is why because um if the sequence number were not random then it

would make it very easy to guess and anyone would be able to make connection with the
server and hackers could uh you

know uh take advantage of this so security purposes sequence numbers are random
okay um server will be like uh

okay sure I have got your sin flag and I will send you a m

flag it will also have a sequence number of random something

like 85 not I think it takes the sequence flag it takes the sequence

number from the client does some mathematical calculations on it yeah do

some maths on 32 and that will give you another

number that's going to be its sequence number

okay so that's how it works with its sequence number and then client will be like okay um I
have gotten it and I

acknowledge it now client will again send the acknowledgement flag this will also send sin
flag because it is also

starting a new connection and then acknowledgement and uh the sequence number okay
example let's say this

is 56 okay so it will send a sequence

number first it was 32 the next time it sends a request it will be 32 + 1

sequence number will be 33

okay sound good cool it will also send an

acknowledgement number there's a sequence number there's also an acknowledgement

number acknowledgement number is equal to sequence number plus

one previous sequence number + one so 33 and here acknowledgement number is going

to be equal to what previous sequence number which was 56 um +

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1 okay 57 that's it and then the connection

will be established and then they will be talking to each other that's basically how it works
this is a

three-way handshake if you want to look into details what this header looks like I already
mentioned it contains like the

acknowledgement flag sin flag there are so many other flags as well that you can check
the you know internet for more

more information uh there's the reset flag is there there's a finish flag is there right so

all these flags are available over there so you can check it out and the check sum is also
available in this um which

basically works in the same way and that's it okay so that was about TCP and I

believe that was about transport layer also uh so that's it and now let's look into the
network layer

TCP (Network Layer)

Network layer cool by the way if you're enjoying the tutorial make sure you like share and
subscribe and comment and

share with your friends it will mean a lot okay so we know that application layers sends
the data to trans transport

layer so the data that is in the transport layer so I'll just write it down over here in the
transport

layer the data we have is in segments okay in the network

layer the dat we have the data it travels in the form of packets and then

the data link layer the data link layer has uh

frames we we'll look on into all of these packets uh sorry uh segments we have already
looked into now it's time

for packets and Frames okay so what works at the network layer routers here

we work with routers so here we work with

routers okay we've already covered what routers are so basically this is the

part where your data actually travels from one place to another be that like across the
world okay so that is pretty

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much about it and let's say how let's see how we can uh how we can do that okay so let's
see how it happens so when

we're talking about routers let's say so many routers our router and everyone is
connected together and you are let's say

over here let me just uh erase this thing um just give me a

second and let's see if we are over here somewhere okay

um okay so you are over here your friend is over here point a point B you have to

send data from computer a to computer B okay so many routers are connected in
between so many routers are connected to

each other so many routers are connected like this

something like this okay many routers are connected to each other sound good

this is basically about it so what happens is that uh this entire internet

thing okay just like like the global global internet

um every single router that you see over here has its own network address so

every device we know has its own what IP address Mac address so these also

have their own network address so Network address basically means that um

it basically allows us to send these like data packets so if you're sending a

data packet over here you send it to this one uh Network 1 for example so

what this network 1 is going to do it's going to check in its routing table

okay it's going to check in its uh in its routing table or forwarding table

forwarding table is a part of a routing table uh that basically consists of every

destination address okay so for example let's let me

explain it to you I know it's a little bit confusing but let's see so what does a packet contain
let's first look into

that so it will contain the network layer address of the destination it will

contain the network layer address of the person who is sending it and what information
you want it to send okay so

when you send your packet over here you send your packet from here to here this

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will check this router will check it will check its forwarding table it like

oh I have received this packet uh and this packet needs to be at this particular location let
me just check my

forwarding table real quick let me check my forwarding table oh this uh this

particular destination it's uh somewhere around East so it will send it over here

like this this is known as forwarding table so routing table forwarding table don't

get confused in this this is known as hop by hop forwarding hop by hop

forwarding hopping routers to routers until it reaches the correct router okay so this will be
like okay I

have received N1 will like N1 router uh it will be like hey I have received a packet is this
packet for me it's going

to be like a packet is going to be like no it's not it's actually for some other destination uh
Network layer address so

like oh okay uh then let me see where that is in my forwarding table you're like okay let
me just check it and then

it will move ahead okay sound good so this forwarding

and these routing tables actually live inside your routers

okay sound good cool okay so forwarding table comes

inside a routing table a routing table may have multiple paths so if you want to reach uh
Point number c okay how do

you reach Point number c you can go from here from here from here all these information
will be available in routing

table then what is forwarding table forwarding table only contains One path

okay it will be like okay you want to go from here to here check it so it's a much much
more faster

way okay and it's uh it exists inside your routers these forwarding tables and

stuff okay so forwarding table it's just a data structure okay okay so it will be like

hey please send it the data over here they like okay let me check if this data is for me it
will be like no it's not

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okay send it to your you know checking the forwarding table it like okay forwarding table
is saying that this particular IP address lies somewhere

over here it will send it here then it will send like let's say if these were connected Also
let's say if these were

connected also will send here it will send it here and data will be then

received okay so every single router will have its own network layer

address okay every device has its own Mac address but when you talk about the

network interface um it also has its own like some some

some logical address are being being created okay

cool so that's basically what we mean by it let me explain it to you so there may be a
particular Network when we talked

about IP addresses we talked about IP addresses right there are like there's four parts to
it let's say one of the

parts is like 192.168

2 300 and3 or something okay something like

that so this thing is basically known as the network

address of your device Network address it basically tells which network

your device resides in and this is the device

address okay I hope it clear now we'll obviously look more into IP addresses later on ipv4
IPv6 and everything we'll

we'll cover it okay and this is how routing takes

place okay okay now another important doubt you may be having Kunal that is

fine you have your routing tables in your routers and that's trying to forward things over
here and here what

if someone adds a new router in there you know some some locality or whatever and you
want to you would that be

included in the routing table also how would that be happening and who creates these
routing tables who is adding these

destination addresses and everything how does my router know where to forward data
packets or whatever who is creating

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these tables we know how it's working but who who created these tables where did it
come

from okay so who creates these tables control

Control Plane
plane in the network layer there's something known as control plane so what

happens is that control plane is used to you know build these uh these routing tables and
uh every router you can think

of it as a graph okay so every router is a node and the links between the routers

are edges of the graph okay routers are what very very big graph you can imagine

it these are the nodes of the graph if you're not aware of how no what are nodes and
graphs and all these

algorithms then uh please check out my DSA boot camp we'll be covering it over there so
routers are nodes and uh the

edges the links are the edges the links between routers are the edges

okay so there are two types of routings that you use to create the tables first is the static

routing this is basically adding addresses manually now obviously this is like time

consuming and uh if a if a new address is added then you would have to change that it's
not adaptive really okay so

that's basically static routing you manually add all these routes okay if you want to go to
this network address

then you go it via over here here here here here you add it manually in the routing

table okay cool the second one is dynamic

routing Dynamic routing this sort of like

evolves okay when there's a change in network it will evolve

accordingly okay the algorithms they use are some what like this you know bman

Ford dyra path finding algorithms they that those algorithms have been used in

finding these paths to various algorithms and routers literally D

algorithm has been used in this so some people ask what are the uses of these
algorithms we're learning in data

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structures the entire internet is built on that all right

cool sound good okay now let's talk about protocols in application layer we talked about
protocols transport layer

we talked about two protocols TCP and UDP um there's one more protocol in the

network layer that takes place which is Internet Protocol or IP so what is the network layer
protocol if someone asks

you it's the Internet Protocol okay IP so Internet Protocol here we'll learn

IP (Internet Protocol)
about IP addresses Internet Protocol

IP okay now what is the Internet Protocol you know when we talk about the TCP IP model
that we talked about about

the entire five layers that we were talking about in that the IP part is the Internet Protocol
so it basically is the

network the protocol that lies in the networking layer it we here we work with like you
know how this uh this thing the

the routing stuff that I mentioned happens uh this uh the control plane stuff and the IP
addresses mainly okay

so these are known as IP hosts okay so this is known as an IP address so IP

addresses basically let's uh talk a little bit more about that first so when we talk about IP
addresses what are IP

addresses currently we are talking about version fours okay we'll talk about version like
uh uh the six version six

uh later on first let's talk about the ones that we have been using so far so

ipv4 IP address version 4 let talk about that so these are 32 bit

numbers okay with four words

okay what is an IP address we already know it defines a server a client a node or a router
okay uniquely

defines okay what is IPv6 this is the

future okay so basically 32bit may be like uh even though 2^ 32 unique numbers

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that's a lot of numbers right but uh still it may be possible that some someday we run out
um that's why we have

like some more you know features and additional functionalities and IPv6 address say
these are 128

bits okay so we'll talk more about that later okay so when we talk about like IP

address 5. 6.9.4 so this is an 8 bit number okay

this is another 8bit number 8 bit number 8 bit number 8 4 are 32 so what is five

in binary five in binary is 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 uh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8

Bits okay similarly 8 Bits here 8 Bits here 8 Bits here that calls a you know

an IP IP address okay cool now let's talk about

it like we know that IP addresses are like you know used to identify your devices or
whatever but when I told you

about this hopping Kunal one device will go over to another to over to another to

another so is it like my router in my house takes part in this

hopping is it like uh you know I am serving someone else's traffic also is

that how it's happening the answer is not really so what happens is that

instead of hopping on your individual routers this routing path you may be

confused Kunal this does not seem like doable you know it's like all of our devices are
connected like you know one

other my router is connected to my neighbor's router is that what you're saying in a way
you can you know make

that connection but the routing like this hopping things actually happens over the internet
service

providers okay so the routing table and stuff that I mentioned it does not have

like every single information of every single person's router in the world that's not like how
it works so the

basic idea is is that it has blocks of addresses not individual addresses

blocks of IB addresses okay and these blocks of IP addresses are assigned to

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the internet service providers like airel Reliance tataa or whatever okay this is known as
what

subnetting this is the thing I told you about right over here this is the network address and
this this this is

the device address so

so all the devices that are in the same network will start from

whenever a router will forward a packet like this it should know the subnet of the

destination Okay cool so the internet Society or whatever they created classes

for this okay they created classes for this so there are three types of like class

address you can say IP address of Class A is there Class B is

there and class C is there there's also class D and E D and E

are also there okay let me just write it down in

a nice way class of IP addresses class is just a basic range

class of IP addresses so if I'm talking about class

A B C D E all the classes starting from

like zero 0 0 0 till uh 127 dot what is

the maximum value 255.255 255 okay then we have 128.

0.0.0 then we have 1920. then we have

2240 point0 and then we have 240. z.0 point0 starting from this

till 192 -1 191 223 239 and what is the last 255 do 255

255 255 so on and so forth you get the idea do 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255

255 okay sound good so this is B basically

what we mean so this is the network address Network address we already already
mentioned right that last last

one will represent the you know your host address and this is the network address the
first three

numbers okay sound good

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cool all right okay now comes up comes into picture one more thing called subnet
masking okay so what is subnet

masking subnet masking basically means that uh the subnet mask is going to mask the
the

the network part of the thing that we talked about okay the IP address Network part of the
IP address and it will leave

for us to use the host part okay the device part for example if I have an IP

address like a network part of a uh of a of this IP address for example Class C

so Class C IP address basically means that uh um

if we only want to have this thing so for example a subnet mask for class 3 is

255.255.0.0 that is basically what it means okay meaning I can add any numbers

over here so all the devices that will be 255.255 do any numbers over here that

means that it belongs to IP address of Class C so don't have this confusion why are

we using IP addresses classes or whatever because we want to be able to tell which

particular category it

belongs to

okay sound good okay there are also like variable length Subs available okay but

we can look into like uh into into that later on all right okay so what do we

mean by variable length subnets so variable length subnet basically means that uh you
can set your own

length of the let's say the network

um subnet Network okay for example here it's saying that you can add items over

here and here numbers over here and here so if you have a subnet like this 1

2.0.0 Das 31 so this basically means that first 31

bits are basically my Subnet part okay rest remaining

remaining okay sound good for example if you have something like

1920. 1.024

so to Total we have 32 bits uh 24 are already occupied by the subnet remaining

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eight okay so starting will be what starting of the IP address that you can

have over here is the first eight would be the same first first 24 bits would not change
because these are the subnet

0.1.0 ending will be and then you can have 0 9 1920. 1.1 1920. 1.2 so ending

can be 19201 255 total how many do you have

256 so if there's a subnet of uh size 24 bits then remaining bits are eight so

you can have total 256 to H part8 okay that's basically

what a subnet is and this is how it's allocated to IP addresses but now the question is how
do we allocate it to IP

addresses like who allocates it okay how do we allocate which particular IP sorry

uh not IP addresses um internet service providers isps okay so initially what

was happening was that it was on first come first sub basis okay so larger B bigger bigger
organizations like there

was uh MIT and Stanford and stuff and you know IBM was really po really

popular in terms of like the internet age so they all got the class one IP address block
okay this

one this

one okay so it was on like first come first Ser basis but then what did they

try to do they say like okay we are not going to worry about these classes and structure
we are just going to focus on uh this

thing the you know um like we are not going to worry about

like the variable length uh subnet masking we can work on that okay so the

internet Society uh the IET if uh they are the ones um the internet engineering

task force okay um so they are the ones who assign these IP addresses to your

isps and stuff okay so they don't worry about the classes or whatever they are just like we
are going to assign the IP

addresses based on regions why because they want to minimize the number of let's say
hops when you're finding your

IP addresses and stuff okay so that's one of the reasons why they don't work with like you
know they don't assign it based on classes they assign it based on

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regions all right okay some of these ipv4 addresses that we're talking about are reserved
they are like special

addresses for example uh the first bit is reserved to let's say uh special one

or reserved ones let's talk about this reserved

addresses okay so first one is 127 0.0.0.0 8 means first eight bits are

reserved these can be anything so an example can be Local Host Local Host is what

127.0.0.1 so these are known as loop back

addresses loop back addresses why is it known as loop back

because the processes that are going to be running on your machine you know using
your the TCP IP protocols it will

allow you to contact the same processes so your device will act as client also

and server also you know Local Host these are those for testing purposes if you are a
developer you definitely know what Local Host is but now you know the

story behind it okay so it's it's it cannot be down it will always be up if the computer is
running then you will

have your Local Host up and and um you you can have like as many of loop back

addresses if you as you want okay sound good all right okay so

now let's look at how these things the the the packets thing we talked about right the uh
data travels in packets and

uh let's see how it travels and what is consisting inside a packet so one thing I'd like you
to you know if you want to

learn more about how it works internally then obviously learn watch you know check the
research papers of how the

internet packets uh you know I address packet the IP IP version for packets

work so we have already seen two packets um one was for TCP and one was for UDP

now the those are segments and uh the transport layer chunks are called Data chunks
are called segments there was

segments I believe uh this one is called packets in network layer the IP version four data
packets they known as packets

okay so packets so apart from the data the

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Packets
header is of 20 bytes okay so packets header is of 20

bytes of 20 bytes okay it contains the IP version

and the you know the total length for example so like IP version the total

length it contains it contains an ident uh identification number for example uh

in the previous example we saw some Flags this also contains some Flags if you're
working with tcpip right and uh

so many other things like protocols you can Google it about yourself okay check [Music]

some and addresses etc etc there's one more thing

that contains which I'll talk about is TTL time to

live Etc so what is time to live basically you

know that your packets are traveling on various IP addresses like various routers it's it's
hopping hopping

hopping it may be possible that sometimes a packet may be like uh you know in a loop or
something and may not

reach after so many hops so that is what time to live means let's see in a in a

in some detail let's see that so if I go to my terminal and I say ping

google.com Okay so this is what time to live is TTL okay so means after like 60 hops if

it is not reached then the packet will be dropped zero packet loss right now but

uh in case it was not then it was drop and this is a sequence number sequence number I
mentioned to you right the

packet is coming in sequence it has a sequence number or whatever this is that this is
that thing okay let's move forward so that's

what basically time to live is so so that pet is not roaming inside the network forever if
after some particular

hops it's not leaving it's not reaching the destination then it will be dropped okay okay so
this is a little bit more

about packets you can you can Google about it okay and how these packets like

travel and everything we have covered that already you know like IP like routers they do
hopping and obviously

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now you know about time to live so whenever you are doing a Hopping it will decrease
the value of time to live and

it has the check sum values and uh things like that okay so that's basically about it if you
want to learn

more about it you can learn about and watch the research papers and uh dive deep into it
like how these packets work

like even at a minute level uh but I think this is more than enough to understand like how
the internet works

okay two things one thing I already mentioned to you was about uh this is the thing that I
already mentioned which

was DHCP okay so now we're talking about like let's talk about like the data link

layer okay so let's talk about data link layer okay okay now that we have learned

about IP version 4 let's talk a little bit more about IP version 6 IP IP V6

IPV4 vs IPV6
okay IP V6 so ipv4 means it's 2^ 32 okay so two

32 bits IP V4 is 32 bits so in ipv ipv4 is 32 bits means 2^ 32 unique IP

addresses you can create which is almost something like 4.3 billion IP addresses

unique okay so initially people thought this was enough okay but now as more and

more people are using the internet and smartphones and things like that we may run out
okay so this is a new internet

new version of IP addresses called IPv6 okay

IPv6 it is actually four times larger than

ipv4 okay four times larger so how many unique addresses can be form in IP V6 2

to power 3 into 4 sorry 32 into four which is equal to a lot of numbers like

uh that's a lot it is a lot of number I can't even write it down so 2 ra to power some

128 just Google it okay so this is 3.4

into 10 to power 38 numbers that's a lot of numbers these

many unique IP addresses you can form okay cool but there are some cons

Associated to it some of the like pros and cons stuff cons that are associated

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with this is it is not Backward Compatible because it's a new technology

okay not I mean people are using it some folks are using it and

stuff but that the devices that are already covered configured like over your IP version 4
cannot access like

websites or servers that may be configured with ipv

6 okay also a lot of you know like it's

going to require some efforts okay this is the reason why the entire world has not shifted
on IPv6

yet okay cool because isps would have to

shift would have to shift

lot of Hardware work

work okay sound good

cool so let's talk about it um how is it

represented so there are actually eight eight numbers and every single number is

a hexadecimal digit okay represents like 16bit parts

of the addresses okay hexadecimal okay sound good so here we

have like something like a a a a a a a a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and this is a hexade

decimal okay sound good so this is 128 bits so if I'm talking

about you know like 32 into 4 128 and

128 I'm saying dividing into 8 so what do we get over here 16 so it's a 16bit

number hexadecimal this is a 16bit string over here of

hexadecimal okay sound good

all right that's basically about

it okay so we won't be diving deep into IPv6 but uh an example if you want to

take an example and heade decimal I can take something

like something like a b f e something

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like that okay f001 3 2 1 0 9 1 8 2 something like that

obviously 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 three

something like that I ran out of paper but you get the idea it's one of the

examples so you see this is a little lot big number okay sound good

cool and you know in previous IP addresses we had something like like 127

0.0.0 -8 8 basically means you know the subnet that is prefixed prefix so in

this also we can do the same we can do the same representation

here also okay exactly the same like that

some can be fixed let's say say first two are or let's say you know we have

the first uh first four are fixed for example okay so you can have like a b Fe

e f o 001 32 and

9182 okay after this I can just say rest are fixed so let's say 60 sorry

first 60 are fixed and then rest as it is okay no it will be three no it will four

that's fine yeah about four something like that sound good make it smaller like I

think that's sounds good okay so if all the values are zero so for example if all the values
are zero you can just

represent it as zero or if you put just one zero over here or

you put no zeros over here that is also fine so basically if you're just having like dot dot so
basically 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 something like this uh basically is equal to 0 0 0 if I have

one over here and 9 over here something like this 1 9 okay you can also write

this as like this somehow means this between is full of

zeros okay how many zeros that depends on like how many numbers you may have in
front or back

okay cool let's move forward okay so you can

learn more about it and how uh you know companies are utilizing ipv4 IPv6 and

how the government is you know transporting it like deciding whom to give and what all
are in use right now

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you can research more about it later on but we are not going to worry about that because
we are working with ipv4 and

during the course also we'll working with ipv4 okay one more thing I want to mention is
that right now we have

learned about the computers that interact with each other and the routers but there's one
more thing that interact

with the network packets that come from the network layer these are known as middle

boxes okay so these are like uh extra devices that also interact with the IP

packets okay so mostly you will find these like you know let's say in the network layer but
they can also be in

the transport layer first one such first such device is firewall may have heard

about firewall okay so let's see what a firewall is okay so so far we have learned about
like two types of devices

Middle Boxes
one is like the end systems or computers and another one another one is what the
routers but there's one more type of

device that comes in between which are known as middle boxes so middle boxes are like
uh you know um they they also

uh work with like you know your packets that are being coming so you can allow some
packets and reject some packets and

modify these packets so on and so forth all right so some of these they operate

over like in the network layer but they also exist in the transport layer so one of these
middle box that we look into is

a fireball so middle box is AR there just like a middle like devices apart

from your computer and uh the routers that also work with packets so for

example using a fireball there are like two types of fireballs right so there's one that is
connected to like the global

internet and one that is connected to your own network right so what firewall does is it
provides like filters so you

are uh you are get given like some filters like okay all the IP packets that that are coming
to my network uh

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they can be filtered out based on let's say the address okay so if you have someone who
who IP address is coming

from a specific address you want to block that spe so you can block that uh you can
modify the packet for example

some IP address coming it's coming it's going to location destination a you want to
change it to destination B you can

change its header or something like that you can uh you know set some rules on

like the port numbers like okay on this port numbers we're not allowed to have uh you can
set Flags so for example in

the new connection we saw that a sin flag is required right um so you can be like okay
block all the sin flag so that

no one can make a new connection and like similarly like port numbers and protocols so
on and so forth right so

there are like two types of firewalls there's a stateless firewall and there's a stateful uh
firewall so the stateless

firewall will obviously do not maintain a state um and a stateful firewall will

uh you know see the packet and maintain its state means it store it stores it in its cash
memory so all the other that

will come uh you know for it it will basically be like okay we have received

some sort of a similar packet we can allow this one or deny this one or whatever so since
it's using cash memory

and something like that it's a little bit more efficient so where is this in the network it's
basically uh in the um

you know um there's like two types of it so one is like the the one that is hosted uh

you know by the host and end systems and one that is in the network so it's in the
network layer as well and uh it's in

the transport layer as well okay so the second middle box that we're looking at

(NAT) Network Address Translation

is called a network address translator okay Network address translation which is known
as natat so what is natat so

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basically natat is a method of mapping an IP address space into another by modifying the
network address IP

information in the header of the packet okay so the idea is something like this

that you have your own IP addresses over here right and you have a Nat over here
Network address translation so it will

modify the addresses so to the outside world the address of the devices will look like
150150 0.1 that is connected

to the internet okay now since the IDs are coming from this network initially

the host ID was 10.0.0.0 but Nat actually modified it for the internet

now the ID is coming from 150. 150. 0.1 so now all the IDS in your network can

be worked as a private IP this is the basically what Nat is okay sound good so why did
this

happen so basically uh you know um to slow down the consumption of IP addresses we

can only have like 2 H 30

to so that's basically one of the reasons okay so some Enterprise uh you know networks
also use this and you can

learn more about how you can send a message over a net okay so that's

basically about it all right so whenever you're getting some packets or something like this
Nat will have like U like its

own like you know uh memory or something where it's going to save it and then it's going
to pass it over over the

internet you can learn more about it like there's a lot of types of uh nads as you can see

uh you know like applications for example so it's used in routing in load balancing right
um and uh also some

issues and limitations you can also learn about like how it works the implementation so
like a two-way

communication and IP header contains the IP source and destination IP address this is
something we already know and uh

you know so many things like you can do so you can have private IP addresses and
everything like that okay and

translation process and visible of visibility operation everything you can types of knats you
can see on this

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screen right over here and methods of translation and all these other things so it's a pretty
big topic and

definitely you know out of out of our scope but uh a good information like how it works
and everything was important to

important to give so same thing like U you know the the source address of the

packet that you'll be having uh that that is replaced by the public address right and then
the Chuck sum is also

updated and then it's sort of like carried out via TCP or UDP okay and when

you receive a packet uh then uh you know you get it from the public internet and the the
natat will be like okay where do

I have it in my table we have gotten it from the public internet and then it is forwarded in
your own internal Network

so that's about Nat and that's another type of middle box so this was about like the
network layer and now the

second last layer so let's talk about data link layer of TCP

TCP (Data Link Layer)

okay so let's talk about data link layer and what it does so the data packets

that we received from the network layer the data link layer is responsible to send these
packets over a over a

physical link okay sound good cool

so it will just transport like your data between like connect

devices for example for example you have your own router I mentioned this previously
you have your

router okay your router has some IP address that is provided by your ISP

some devices are connected to that router these devices have their own IP

addresses so there's going to be a subnet available over here and new IP

addresses are going to be allocated to this how does this happen I've mentioned this
previously DHCP okay it's known as

Dynamic host configuration protocol okay so

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dynamic or you can Google it yourself Dynamic host configuration protocol so whenever a
new devic is added to your

router or whatever it will connect your new device basically your new

device is going to connect to the DHCP server

okay he's going to be like hey I need some uh IP address can you please uh allocate me
some of the some of the IP

addresses okay and every uh DHCP server will have some pool of IP addresses pool

of IP addresses a b c d IP addresses so it's

going to assign some IP address to your new

device okay okay so since we're talking about the data link layer we are now not like
talking about Network like in the

networking how it was done now we're talking about the actual physical presence like
how data will be transferred to like the devices that are

connected together for example various lands okay so one more thing happens is

that um there may be many um you know devices connected in

your land okay many devices connected together

okay many

devices connected let's say in a local area network for example okay okay so even
though two

computers are being found out together or whatever using the IP addresses and subnets
of the IP uh internet service

providers or whatever but at the data link layer they communicate with each other using
the data link layer address

okay something known as the data link link layer address so every device that

will have like you know an IP address they will also have the data link layer address so all
the you know if you're

sending from one place to another they may know their own data link address like of the
destination also so

basically what happens is how it uh you know happens you can manually allocate data
link address data link layer

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address to devices but it also happens sometimes like automatically okay for example
devices are connected to one Lan

let's say device number one 2 3 and 4 so

device number one 2 3 and four let's say device number one needs to send

something to device number four okay so device number one will check in its own

cache hey do I have the um you know the data link layer of device number four

it's going to be like no you don't when it does not have it then it's going to

uh ask in the in the all the like the devices that are connected over here okay this is
known as arp cach arp

cache okay this is known as ARP cache so all the devices I repeat all the devices

that will be connected in this will receive a message from this device what will be the
message message will be a

packet okay or a frame since we are in data link layer so data link layer

transfers in frames Let's see we we wrote it down over here some here data link layer
frames okay so what

does a frame contain another good question frame basically contains what

the data link layer of from where the data is coming of the sender so data link uh layer
address of

sender and IP address of

destination now it's going to be like hey is the IP add of the destination can you pleas
send me the data link layer of the destination it's going to be like

yeah sure how about that that's it and that's how it sort of like updates it so

similarly when it gets new data it updates it cash and this is known as address resolution

protocol okay this is what is known as address resolution

protocol cool all right okay and it is these data link layer addresses that we

are talking about the data link layer when we we're talking about the data link layer
addresses okay the data link layer

addresses this thing is known as Mac address of your devices when you're talking about

ethernet and stuff this is also known as your Mac addresses it identifies the

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device so Mac address is not of your device it's actually of the component so

your Wi-Fi may have a different Mac address okay uh your Bluetooth may have

a different Mac address right so this is basically about Mac addresses so it

sends all the Mac addresses like okay which one do I want to go to it will go to that one
so as you can see data link

layer works very closely with the physical layer okay it takes a lot of you know

like if you if you talk about physical layer how that works that will take a lot of time
because that in that then

we'll talk about Electronics okay and hardware and stuff this is more about the computer

networking part that we're talking about okay so if you're into electrical and Hardware stuff
then definitely research

more about it okay so Mac address like when you make a request and when the data
comes back to your router the it

the router it will basically attach the correct private IP address to the data

packets ensuring that they got to the computer in device the router will do

this because all those private IP address that I talked about they actually correspond to
the correct Mac address only okay so this thing that I

talked about the data link layer address those are the Mac addresses okay so the router
will assign like IP addresses and

Mac addresses to it and that way we'll make sure like it reaches the correct particular
device okay so since like the

public and the private IP address will you know remain the same but the MAC address
will keep on changing as data

will travel from one device to another so Mac address is like a 12-digit alpha numeric
string it's called as media

Access Control okay and uh it it's a unique identity for a particular network

interface it's used by all E Network Technologies like ethernet Wi-Fi Bluetooth and so on
and so forth Okay

cool so you can also block some of the devices like okay this Mac address device is
blocked or this device is you

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know allowed or whatever you can do that using Mac addresses as well I hope you are
now able to understand how data

travels from like the network layer to the data link layer and the data link layer is the one
that works with Mac

addresses okay it works at your router level and with the physical devices okay

so it converts these into like zeros and ones of bits and transfers it into your physical
devices using all the protocols

everything we just mentioned okay address resolution protocol and everything so we

talked about protocols

in like uh all the layers we have talked about all the protocols in every layer and where
every layer Works everything

is covered remember like the command we did if config you can use that command to
check your Mac address also okay so

that's basically about it and uh yeah that's the data link layer and that's

address resolution protocol protol and then comes like the physical layer so actually data
gets converted into electrical signals and then get sent to

your devices or whatever okay so I was in short about how you know not in short

we covered a lot of things how the the internet works uh if you want more if you look look
at more at like the uh

data link layer part you can check out how it does like the uh for example uh

uh there's this thing called like framing okay the framing uh like working with the frames
how those get converted

and everything it also does error detection okay just mentioning some few

things you can check in in brief like uh that was it and that's how the you know internet

works and uh I'm super excited and if you just a few things we are doing

complete devops boot camp so uh like in depth I taught you all these things I'll teach you
that as well so first of all

make sure you like share subscribe right now and comment right now and you can

take a photo of this and and uh then you can like maybe yeah you can take a photo and
then

you can uh like um you know add it on socials you can use the

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hash devops with Kunal the Twitter bot will retweet so it's a our learning in public initia
that initiative that we

always support and I believe that was about it now the next thing will be more Hands-On
approach are required so you

can check out various uh other how to you know get into more into networking and things
like that you can take

networking certifications and all these other things so yeah that's something you can do
but I believe for then how

the internet works this was a good understanding we covered everything about OSI
model about uh every single

layer and tcpip how the internet works what our IP addresses and good visualization as
well this is more than

enough to get started with the boot camp because in the boot camp we'll be doing Hands-
On stuff so when we do Docker

we'll do Docker networking when we do kubernetes we'll do kubernetes networking so

networking will come again and again and again and again and again

all right and now just research and Google and have fun and try to you know

paint the picture in your mind how it works but again very important share on socials like
share subscribe and comment

down below and please share I it's it's a hours and hours long video it made a lot of took
a lot of efforts so if you

share it's only more motivation for me to create more amazing content share with your
friends sharees on socials

share what you learned write a blog on it if you want and I'll see you in the next one
please do subscribe and like as

well and comment and have a great day

[Music]

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