Lesson 1.9 Rational Functions and Vertical Asymptotes, Lesson 1.

10 Rational Functions
and Holes
1. Revisit the graph of rational function
( x , 0 appoaches0 fromvalues grecter than
t

As xappnacheso fiom the right

o
,

will increaseritthout bound

y ly ) , t∞
,

limfx) t ( λ o f(x1 x
= ∞ 6+=+∞ ) " +
=
>

+
λ>o

Asxapproacheso fiom lefe ( x approaches0 fiomvalues lessthan

,

the 30

0)
, Ywil decreasewithont
bound
ly > -
∞ )

limflxs ( λ>0 f(x) x >

0 ∞
)
-

= -
∞ = - = -

λ→0
-

Asxapproaches0 , flx)willappoachinfiniey( either t∞ or -

∞ )

y -axis ( verticailline
The curve
willget closer and closer x
to =0 )

asymptote . .)
Ver-ticalline x = 0i ' s vertical
a ( r A

2. Definition of Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes

ftx) approaches tslor - s )as xappoaches a fion the light or the lefe ,

:
="
λ>a fx) +
>
-

ix therefore A a : is a U .
A .

A
use the graphing calcnlatortodrawthegraph
x
2:
4
,

x= G graph of h (x) =

λ -
卫

use tracefeature
the to find f[ ) 2
,

3. Introduction of hole in a rational function

How
tofindy value of the hole
𝑥2 − 4 (x + 23 (x 2)
( x+ )
-

ℎ(𝑥) = = = x + 2 2 4
𝑥−2 x
lim
x
-
2 ≤ (x 巡
the domain ofhix , is alrealhumbers
excepe x

=2.
x→ x 12 )
2

≥=
2 =

x 3三
lim (x+ 2)
-

Y * =λ+ 2

㿚
= 2+ 2 = 4 λ 32 is Motequivalent
A XirfralradueclC5 ey= l
.

= 鏆X=
xNX λ=Ʃ

xisx
'

Thegraphfor hlxs should be the sameas thegragin of y = xt 2 forall xvalues

1
.
except 2
,

hix)is cenodefinead at x = 2
only
there is a hole at ( 2 ,
4]

( AsX fiom either side flx, (y) will

appoaches4 .)
lim f(x, =
4
.
= 1 im flx1 4
λ 32
P
=
, 1 imflx 4
=
.
approaches 2 ,

xu
-

x 32
比
八
八
」
 4. Graph of a rational function – vertical asymptotes and hole

LocateHohe
LocatU A : Method 1
kx
-k
, aix
.

P(x) )
-

stepl simplify the rational foenctios

:
( ☆ (λ
x J - -
K3)

step let danorminaton (aftersimplificatiom)

azb Aholeatx k!
2 :
=

equals to Q

Locae UA : Method 2
Find the V H
.

what if bx
.
.

a<
-
kz
Example 4 on textbook P.214 (x)
(𝑥−2)2
p ( yb a
-

( x k) -
2
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−2)3
) 2innumerator and x K , K 3 Ge VAS
Co rmon Factor x
= -
= X

denominator ,分 次数 <分每次数 分 分 有共同的 Zens 分 该Zenmultijlicity 于 ,

x = 2 .
VA 分 该 Zen的 multipliaty . 该Zew对应 VA
(𝑥−2)2
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = = x -
2 (x# 2) ,

(𝑥−2) 23 l

Aholeatx =
2
use limit to find the
y
-

coordinate of
悠 gx
= ,品 (
2
) =2 2 =0
the hole
-
-
)

coordinate of iole (2 0 ) ,
,

(𝑥−2)(𝑥 2 +1)
c. ℎ(𝑥) = () ( x + 2
=~λ
. (𝑥−2>

Ahole at x =
2

x② s ( = x

Wordinate of hole (2
lpm = x= - )
3
州
3
,
" = 22 1 = .
.

x -
z
λ 32 2(

More Examples

Facor
(x+ ], (λ 5) 1-

Aholeat x = 5
[
x ) ( λ 531
+ -

x= -
2 0 rx =
5 ,

λ= -
2

λ >
-

2 ( x±5)
flx) ( λ+51
+

λ> 2 -x+ -
2
>
0

λ> -
2+^λ+2 30
+

+> 菇
5
Valee less than -
三
,
x+ 7
> = t∞

x+ ] -
器 >⑤=
5

∞
-
小
一
飛
」
比
二
子
子
子
母
母
 (λ+23 (λ+) Find V. A

x ( λ+1) 2 λ=0 x+|= 0

λ= -
2 .
^λ=- 1
x=
λ=o λ=+
,

λ= 0 x= t

letx+3 0 = λ= 3 -

(x 81
)
.

VH λ= 3
-

-
.

(λ -
1
8) (x+ 3引 Hole at λ=8
.

λ= 3 -
_ +

+
x > -
3 (x+8 ] λ> 3
- x 3 -

3
x+3 > 0+

fiy ))( x+3)

x +☆(x±
8) ∞ 奶 , t∞

(x
1
+
]) (λ 5
) (x (x 4)
-

+ 4) -

(x +2
) (λ 5) -
)
/λ4)
x =
-

丁 x= 5
x= 4
x = -
2 λ=5 .

4+ 4 8 =

x >5

( 4 8)
λt5 5+ ] 12
,

therefore 7
=
5+2

factor 5
λ )
ould be crossed
15 ,
P)
Out
十
 Lesson 1.8 Rational Functions and Zeros Part 2
Complex
1. Solving polynomial equations (Covered in Lesson 1.5: Finding the real zeros of a

graph of fix) .
polynomial function) Draorthe
2. Solving polynomial inequalities by graphing
Example 1 and Example 2 on textbook P.224 *

𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 ≥ 0 是 0 ;
6x =λ( x =λ(x 3)(+ f
=

f(x) =λ 3
x
= x t) 2)

(x320abovefonthe
-

- axis
- -
- -

Real Zeo λ= 0 λ= 3 λ= 2
~λε [
-

]
:
2 U[3 +∞ )
-

, 0
,

1 1
Muliplicaty :
3
End Behaior ; same
asy =λ
,

Leading oefficient 1F
=
5EudBedavior saroasy
2
3
Xx x
f(x) =λ+
(>(λ 2 : .
f :

)(x 4) 2 = 0
.

+1 -

As x 212 I - norealZero for factorlx2+ )Diaw

1

thegraph , solvefor f1x) Q

<

Real Zeo: -
3

, .
λE 1 3JU {4}
AAC
∞
481
4

0,
- -

Multiplicity 1
2

x intercepes 3/[ 3 ) 4/( 4 )

- - -

.
0
,
0 号 ∴
y intercept f( ) ( O 1 (6 4) == 48
1 (02+) = +
-

0 = -

v
3. Solving Rational Equations: a. Multiply each term by the least common denominator (LCD)
and solve the corresponding equations b. Check your solutions and get rid of the
extraneous solutions. = 2λ= -5 λ
- 3

(2x 1 | 1( - 3 =
- ) λ )

x ±or= λ=
-

恐+ x
- =
3
x (
- ) (x 3) - Asx 3 - x (3( - 3
=
λ
) =λ 4x B -
= 0

Denominator (
the demominator cante be 0
Least Common λ ) ( λ 3) -

Extraneoussolution
(+
2

xB ) (x + )( x- ] =
3
x
(
, x- 3)
() (x
λ+ -
3)
Check the soletion λ= -

点 plug λ= 当 -

into the
2λ (λ -
( )=
3) +|λ+ 2
2λ= -
6λ+λ - +
- 2 =
oliginal aquation .

4. Solve Rational Inequalities lefe sidk 2

𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
≥0 2 + ! 些☆ [, ^ -" |
-" s

Method 1: Baforeapply themethod find

ing . thedhmain andZe
]
=
1

1.a Find the zeros of numerator and denominator. os X -istheSolution .

1.b Use the zeros you found to form several test intervals.
1.c Analyze the sign of each factor and determine the sign of the final output.
1.d Determine the intervals on which 𝑓(𝑥) is positive or negative.
+ x( ) ( -1 )#
Find thedomain λ - ,λ+ 3 cox < o 2xt< 0fx ) <
x
x O

λ+ 3 x1
±X + 370xt< o2x+< .fCx ) >
v -

.-
←X
3

:
0

{ λx - ,x#
}
0

Domain *

上
fIx) <
3

Ʃλ<1 λ+ 3 > 0 . X+<0 2x+ 1 > 0 0

whichsatisfiesheinequality
x += 0 ☆ -
.

Zeos:
上 λ
2

/ X +370x +702 λ+ 1 >0 f/x ) >0 ,

2λ+ = 0 λ+ 3 = 0 λt = 0
,

G .

点
䯽
λ= λ: -
3

号品 (-3
λε ,

- ±
]U ( 1 , +∞)
「
一
一
心
八
 Bonus: Investigation om
n graphing a rational function

① Zeo :
λ= - 2
Method 2: ② Domain λλ± -
3 λ
,
]
2𝑥 + 1
≥0
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) ③ x
-

interapts :
-

±|( -
± 0) ,

2 0 +1
3
.

5( o )
④Y intercept
= =
)
0 + ( 0- 1
- -
:
)

⑤ r A λ= 3 λ l
. .
-

⑥ End Behavior Degree in . numerator =|< 2 =

Degree of the denom inator ,

H. A

- Y
= 0

⑦ IntervalsGbovethe x
- axis 1belowthe x axis
-
.

x- 3
,λ+ 3 cox+< o 2x+ (< 0fU < O

-Ʃ X+ 370 x+<o 2x+< .fx) > 0 0

上
← x <1 .t 3 > 0 .λ+< o2λ+ 1 0f1x < > o

λ>|x + 370λ+> 0 2 + 130f/ )

x x >0

Based the above 7 draw

on resutts ,
thegraph .

VA fx) 30 U A

|!
y
,
.

Λ V A λ=1
| /1
-

λε( 3 ] -

…Ax = -

3 l
1
flx )> 0 forxs1

:
HA
> Y
- = 0

,
<

flx)<oforx< λ= 3 - c的 i
3
-

Ze10
.

H.
. i
A
Y = 0

flx) < o
foranyx
v
V . A λ= -

3
xε( ± )
-
1 , ^λ=1 ,

VA
.
=
1
(2x+ )
.

Method 2
)≥ -
(x +] [x-+
.

Hints: Find domain

0

1 the
asb ,
C 70 acobc (
propertyofinequality ) 2 .

multiply both sides of

(2x+
inequalities by square of
)
3 λ+(
,
)
2
. ) =≥ 0 )
( x

x ≥ -(x2 . + the
(λ+3J(xH

( 2x+)(+3)(λ-1 )≥ LCD of demominator ,

Ze 1os : -
Ʃ .
3
-
1 .

Muitipliciey 1 1 1

3
Lecding term .
2x -

- = 2 X3 EndBehaviorsameas
x
x
λ
“

x 2+[ > λ+ ]( )
+ + λε [ -

3 , ] U [ 1 , +∞ ] for - ≥0 [ x

; i λ= 3 x=1 make
-

. the odeMom inator =

for rational3 ] u ( 1
U solution set
ineqadities ,
+∞) ,
。
入
》
八
 More Exercises on Polynomial and Rational Inequalities

, 3

Zerns :
2

3 3 ; ; 点
/ 1
Multiplicity : v

; λ 3x 3x 3
EndBehaviorSameacy x3
Leadingterm
= ,
x .
= .

solutionset xE ( -

∞, -

3] O [ 5 ] ,
2
,

Ze1os: 3 -

2 T -
ε
4
Multiplicity : 1 2 3 1 .5 - 百
x≥x 3 x
Leading term 3x -
-
. 2

Solution
:
U

λ3
;
= -
6 x7
-
. End Behavior sameas -

4
λε ( 4 5 -

,
- 2
) U( -
2
,
5] ω ( ], +∞)
λ
=
Bx 3670 Quadraticfunction
opensupward
- -

T Solutionset :λ EL- ) ω ( 2 2) V (
let 3
-
2
M uc 4 9
-

x U > +∞
or ]
∞

U= .
, ,

λ
i

i λ 239
可 4 or
2 <
U -
1 BU -
3630
(U 4J ( xalrz ,ow xaLitsu-
- u

-9 ) 70
"

d µ
o

8(x +2
)
-
3 [λ+2) < o

2x +
[ J[8λ+ 2 )

]< 0
3

2
. -

* 2] => 8 (x
<
.
+z
)
x [ ](8x + 13
2 Solution E( - 83]
x

+
) < λ
2
,
-

83
]
3 ( 2 ) ≥8 (x 2
+
x+
Zero Duadratic Functionopens
2

2
upward
- -
:
.

A How to solvethequestionby agraphing halculator .

(
55
+
(
x +0 ) x -5 (x+3 )

)<< Q
)λ- 5
(( λ+3 )( 8λ-24 )< 0 .EndBeharion : same Gs x
3

2x ()(λ+3) ^+ 6 (x + 3)(λ 5) -
^< O Zen : 5 3
-

3
-

(
x5J (x 3) +
.

[E( x +3 ] +6( -
5 ] co Multiplicity / 1 1 >

3
x

; ;
v
λ← ( -
∞, -
3) U ( 3 5 ,

(2 ) (x j(xt)=≥
+ 0

[λ+2 )(x- =-3

6
x
×
2 )
y
2 - -
J≥

xλ+(( λ -
6) ,
[2 [ x -
6] -
3 (λ+2] ] z0
(λ+ 2)( λ 6) ( -λ+8 -
)≥

Zeros : 2 6
-
- 18
Solutionset : λε ( -
∞ - ] U( -
2 6]
Multipliaity 1 1 1 , ,

品 notincduded
xiisnotinthesolution
λ
seedefined
-
End Beharior ;sarme
as -
y
3 =

ot x - 2ond
:

x= G
Λ ,

+
时
☆ 精
i 旦
:

v
八
一
一
八
一
一。
」
一
一
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一
一
片
一