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Ce 2

Uploaded by

APILADO, ALECK NOEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES

ANY FLOATING BODY IS SUBJECTED BY TWO OPPOSING


VERTICAL FORCES. ONE IS THE BODY'S WEIGHT W WHICH IS
DOWNWARD, AND THE OTHER IS THE BUOYANT FORCE BF
WHICH IS UPWARD. THE WEIGHT IS ACTING AT THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY G AND THE BUOYANT FORCE IS ACTING AT THE
CENTER OF BUOYANCY BO. W AND BF ARE ALWAYS EQUAL
AND IF THESE FORCES ARE COLLINEAR, THE BODY WILL BE IN
UPRIGHT POSITION AS SHOWN BELOW.

POINT M IS THE INTERSECTION OF THE AXIS OF THE BODY


AND THE LINE OF ACTION OF THE BUOYANT FORCE, IT IS
CALLED METACENTER. IF M IS ABOVE G, BF AND W WILL
PRODUCE A RIGHTING MOMENT RM WHICH CAUSES THE BODY
TO RETURN TO ITS NEUTRAL POSITION, THUS THE BODY IS
STABLE. IF M IS BELOW G, THE BODY BECOMES UNSTABLE
BECAUSE OF THE OVERTURNING MOMENT OM MADE BY W
AND BF. IF M COINCIDES WITH G, THE BODY IS SAID TO BE
JUST STABLE WHICH SIMPLY MEANS CRITICAL. THE VALUE OF
RIGHTING MOMENT OR OVERTURNING MOMENT IS GIVEN BY
RM OR OM = WZ = W(MG SINØ)
THE DISTANCE MG IS CALLED METACENTRIC HEIGHT

USE (-) IF G IS ABOVE BO AND (+) IF G IS BELOW BO. NOTE


THAT M IS ALWAYS ABOVE BO
VALUE OF MBO
ASSUME THAT THE BODY IS RECTANGULAR AT THE TOP VIEW
AND MEASURES B BY L AT THE WATERLINE WHEN IN UPRIGHT
POSITION. THE MOMENT DUE TO THE SHIFTING OF THE
BUOYANT FORCE IS EQUAL TO THE MOMENT DUE TO SHIFTING
OF WEDGE.

FOR SMALL VALUE OF ϴ, TAN ϴ = SIN ϴ AND NOTE THAT 1/12


LB3 = I, THUS,
THE FORMULAS CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY SECTION.

WHERE
W= WEIGHT OF THE BODY
BF= BUOYANT FORCE
M= METACENTER
G= CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE BODY
BO= CENTER OF BUOYANCY IN UPRIGHT POSITION
BO'= CENTER OF BUOYANCY IN TILTED POSITION
MG= METACENTRIC HEIGHT OR THE DISTANCE FROM M TO G
MBO DISTANCE FROM M TO BO GO DISTANCE FROM G TO BO
V= VOLUME OF THE WEDGE EITHER IMMERSION OR
EMERSION
S= HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CENTER OF
GRAVITY OF THE WEDGES
0= ANGLE OF TILTING
I= MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE WATERLINE SECTION OF THE
BODY
RM= RIGHTING MOMENT
OM= OVERTURNING MOMENT

FOR RECTANGULAR SECTION

26. A WOODEN BLOCK OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY


0.75 FLOATS IN WATER. IF THE SIZE OF THE
BLOCK IS 1 M ×0.5 M X 0.4 M, FIND ITS
METACENTRIC HEIGHT. (RAJPUT, 2013)
GIVEN: SIZE OF THE BLOCK = 1M X 0.5 M X
0.4 M SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF WOOD, S = 0.75
REQUIRED: METACENTRIC HEIGHT, MG
SPECIFIC WEIGHT YWOOD = 0.75 X 9.81 = 7.36 KN/M3
VWOOD = 1M X 0.5M X 0.4M = 0.2M3
WWBLOCK = YWOOD X VWOOD = 7.36 KN/M3 X 0.2M3 = 1.472 KN

LET DEPTH OF IMMERSION = H METERS.


BF ( WEIGHT OF WATER DISPLACED )
= SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF WATER X VOLUME OF THE WOOD
SUBMERGED IN WATER
BF = YWOOD VD
BF = 9.81 X 1 X 0.5 X H = 4.9 KN

NOW, FOR EQUILIBRIUM:


WEIGHT OF WOODEN BLOCK = WEIGHT OF WATER DISPLACED
1.472 = 4.9 H; H = 0.3M

DISTANCE OF CENTER OF BUOYANCY FROM BOTTOM I.E.,

h 0.3 m
OB = = = 0.15M
2 2
0.4
AND, OG = = 0.2M
2
GB = OG – OB = 0.2 – 0.15 = 0.05M
I
ALSO, BM =
V

WHERE, I = MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A RECTANGULAR


SECTION
3
1m(.5 m)
= = 0.014 M4
12

AND, VD = VOLUME OF WATER IS DISPLACED ( OR VOLUME OF


WOOD IN WATER) = 1 X 0.5 X H = 1 X 0.5 X 0.3 = .15M 3
4
I 0.014 m
MB = = = 0.069M
V D 0.15 m3
WE KNOW THAT THE METACENTRIC HEIGHT,
MG = MB – BG ( G IS ABOVE B)
MG = 0.069 – 0.05 = 0.019M

27. A SOLID CYLINDER 2 M IN DIAMETER


AND 2M HIGH IS FLOATING IN WATER
WITH ITS AXIS VERTICAL. IF THE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY OF THE MATERIAL OF CYLINDER
IS 0.65 FIND ITS METACENTRIC HEIGHT.
STATE ALSO WHETHER THE EQUILIBRIUM
IS STABLE OR UNSTABLE.
GIVEN: DIAMETER OF CYLINDER, D = 2 M;
HEIGHT OF CYLINDER, H = 2M; SPECIFIC
GRAVITY, S =0.65
REQUIRED: MG

I
ALSO, MB =
VD
WHERE, I = MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE PLAN OF THE BODY
ABOUT Y-Y
4 4
πd π2
I= = = 0.784 M4
64 64
AND, VD = VOLUME OF CYLINDER OF IN WATER
2 2
πd π2
V D= h= 1.3 = 4.084 M3
4 4
4
I 0.784 m
MB= = = 0.192 M
V D 4.084 m3

WE KNOW THAT THE METACENTRIC HEIGHT,


MG=BM-BG
MG = 0.192 – 0.35 = -0.158M
-VE SIGN MEANS THAT THE METACENTER M IS BELOW THE
CENTER OF GRAVITY G THEN THE CYLINDER IS UNSTABLE.
PROB: A RECTANGULAR SCOW 9 M WIDE 15 M LONG AND 3.6
M HIGH HAS A DRAFT IN SEA WATER OF 2.4 M. ITS CENTER OF
GRAVITY IS 2.7 M ABOVE THE BOTTOM OF THE SCOW

A. DETERMINE THE INITIAL METACENTRIC


HEIGHT;
B. IF THE SCOW IS TILTED UNTIL ONE END IS
JUST SUBMERGED IN WATER FIND THE
SIDEWISE SHIFTING OF THE CENTER OF
BUOYANCY;
C. DETERMINE THE FINAL METACENTRIC
HEIGHT.
GIVEN:
B= 9 M L = 15 M H= 3.6 M D = 2.4 M
G= 2.7 M FROM THE BOTTOM
REQUIRED: MG (INITIAL- UPRIGHT), X, MG (FINAL- TILTING)

A. INITIAL METACENTRIC HEIGHT MG AT UPRIGHT

MG = 𝑀𝐵0 ± 𝐺𝐵0
POSITION

I
MB0 =
V
3
L B3 15 ( 9 )
I= = = 911.25 M4
12 12
V = 2.4(15)(9) = 324 M3
4
I m
MB0 = =911.25 3
= 2.81M
V 324 m
GB0 = G – B0 = 2.7 – 1.2 = 1.5M

MG = 𝑀𝐵0 ± 𝐺𝐵0 ( G IS BELOW M)

𝐺𝐵0= G- 𝐵0 = 2.7 – 1.2 = 1.5 M


MG = 2.81 – 1.5 = 1.31

MG = 𝑀𝐵0 ± 𝐺𝐵0 ( G IS BELOW M)


MG = 2.81 – 1.5 = 1.31 M

B. SIDEWISE SHIFTING OF THE CENTER OF BUOYANCY

1.2
TANΘ =
4.5
1.2
Θ = TAN-1 = 14.930
4.5
x x
SIN Θ = ; SIN 14.930 = X = 0.724 M
M B0 2.81m

C. FINAL METACENTRIC HEIGHT


2 2
B tan Θ
MB0 = (1+ )
12 D 2
( 9 )2 tan2 14.93 0
MB0 = (1+ ) = 2.91 M
MG = 𝑀𝐵0 ± 𝐺𝐵0
12 ( 2.4 ) 2

( G IS BELOW M) MG = 2.91 – 1.5 = 1.41 M

HOOP TENSION

STRESSES ON THIN-WALLED PRESSURE TANKS

THE CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS, ALSO KNOWN AS


TANGENTIAL STRESS, IN A TANK OR PIPE CAN BE DETERMINED
BY APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF FLUID PRESSURE AGAINST
CURVED SURFACES. THE WALL OF A TANK OR PIPE CARRYING
FLUID UNDER PRESSURE IS SUBJECTED TO TENSILE FORCES
ACROSS ITS LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE SECTIONS.

TANGENTIAL STRESS, ΣΙ (CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS)


CONSIDER THE TANK SHOWN BEING SUBJECTED TO AN
INTERNAL PRESSURE P. THE LENGTH OF THE TANK IS L
PERPENDICULAR TO THE DRAWING AND THE WALL THICKNESS
IS T. ISOLATING THE RIGHT HALF OF THE 1

2T=F pD
σt=
2t
2(ΣTL)= PDL
2TΣT= PD
LONGITUDINAL STRESS, ΣL
AT THE END OF THE TANK, THE TOTAL STRESS P₁ = ΣL AEND
SHOULD EQUAL THE TOTAL FLUID FORCE FAT THAT END.
SINCE THE WALL
THICKNESS T IS SO SMALL COMPARED TO INTERNAL
DIAMETER D, THE AREA AEND OF THE WALL IS CLOSE TO ΠDT.

PT= F
ΣTAEND= ΠA4
1 σt=
ΣT(ΠDT)= P( ΠD2)
4 pD
1 4t
TΣ1= PD
4

OBSERVE THAT THE TANGENTIAL STRESS IS σt= 2σt


TWICE THAT OF THE LONGITUDINAL STRESS.

SPACING OF HOOPS OF WOOD STAVE VESSELS

IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE WOOD WILL NOT RESIST TENSION,


ONLY THE HOOPS WILL RESIST ALL THE TENSILE STRESS
CAUSED BY THE I INTERNAL PRESSURE P.

2 σt Ah
σt=
SPHERICAL SHELL pD
IF A SPHERICAL TANK OF DIAMETER D AND THICKNESS T
CONTAINS GAS UNDER A PRESSURE OF P, THE STRESS AT THE
WALL CAN BE EXPRESSED AS:

F= 2T σt=
pDs= 2σtAh pD
4t
WHERE:
S = SPACING OF HOOPS
ΣΕ = ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRESS OF THE HOOP
AH = CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE HOOP
P = INTERNAL PRESSURE IN THE VESSEL
D= INTERNAL DIAMETER OF THE VESSEL
SPHERICAL SHELL
IF A SPHERICAL TANK OF DIAMETER D AND THICKNESS T
CONTAINS GAS UNDER A PRESSURE OF P, THE STRESS AT THE
WALL CAN BE EXPRESSED AS:

29. A CYLINDRICAL STEEL PRESSURE VESSEL 400 MM IN


DIAMETER WITH A WALL THICKNESS OF 20 MM IS SUBJECTED
TO AN INTERNAL PRESSURE OF 4.5 MN/M². (A) CALCULATE
THE TANGENTIAL AND LONGITUDINAL STRESSES IN THE
STEEL. (B) TO WHAT VALUE MAY THE INTERNAL PRESSURE BE
INCREASED IF THE STRESS IN THE STEEL IS LIMITED TO 120
MN/M²?
30. THE WALL THICKNESS OF A 4-FT-DIAMETER SPHERICAL
TANK IS 5/16 INCH. CALCULATE THE ALLOWABLE INTERNAL
PRESSURE IF THE STRESS IS LIMITED TO 8000 PSI.
GIVEN: D= 4 FT.
T= 5/16 IN
Σ= 8000 PSI
REQUIRED: PRESSURE
TOTAL INTERNAL PRESSURE

RESISTING WALL:

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