Project Title: RFID Card enabled Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System

Project Description

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. There are mainly two types of RFID tags :

 Active RFID: An active RFID tag has its own power source, often a battery.
 Passive RFID: A passive RFID tag receives its power from the reader antenna,
electromagnetic field induces a current in the RFID tag's antenna.

In this project, we are using RC522 passive type of RFID tag. User simply needs to bring tag
in front of the reader which then sends it ID to the microcontroller for processing. The
microcontroller used here is Atmega328 and the development board is Arduino Uno. The
microcontroller takes proper action to turn on the relay for a specific duration of time which
is mentioned in the program code. The count down time is displayed on TM1637 based seven
segment display. We can customize the time delay for which the electrical load connected to
relay needs to be in on condition. For a prototype, we are connecting low power electrical
load such as mobile or laptop charger but in real time we need to use high current driving
relays for electric vehicle charging.

In this way , we can make electric vehicle charging infrastructure easier for people. We can
thus deploy many such public charging stations at different places. User needs to carry
authorized RFID tags. In real time amount balance can be maintained in the card with the
help of internet server connectivity. Prototype model developed does not have feature of
maintaining amount balance. Use of RFID cards for EV Charging can attract larger number
of consumers and promotes choosing electric vehicles. It would in turn reduce carbon
emissions and creates greener alternative for automobile sector.

Software:

 Arduino IDE
 Embedded CPP Code
 Hardware:

 RFID Tags
 RC522 RFID Reader
 Arduino Uno Board
 TM1637 Seven Segment Display
 Relay
 Power outlet socket
 Regulated Power Supply
 12V 1A DC Adapter

Block Diagram:

TM1637
Seven
Segment
RFID Arduino Uno Display
RFID Tag
Reader
(Atmega328
Power
Microcontroller)
Relay Driver Outlet
Socket

5V O/P Electric
Appliance
Regulated
12V 1A DC
Power
Adapter
Supply
 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to perform a specific operation in

an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input /
output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to
control a specific function in a device. It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O
peripherals using its central processor. The temporary information that the microcontroller
receives is stored in its data memory, where the processor accesses it and uses instructions
stored in its program memory to perform different actions.

The core elements of a microcontroller are:

Central Processing Unit (CPU) -- A processor can be thought of as the brain of the device.
It processes and responds to various instructions that direct the microcontroller's function.
This involves performing basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. It also performs data
transfer operations, which communicate commands to other components in the larger
embedded system.

Memory -- A microcontroller's memory is used to store the data that the processor receives
and uses to respond to instructions that it's been programmed to carry out. A microcontroller
has two main memory types:

Program memory, which stores long-term information about the instructions that the CPU
carries out. Program memory is non-volatile memory, meaning it holds information over time
without needing a power source.

Data memory, which is required for temporary data storage while the instructions are being
executed. Data memory is volatile, meaning the data it holds is temporary and is only
maintained if the device is connected to a power source.

I/O peripherals -- The input and output devices are the interface for the processor to the
outside world. The input ports receive information and send it to the processor in the form of
binary data. The processor receives that data and sends the necessary instructions to output
devices that execute tasks external to the microcontroller.
While the processor, memory and I/O peripherals are the defining elements of the
microprocessor, there are other elements that are frequently included. The term I/O
peripherals itself simply refers to supporting components that interface with the memory and
processor. There are many supporting components that can be considered as peripherals.

Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-

to-use hardware and software. It is a single board microcontroller, descendant of the open-
source wiring platform designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary
projects. The hardware consists of a simple open hardware design for the Arduino board with
an on-board input/output support. The software consists of a standard programming language
compiler and the boot loader that runs on the board. Arduino hardware is programmed using
a Wiring-based language (syntax and libraries), similar to C++ with some slight
simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based integrated development
environment.

Arduino Hardware:

Arduino Uno board is based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. Current Arduino

boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the
FTDI FT232.
The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other
circuits. Arduino Uno provides 14 digital I/O pins, 6 of which can produce pulse-width
modulated (PWM) signals. It has 6 analog channel inputs.
Technical Features of Arduino Uno Board

• ATmega328 microcontroller

• Input voltage - 7-12V

• 14 Digital I/O Pins (6 PWM outputs)

• 6 Analog Inputs

• 32k Flash Memory

• 16Mhz Clock Speed

The maximum values that Arduino can handle:

• Max frequency: 16MHz

• Max Voltage: 5V

• Max Current: 50mA

Pin Description

• Arduino can be powered using power jack, USB port. Apart from this it can also be
powered by using a external battery or AC to DC adaptor through pin Vin.

• 5V, 3.3V: there is a inbuilt regulator on the board. Through this regulator a constant DC
supply of 5V, 3.3V is provided.

• Reset: This pin enables to reset the micro controller.

• IOREF: This pin acts as reference to the inputs given to the arduino board.

• There are 6 pins A0 – A5 through which analog input can be given to the arduino board.

• There are 14 digital pins 0-13. Among these (3,5,6,9,10,11) are PWM pins(pulse
width modulation) from which analog output can be taken from the arduino board.

• There is a inbuilt LED on pin 13.

• AREF- This pin acts as reference to the analog inputs.

• Rx,Tx are used for receiving and transmitting serial data.

• ICSP- (In circuit serial programming)- These pins enable the user to programme the
chips on the circuit.
Arduino Software:

The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from
the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace
matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading
programs to the board with a single click.
The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the
same name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier.Arduino
programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions to make a
program:

1. VOID SETUP(): Setup () is called when a sketch starts. It is used to initialize

variables, pin modes, start using libraries etc. The setup () will only run once, after each
power up or reset of the Arduino board.

Syntax:
Void setup ()
{
Statement(s);
}

2.Void loop():

After creating a setup () function which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop ()
function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your
program to change and respond. It is used to actively control the Arduino board.
Syntax:
Void loop ()
{
Statement(s);
}
 Hardware Components Description:

Voltage Regulator

This is the most common voltage regulator that is still used in embedded designs.
LM7805 voltage regulator is a linear regulator. With proper heat sink these LM78xx types can
handle even more than 1A current. They also have Thermal overload protection, Short circuit
protection.

This will connect at the output of rectifier to get constant dc supply instead of ripple
voltages.

It mainly consists of three pins:

1. Input voltage
2. Ground
3. Output voltage

Regulated Power Supply Board

Power supply regulation is the ability of a power supply to maintain an output voltage
constant inspite of changing conditions of input voltage and/or load. We can use
7805,7806,7809,7912 ICs for voltage regulation purpose. Picture below shows regulated
power supply board with 7812 IC and 7805 IC.
Single Channel Relay Module

Relay is basically an electromagnetic switch. We are using an electric appliance which is

connected to high voltage. Relay used here works on 5V dc power supply and it simply acts
as a switch. The necessary control signal is applied to relay module using microcontroller I/O
Pin. This is active low signal operated relay module so we need to provide logic LOW in
order to make relay active.

RFID Reader

Introduction to RC522 RFID Reader

The RC522 RFID Reader/Writer Module (Transceiver) is based on a highly integrated

reader/writer IC MFRC522 from NXP Company. It is used for contactless Multi-
communication at 13.56 MHz. The RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. This
module uses electromagnetic waves in radio frequency to transfer data (read/write). It can
read/write all types of Transponders (RFID card tags and key fob tags) which having 1KB
memory and compatible with 13.56 MHz frequency. This is a low-voltage, low-cost, small-
sized module and It comes with SPI protocol which enables it to easily interface with almost
any microcontroller like ATTiny, Arduino, ESP8266, Raspberry Pi, and other more advanced
development boards.
Hardware Overview

In the market or online the RC522 RFID module comes as a kit set, which consists of the
RC522 RFID Reader Module (transceiver), RFID Card Tag, Key Fob Tag, and 8 pin male
headers.
Hardware Overview of RC522 RFID Reader Module

RC522 RFID Reader Module

The RC522 RFID Reader Module or Transceiver is a reader/writer device that is capable of
reading/writing data from/to an RFID transponder. It consists of 3 key components, these
are the MFRC522 IC, a 27.12 MHz Crystal Oscillator, and Antenna.

Reader Module (Transceiver)

Working Principle of RFID RC522 Module

The RFID reader module or Transceiver uses electromagnetic waves in radio frequency to
transfer data. The control unit and an antenna coil of the reader module generate a high-
frequency electromagnetic field. When an RFID tag or Transponder comes in the range of
the electromagnetic field (detection range) of an RFID reader module (Transceiver). Due to
mutual induction, a voltage is generated in the antenna coil of the tag, and this voltage work
as a power supply for the microchip. Now, the tag starts transmitting data serially and the
reader read the tag information.

Arduino Uno Interfacing with RC522 RFID Reader

RC522 RFID Reader Connections with Arduino Uno Board

TM1637 Display

We are using TM1637 module which basically uses seven segment displays. We can display
numeric information and it is used here as a count down timer.

Project Flow Diagram

Flow Chart:

Start

Wait for Coin or

Scanning of RFID
Card by user

Check if Coin No
or RFID Card
is valid

yes
Activate Relay and
Display Count Down
Time on Seven
Segment

Stop

Procedure:
User needs to flash valid RFID tag in front of the RFID Reader. Microcontroller checks for
the valid tag and it controls the relay which in turn controls the electric appliance connected
to it. For demonstration, we are using a mobile phone charger. It can be any electric
appliance. Our project is about Electric Vehicle (EV) charging system. It also displays
countdown time on the TM1637 module. When count down reaches 0 then electric appliance
connected also gets off automatically.

Result:

Project has been constructed and tested successfully by integrating electronic components.

Website References: