Limieatinfinity

xapprachesi
A
fYappnaches
: ) to ,

变量趋于 穷时 ' mflx ,

ExplanctiononappoahesigettingchserandChser
+∞

函数的极限 限逼近
Guided Notes 1.7 Rational Functions and End Behavior
1. Definition of Rational Function

Given polynomial function f1x) andgix) Domain {x(g(x) #o

,

} :

Definer(x =f1x )
)Hx ) isarationalfunction
glx]
(有理函数) r(λ) 第 Example
=
-
z
.

2. Introductory Example-Compare the End Behavior let x -

2 ±0 x+ 2
a. End Behavior of Polynomial Function Domain :
{ xx } *z

ForExcmpleyx
For
polyromialfumction asxincreasesdecreaseswithoutbovend
,
,
xappioachestco ( increase without bound ]
flx,
flx) will either increaseor decreasewithout bound 𝟏 . apppoachests(fx )increases withont boand)
b. End Behavior of Rational Function like 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 lim fx)= tos linfix )

λ st∞ λ 3 ~
co

flx= isarationalfunction
end behavionofflx,as
xapproachest
∞
Discuss the

品
λ= 10000 f/x) =
10000
xincreases
AsD withoutbound ; f
1x)Will continously
decrease gettingdoser and closerto
Discuss the endbehavior
,
O

( Butfix) will never be

equal to 0)
,

as xapproacdes -
② As xincreaseswithoutbound,
thegrish offix) wil

λ^ - ∞ get losertotheho rontalline y

y3 7 = 0 ,

We can writetheabovebehavior
aslinfx) (
= 0
limflx ) = ③ ,

λ→+
λ ) ∞
-
Y = 0 is a holizontalasymptotes ( . Y H A = 0 ) 平渐近线
istheHA .
y 0
=

Section 1
自
比
水
飛
文
无
无
 3. Definition of Horizontal Asymptote

Asxincreases withouebound, fswillbearbitraig

M
K- closehk . Thegraphufflyywillbe arbitnary

-
;

-
- -
,

close tothe k, is called a

=k
liney
,
Y =
.

horiontal
7
x asymptoteLH A ) .

Analytical /Algebraic Representation : limftx) = K1

-
≤ -K x→ t ∞
,

x -
∞ ya
limf(x) = K
2
Y = kais another H A . Analyzethe end behaiors
F(x)
,

λ>-
4. End Behavior Asymptote of a Rational Function
of rational function
G (x)

Qlx F(x) = G(x) .Q(x , ) R

1 x)

JGx (x) Fx )
1
)F
Q(x )
k( )G
x ( ) ) ,

Degree of Rlx) < Degree ofGcx

)

x >+∞( )
)
20-
∞

,
Examples:
x 7 +∞-∞
) k
) (Explainedusing
a. >①
Examphes)
lhe end behavions
Hx)is
of GxJ the same
EmdBehavio
asQ(x]
sarmeasy =µ
Findthe quotient polynomial
A
x

namely ,
end
behaviorasymptotes
( short cut Quotient of Leading
terrysto discusstheendbekavion
b.
omly)

End Behavio
: Horirontal
H A]
asymptotes (
.

Y = 2

+
.

ftx
6x +|
2

x
2 6 1 x
Analyze :
=

3λ
2
-
x+ 1
=

3λ
i
2 λ+1
2
-
2

λ> 1 ∞ ( ∞ ) 如
x
3 -

元 tx

,
xx > 0 x
> 0fix )
60 +0
=
2 ,
二
比
飛
比
 a tind
the behavi 'or the above questions
end
asymptotes of

F )
d(x)

4x .
-
15
(4x 2
+ +1
5x+ ) λ+ 0 λ .
2
+0 .

x + 1

←) λ 3+ 5x 2
+ *x

x = x +1
4
-
4

4 x 15 - 15
x
t) -
☆ -

1 λ+11
,

End Behavior Asymptote y 4 x 165 .

= -

Division
Algonthm ( F
x) {( x) (x)1 = d
+ Hx)

+
x
3
(
,( 4x 5 ) .(4 ←+5 ,
x
x+ 1 ) ,x
+
1
+ 11

λ 3+ 1 ( "x + 4 x
4 x 15
, )
= +

^+ x+1 ,
-
2
4x 5
+, x+ 5

, ' 1
8

δ+ )
x ( 4x -
[ x *

(
.

5x+
) =

4 x
2
)

Analyze
1 * . x2 ( 分 分 同除
λ+ - 11 ,

. + ,
11
= >
4 = 0 最 次项)
Ψ
.

2
4x

Explanation
x ∞
:

,0 ~ >0 1 + 81 .
x
2 > O+O = 0

(λ > -
)
∞

Asx >∞ (x ) -
∞ )
5 +( 1 ' *
(
λ 3
+
2
1

1 )
= ( 4X -
x

4x
2
.
)
)
> ix
4x +5x+
」
比
心
文
子
高
文
母
 b .
section 2
.

]6 . 2
+

1
=

3x 2x +
x 0- x
+

6
,

(
成 4x -
2

4x+ 3

4x+3
f(x ) .
2+
>
3 x2 2x+

品 ;flx ) 21 岁 2+0 = 2

3 元 起 >

limflx) =|imfox) = 2
>
3+ 0
λ>+∞ λ>-
=
3

H .

AY =
2
0
3
8x 1 / 3 λ+ H
c FHx) ( ⑥ 1

d (x)
Flx) <
3 x+ 1
Degree of Degree of dx)
>
λ>+∞ (
q(x ∞)
-

flx) 6 1 -列
23
01 家x
8
x 3
> 8 0
-
=
8

λ , (
∞lx
) ,f x
第
( )

H A
. .

Y = 0
一
飛
一
一
 c.

Horirontal asymptotes
(H A )
Y = 0
. .

More Examples
Locate the asymptotes and discuss the end behavior of the following rational function.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = Begree = 3

① Degree = 2

=λ>+λ ; x)
.

∞
1=+∞
= -

EndBehavior : =λ .Sameacy -

long
use
Aaymp division
- /
toget
EuotientPoynuemial ,

g帶
gRemainden
②9 Y
,
L
1
xr

3
[) λ -

9x
qx Duotient polynomial is theendbehavior
asymptote ( slant asymptte)
3 =λ≥
λ (Jx 9λ
,

9 +

b. 𝑓(𝑥) =
lirmf(x1
① x恐
t∞
=

λ=
= t∞

EndBehavior
=

Sameasy
=
;
x =
x + xs

② Asymptote λ≥ 2λ+ 1
Remainde
λ≥ 3λ+ 3λ+1
-

-3Jx
众
-
3 x=+ λ+1
x 3

=λ≥ 2x+1 +
+
x

↓
如) λx
Qwotient
2λ=+ 3λ
-

[) -

2λ
2
+ 2 X Ind Bebaior Asymptotes: Y
x = x +1
λ+ 1 ,

←) λ -
1
2
c.
Degree 1
Flx) =
21 Degree 2

Honrontal asymptotes.
Y
: = 0 ,

limf(x) =o
limfx1 = 0
,

λ>+ λ 3-

degree = 2

d. degree = 2 .

Horiontal
asymptotes y : =
是 =
4 ,

| im F ) =
4 lim F(x) = 4 .

λ→+∞ x 1 -
比
工
一
飛
 5. Real Zeros of Rational Function

Examples: Find Zeros ,Hx) =

歲 ,
= 0

Method 1 ; < s
Find Zeros of fhx, which satisfy gxito
.
a. ( Make sure the Zeros off(x, is in domain ofx)
① Find Zeros
of numerator
2
λ -

4 =0 λ= 2 or λ= -
2

② Findthedomain

x2+3 x - 10 +
= 5 }( x λ
-2 =
)

λ4 5
-
x+ 2
^

Zeos of fix) : λ= -
2

λ= 2 X ( 2 is mot in the domain)

,

b.
λ( x+ 3) (x)
Method 2 ① Factoing f1x) =

4λ-(xx
λ(x+3)
② simplify f(x) =

x 4
-

③ let λ(x+ 31 = 0

λ=0 λ= 3 are the Zerns

standardfactoredform
-

6
.

stamdardorm Factoredfprm .

polynomial y : = anxn
+
an-xnt
+
t Gix+ ao y = a
( x -k ,

( -K21
)x … … (
x -kn) .

Rational :
Y
=
x +
2 -

4 ,

y =

+
λ>∞

和
λ+

10H AY= .
23

-
4 ,
-
4x
when λ=
-

7 =

-
0
☆
4
菇 ±o

Good for finding Zeos

Good forfinding A
.

H .
.

f(x ) =
x - 3 + 2
.

TurM intofactoredfoirm
除
,

++ 通分
2(x 3)
( x)=
-
f

x
- 3

x 哥

31
+ 2x - 6 2x 5 -

=
=
x
-
x 3
一
一
一
长
飛