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Ernst and Peter Neufert

llliii

I
Fourth Edition

Updated by Professor Johannes Kister

on behalf of the Neufert Foundation
with support from the University of Anhalt
Dessau Bauhaus (Dipl. lng. Mathias Brockhaus,
Dipl. lng. Matthias Lohmann and
Dipl. lng. Patricia Merkel)

TRANSLATED BY DAVID STURGE

(5BWILEY-BLACKWELL
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
English language first published 2012
© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing program has been merged with Wiley's
global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

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copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names
used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is
not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative
information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering
professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be
sought.

First English language edition published by Crosby Lockwood Staples 1970

Reprinted 5 times
Second (International) English language edition published by Granada Publishing 1980
Reprinted 3 times
Reissued in paperback by Collins Professional and Technical Books 1985
Reprinted by Blackwell Science Ltd 12 times
Third English language edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2000
Fourth Edition language edition published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012

Originally Published in the German Language by Vieweg + Teubner, 65189 Wiesbaden, Germany, as "Ernst Neufert: Neufert
Bauentwurfslehre. 39. Auflage (39th Edition)"
© Vieweg + TeubneriGWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2009

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Data available on application

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-4051-9253-8

Set in 8/10 Arial by Aptara

Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd

2012
 Using this book

This book provides architects and designers with a concise elsewhere must familiarise themselves separately with such national
source of the core information needed to form a framework for the and local legislation and guidance. Again, local conditions must be
detailed planning of any building project. The objective is to save taken into consideration for each individual case.
the designers of buildings time during their basic investigations.
The information includes: principles of the design process, basic The terminology and style of the text is UK English, which
information on siting, constructing and servicing buildings, as will need to be taken into account by readers accustomed to
well as illustrations and descriptions of a wide range of building American English. These readers will need to be aware that, for
types. Architects need to be well informed about the requirements example, 'lift' has been used instead of 'elevator' and 'ground
for all the constituent parts of new projects, to ensure that their floor/first floor' instead of 'first floor/second floor'.
designs satisfy their clients and the buildings conform to accepted
standards and regulations. The data and examples included in the text are drawn from a
wide range of sources; as a result a variety of conventions for
The contents list shows how the book is organised and the order dimensions is used throughout. The measurements shown are
of the subjects discussed. all metric but a mixture of metres, centimetres and millimetres is
used (and sometimes not identified).
To avoid repetition and keep the book to a manageable length,
the different subjects are covered only once in full. Readers Readers will also find some superscript numbers associated with
should therefore refer to several sections to glean all the measurements. When these appear by dimensions in metres with
information they require. For instance, an architect wanting to centimetres, for instance, they represent the additional millimetre
prepare a scheme for a college will need to refer to sections component of the measure (e.g. 1.265 denotes 1 m, 26 em,
other than that on universities and colleges, such as: drafting 5 mm). Anyone familiar with the metric system will not find this
guidelines; multi-storey buildings; various sections on services troublesome. Those people less comfortable with metric units can
and environmental control; catering; residential buildings, hotels use the conversion tables (to imperial measures) at the end of the
and flats (for student accommodation); office buildings (for book.
working environments); libraries; car parks; accessible building;
indoor and outdoor sports facilities; gardens; details on doors, The plans and diagrams of buildings do not have scales as
windows, stairs and other building components; the section on the purpose here is to show the general layout and express
construction, and more. relationships between different spaces, making exact scaling
unnecessary. However, all relevant dimensions are given on the
Readers should note that most of the material is from European detailed drawings and diagrams of installations, to assist in the
(substantially German) contributors. This means, for example, design of specific spaces and constructions.
that information on climate and daylight is from the perspective
of a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere. The actual To help readers identify relevant background information, details
conditions at the site of a proposed building will always have to be of British Standards Institute (BSI) and German Institute of
ascertained. Similarly, in the section on roads, illustrations show Standardisation (DIN) building-related standards are provided in
traffic driving on the right-hand side. two types of location. At the end of the book is a selected list of
BS and DIN standards, arranged broadly by topic. Additionally,
References to standards, regulations and guidelines reflect the the margin of many pages of the main text contains relevant BS
book's origins. For this translation, the publishers took the decision to and DIN codes. Please note that, if a British or Gerrnan code
leave the specific text references to German standards, regulations includes EN or ISO (signifying European or international), there is
and guidelines in place, to indicate where similar standards, automatically a German dr British counterpart with the same code
regulations and guidelines might exist in other jurisdictions. Users and title.

Acknowledgements

The publishers wish to thank the translator, Mr David Sturge. The and proofreader, Ms Kay Hyman, for the very significant
publishers also wish to acknowledge and thank the copyeditor contribution she has made to this publication.

v
 Contents
Foreword ................................................................................... xii BUILDING COMPONENTS
Foundations
BASICS Building excavations .................................................................. 66
Abbreviations and symbols ..................................................... 1 Foundations ............................................................................... 69
Sl units ........................................................................................ 2 Tanking, basement drainage ..................................................... 71
Repair ........................................................................................ 73
Drawings
Paper formats .............................................................................. 4 Walls
Technical drawings ...................................................................... 5 Natural stone masonry .............................................................. 74
Layout of drawings ...................................................................... 6 Brick and block masonry ........................................................... 75
Construction drawings ................................................................. 7 Composite construction ............................................................. 78
Construction drawing symbols .................................................... 8 Repair ........................................................................................ 79
Water supply and drainage symbols, ........................................ 12 Floor Slabs
Electrical installation symbols ................................................... 14 Slab construction ....................................................................... 80
Security installation symbols ..................................................... 17 Refurbishment ........................................................................... 81
Gas installation symbols ........................................................... 18 Concrete repair ......................................................................... 82
Drawing by hand ....................................................................... 19 Floors ........................................................................................ 83
Computer-aided drawing ........................................................... 20
Roofs
Accessible Building Roof shapes .............................................................................. 85
Dimensions for wheelchair users .............................................. 21 Pitched roofs ............................................................................. 86
Accessible public buildings ....................................................... 22 Flat roofs ................................................................................... 91
Accessible housing ................................................................... 23
Windows
Dimensional Basics and Arrangement ............................................................................. 96
Relationships Requirements ............................................................................ 97
Man as measure and purpose .................................................. 26 Design types ............................................................................. 98 c
The universal standard ............................................................. 27 Thermal insulation ..................................................................... 99
Body measurements and space requirements ......................... 28 Sound insulation ...................................................................... 100
Geometrical relationships .......................................................... 30 Cleaning buildings .................................................................. 101
Dimensions in building .............................................................. 34 Loft windows ........................................................................... 102
Building Biology Skylights and dome rooflights ................................................. 103
Basics ........................................................................................ 36 Glass
Room climate ............................................................................ 37 Basics ...................................................................................... 104
Electromagnetic fields ............................................................... 38 Insulated glazing ..................................................................... 105
Visual Perception Security and noise control glass ............................................. 107
The eye ..................................................................................... 39 Optically variable glass ........................................................... 108
Perception of colour .................................................................. 41 Cast glass ............................................................................... 108
Glass doors ............................................................................. 108
DESIGN PROCESS Profiled glass .......................................................................... 109
Glass blocks ............................................................................ 110
Design Fire protection glazing .............................................................. 111
What is design? ......................................................................... 42 Curtain walling ......................................................................... 112
Planes of reference ................................................................... 43
Questionnaire ............................................................................ 44 Doors
Arrangement ........................................................................... 113
Sustainable Building Constructional details .............................................................. 114
General, design, construction ................................................... 46 Special doors .......................................................................... 115
Operation, demolition ................................................................ 47 Garage/industrial doors ........................................................... 116
Facility Management Lock suites .............................................................................. 117
Background ............................................................................... 48 Security of buildings and grounds ........................................... 118
Methods ... : ................................................................................ 49 Stairs
Refurbishment Principles ................................................................................ 120
Conservation and alteration ...................................................... 50 Regulations ............................................................................. 121
Care of historic monuments ...................................................... 51 Construction ............................................................................ 122
Listed building protection .......................................................... 52 Ramps, spiral stairs ................................................................ 123
Recording of old buildings ......................................................... 53 Access and escape ladders .................................................... 125
Conversion ................................................................................ 54 Escalators
Design and Construction For shops and offices .............................................................. 126
Management Moving Walkways
Public building and planning law ............................................... 56 For shops and offices .............................................................. 127
Private building law, VOB, HOAI ............................................... 57
Work phases ............................................................................. 58 Lifts
Measures of building use .......................................................... 63 Principles ................................................................................ 128
Setback areas ........................................................................... 64 Control equipment ................................................................... 129
Construction costs .................................................................... 65 Passenger lifts for residential buildings ................................... 130

vii
Passenger lifts for offices, hotels, banks ................................. 131 Playgrounds
Small goods lifts ...................................................................... 132 Playground equipment ............................................................ 190
Hydraulic lifts ........................................................................... 133
Schools
Special lifts .............................................................................. 134
General classrooms ................................................................ 191
Specialist classrooms .............................................................. 192
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Information and communal area ............................................. 193
Sanitary facilities, break and circulation area .......................... 194
Basics
Arrangement of classrooms, clusters ...................................... 195
Design basics .......................................................................... 135
Model room programmes for primary schools ........................ 196
House-building policy .............................................................. 136
Examples ................................................................................ 197
Housing Density
Universities and Colleges
Parameters .............................................................................. 137
Lecture theatres ...................................................................... 198
Orientation Examples of lecture theatres ................................................... 200
Layout of buildings .................................................................. 138 Seating and projection ............................................................ 201
Seminar and service rooms .................................................... 202
Access
Laboratories ............................................................................ 203
Detached and terraced development ...................................... 139
Deck access ............................................................................ 140
Stepped houses ...................................................................... 141 CULTURAL VENUES
Vertical access ........................................................................ 142
Museums and Art Galleries
Floor Plans General ................................................................................... 207
Houses .................................................................................... 143 Display rooms ......................................................................... 208
Flats ........................................................................................ 145
Theatres
Rooms Historical review ...................................................................... 209
Access ..................................................................................... 146 Typology .................................................................................. 210
Kitchens .................................................................................. 149 Auditorium ............................................................................... 211
Living areas ............................................................................. 154 Seating .................................................................................... 212
Bathrooms ............................................................................... 160 Stage ....................................................................................... 213
Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 162 Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 215
Garages and carports ............................................................. 166 Workshops and staff rooms .................................................... 216
Rehearsal and public rooms ................................................... 217
ACCOMMODATION Modernisation and extension .................................................. 218

Student Residences Concert Halls

General design notes .............................................................. 167 Origins, variants ...................................................................... 219
Technical requirements, organ, orchestra ............................... 220
Elderly People's Accommodation Acoustics ................................................................................. 221
Retirement flats ....................................................................... 168
Nursing and care homes ......................................................... 169 Cinemas
Examples ................................................................................ 170 Projection ................................................................................ 222
Auditorium ............................................................................... 223
Hotels Multiplex cinemas ................................................................... 224
Basics ...................................................................................... 171 Multiplex cinemas, examples .................................................. 225
Rooms ..................................................................................... 172 Drive-in cinemas ..................................................................... 226
Examples ................................................................................ 173
Circus
Catering Stationary ................................................................................ 227
Restaurants ............................................................................. 174
Dining rooms, serving ............................................................. 176 Zoos
Fast food outlets ..................................................................... 177 Basics ..................................................................................... 228
Restaurant kitchens ................................................................ 178 Keeping animals ..................................................................... 229
Large kitchens ......................................................................... 181 Enclosures .............................................................................. 230
Examples of large kitchens ..................................................... 183
Youth Hostels ADMINISTRATION AND OFFICES
General design notes .............................................................. 184
Office Buildings
Holiday/Weekend Cabins Structures ................................................................................ 231
General design notes .............................................................. 185 Tendencies/criteria .................................................................. 232
Motels Typology until 1980 ................................................................. 233
Typology since 1980 ............................................................... 234
General design notes .............................................................. 186
Space requirement ................................................................. 235
Camping Computer workstations ........................................................... 236
General design notes .............................................................. 187 Archives .................................................................................. 237
Additional areas ...................................................................... 238
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Room typology ........................................................................ 239
Grid .......................................................................................... 240
Children's Daycare Access .................................................................................... 241
Access and building layouts .................................................... 188 Building services ..................................................................... 242
Rooms, outdoor areas ............................................................ 189 Construction ............................................................................ 243

viii
High-Rise Buildings Operational areas .................................................................... 296
Basics ...................................................................................... 244 Outpatient area ....................................................................... 297
Construction ............................................................................ 245 Outpatient medical centre- example ...................................... 298
Requirements .......................................................................... 246 Examination and treatment ..................................................... 299
Libraries Care ........................................................................................ 305
Administration, social services ................................................ 312
Basics ..................................................................................... 247
Fittings .................................................................................... 249 Supply and waste disposal ...................................................... 313
Technical supply ...................................................................... 316
Space requirement ................................................................. 250
Scientific libraries .................................................................... 251
Archives .................................................................................. 252 SPORT AND LEISURE
Banks Stadiums
Banks ...................................................................................... 253 Overview ................................................................................. 318
Spectator stands ..................................................................... 319
RETAIL Sports Facilities
Playing areas .......................................................................... 320
Retail Outlets
Athletics ................................................................................... 323
Guidelines and typologies ....................................................... 254
Tennis ...................................................................................... 327
Retail regulations .................................................................... 255
Miniature golf .......................................................................... 329
Entrances and shop windows ................................................. 256
Golf courses ............................................................................ 331
Checkout and waiting zones ................................................... 257
Water sport, marinas ............................................................... 333
Waiting zones - examples ...................................................... 258
Water sport, rowing and canoeing .......................................... 339
Routeing, escalators ............................................................... 259
Equestrian sport ..................................................................... 341
Fittings -dimensions .............................................................. 260
Ski jumping ............................................................................. 343
Food shops ............................................................................. 261
Ice rinks ................................................................................... 344
Self-service shops .................................................................. 262
Roller skating rinks .................................................................. 345
Speed roller skating, skateboarding ........................................ 346
INDUSTRY AND TRADE Cycle-cross, BMX ................................................................... 347
Industry Shooting ranges ...................................................................... 348
Basics ..................................................................................... 263 Sports Halls
Shed construction ................................................................... 265 Dimensions ............................................................................. 350
Multi-storey industrial buildings ............................................... 266 Layout, construction ................................................................ 352
Transport ................................................................................. 267 Equipment ............................................................................... 353
Warehousing ........................................................................... 268 Stands ..................................................................................... 354
Subsidiary rooms .................................................................... 270 Examples ................................................................................ 355
Examples ................................................................................ 273 Judo ........................................................................................ 356
Workshops Wrestling ................................................................................. 356
Joinery .................................................................................... 274 Weight-lifting ........................................................................... 356
Carpenter's shop ..................................................................... 275 Boxing ..................................................................................... 356
Metalwork ............................................................................... 276 Badminton ............................................................................... 356
Vehicle repairs ......................................................................... 277 Squash .................................................................................... 357
Bakery ..................................................................................... 278 Table tennis ............................................................................. 357
Meat processing plant ............................................................. 279 Billiards ................................................................................... 357
Other trades ............................................................................ 280 Condition, fitness .................................................................... 358
Laundry ................................................................................... 281 Climbing halls .......................................................................... 360
Fire station .............................................................................. 283 Bowling alleys ......................................................................... 361

Swimming Pools
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Indoor swimming pools ........................................................... 362
Outdoor pools ......................................................................... 367
Christian Churches
Indoor/outdoor pools ............................................................... 368
Liturgical elements .................................................................. 285
Private pools ........................................................................... 371
Furnishing, vestry .................................................................... 286
Bell towers .............................................................................. 287 Spa
Sauna/small sauna/wellness .................................................. 372
Synagogues
General design notes .............................................................. 288 Amusement Arcades
Amusement arcades ............................................................... 375
Mosques
General design notes .............................................................. 289
TRANSPORT
HEALTH Roads
Street spaces .......................................................................... 376
Doctors' Practices
Types of road .......................................................................... 377
Single and group practices ..................................................... 290
Motorways .............................................................................. 378
Hospitals Traffic space ........................................................................... 379
General, modular grid ............................................................. 291 Inter-urban roads .................................................................... 380
Building design ........................................................................ 293 Intersections ............................................................................ 381
Examples ................................................................................ 294 Footpaths and cycle ways ...................................................... 382
Corridors, doors, stairs, lifts .................................................... 295 Bicycle traffic/storage ............................................................. 383

ix
Traffic calming ......................................................................... 385 Greenhouses
Noise protection ...................................................................... 386 Greenhouses .......................................................................... 441

Parking Facilities Ponds and Pools

Vehicles ................................................................................... 387 Garden pond ........................................................................... 442
Vehicles turning ....................................................................... 389 Natural swimming pool ........................................................... 443
Parking spaces ....................................................................... 390 Water plants for natural swimming pool .................................. 444
Multi-storey car parks .............................................................. 392
External Works - Example
Ramps ..................................................................................... 393
Federal Environment Agency .................................................. 445
Multi-storey car park regulations ............................................. 394
Parking systems ...................................................................... 395
Vehicles- trucks ..................................................................... 397 AGRICULTURE
Trucks - parking and turning ................................................... 398
FARMYARDS
Service areas .......................................................................... 399
Basics ..................................................................................... 446
Petrol stations ......................................................................... 400
Space requirements ................................................................ 447
Car wash ................................................................................. 402
Machinery ................................................................................ 448
Public Transport Fodder storage ........................................................................ 449
Conditions, means of transport ............................................... 403 Dung and drainage ................................................................. 450
Stops and stations .................................................................. 404 Climate in animal housing ...................................................... .451
Traffic spaces ......................................................................... 405
Animal Husbandry
Bus stations ............................................................................ 406
Housing poultry ....................................................................... 452
Railways Keeping small animals ............................................................ 453
Tracks ...................................................................................... 408 Sheep housing ........................................................................ 454
Typical Continental European structure - Laying hens ............................................................................ 455
gauges and clearances ........................................................... 410 Pig keeping ............................................................................. 456
UK structure- gauges and clearances ................................... 411 Dairy farming ........................................................................... 457
Freight Transport .................................................................... 413 Finishing beef cattle ................................................................ 458
Freight transport ..................................................................... 413 Keeping horses ....................................................................... 459
Stations ................................................................................... 414
Supply and Disposal
Station buildings ...................................................................... 415
Loading yards ......................................................................... 461
Platforms ................................................................................. 416
Loading ramps, bridges, lifting platforms ................................ 462
Platform furniture .................................................................... 417
Rubbish chute systems ........................................................... 463
Aviation Rubbish collection rooms ........................................................ 464
Basics ..................................................................................... 418 Emergency power rooms ....................................................... .465
Airports ................................................................................... 419
Runways ................................................................................. 420
Terminals ................................................................................ 421
BUILDING SERVICES
Terminal and apron ................................................................. 422 Renewable Energy
Aeroplanes .............................................................................. 423 Overview ................................................................................. 466
Solar energy ............................................................................ 467
EXTERNAL WORKS Bioenergy ................................................................................ 468
Geothermal energy, heat pumps ............................................. 469
Cemeteries CHP, block heating and power,
Morgue and crematorium ....................................................... .424 fuel cells .................................................................................. 470
Graves, cemetery chapel ........................................................ 425
Cemeteries .............................................................................. 426 Building Physics
Thermal insulation ................................................................... 471
Landscape Architecture
Sound insulation ...................................................................... 477
Design aspects and concepts ................................................ .426 Room acoustics ...................................................................... 482
Earthworks Lightning protection ................................................................. 485
Soi1 .......................................................................................... 428
Daylight
Garden Enclosures Physical basics ....................................................................... 488
Walls and fences ..................................................................... 430 Position of the sun .................................................................. 489
Pergola and Trellis Insolation ................................................................................. 490
Pergolas .................................................................................. 432 Shadow ................................................................................... 493
Trellises ................................................................................... 433 Radiation energy ..................................................................... 494
Examples of plants ................................................................. 434 Window lighting ....................................................................... 495
Rooflighting ............................................................................. 497
Paths, Paving, Steps Quality criteria ......................................................................... 498
Design aspects ....................................................................... 435 Directing sunlight .................................................................... 499
Drainage Sun shading ............................................................................ 500
Rainwater management .......................................................... 436 Lighting
Vegetation Artificial lighting ....................................................................... 501
Plants ...................................................................................... 437 Lamps ..................................................................................... 502
Plants and lawns ..................................................................... 438 Types of lighting ...................................................................... 505
Lighting layout ......................................................................... 506
Biological Engineering Quality criteria ......................................................................... 507
Supporting slopes and riverbanks ......................................... .439 Illuminance ............................................................................. 508

X
Fluorescent tubes ................................................................... 509 Heating .................................................................................... 532
Workplace Guideline 'Artificial lighting' (excerpt) .................... 510 Small sewage treatment plants ............................................... 536
Fire Protection Chimneys and Ventilation Shafts
Basics ....................................................................................: 511 Chimneys ................................................................................ 537
Classification ........................................................................... 512 Open fireplaces ....................................................................... 538
Fire compartment walls ........................................................... 513 Ventilation shafts ..................................................................... 539
Building components ............................................................... 514
References ............................................................................. 540
Fire-resistant glazing ............................................................... 516
Fire-resistant door sets ........................................................... 517 BS and DIN Standards ........................................................ 548
Fire fighting installations ......................................................... 518
Conversion of Units
Smoke and heat extractor systems ........................................ 519
Weights and measures ........................................................... 555
Sprinkler systems .................................................................... 520
Conversion tables ................................................................... 560
Other extinguishing systems ................................................... 521
INDEX ..................................................................................... 575
Domestic Installation
Drainage ................................................................................. 522
Ventilation ............................................................................... 528

xi
 Foreword

The 'Neufert' continues to be the most comprehensive, yet The new German edition has once again been produced at the
compact, first source of information on the design of buildings. same location that was formative for Neufert's development
Just as the daily office grind of the architect proceeds in many as the office manager for Walter Gropius- the Bauhaus in
small steps and a few long strides, the sustained progress of Dessau. The decision to return to the roots here seems to have
the 'Neufert' is characterised not only by meticulous attention to been the right one, because the previous edition was greeted
standards and regulations, whose omnipresence in construction positively by architects, students, lecturers and other interested
is undeniable, but also by reflection of the great issues of our parties. The concepts in this edition have been developed
time as they affect building project design. These important further by Nicole Delmes, nee Neufert, and lngo Neufert. My
matters undoubtedly include concern for our environment and the thanks are due to them both, for the trust and understanding
absolute demand for sustainability in architecture. Sustainable they have shown, which made our collaboration straightforward
building has many aspects, to be weighted differently according and enjoyable. Also, I would especially like to thank Mathias
to the design brief. Brockhaus, Matthias Lohmann and Patricia Merkel, a team that
works in an exceptionally professional manner, the students of
The team working with Professor Johannes Kister has set out, the Hochschule Anhalt- Fanjuan Kong, Tobias Schwarzwald
right through the book, to emphasise new sustainability standards and Mandy Wagenknecht- and the external consultants, whose
and perspectives using the criteria 'objective information' and valuable advice and reliable collaboration made an essential
'topicality', which is presumably how Ernst Neufert would have contribution to the success of the project.
approached the task. We hope that this new edition, which
continues the redesign commenced in the previous one, will Dessau, March 2009 Johannes Kister
further consolidate the Foundation's reliable and exhaustive
reference volume on building design. External consultants:
Prof. Dr. Dirk Bohne Building services
Neufert Foundation, March 2009 Karl-Heinz Breuer Basics
Paul Coral! Fire protection
Thomas Ehrenberg Filling stations and service
areas
Olaf Gersmeier Design and construction
management
Lydia Haack, John Hiipfner Filling stations and car wash
Karl-Josef Heinrichs Building physics
Prof. Alfred Jacoby Synagogues
Stefan Jackel, Tobias Micke External works
and Andreas Kotlan
Dr. Jiirg Junhold Zoos
LOr Meyer-Bassin Theatre
Hans-Peter MOhlethaler Restaurants
Prof. Dr. Gunther Nogge Zoos
Marcellus Puhlemann Design and construction
management
Hermann Schnell Facility management
Finn Stoll Administration
Wolfgang Thiede Health
Carsten Thiemann Railways
Heiko Uelze Catering
Prof. Susanne Weber Lighting
Carola Wunderlich Air transport

xii
 Preface
This handbook developed from the notes made for my lectures at should liberate them from all teachings, when it comes down to
the Bauhochschule in Weimar. They derive from measurements, it even from this one, and lead them to their own creative work.
experience and understanding gained from practice and research It should provide initial assistance: run- everyone must build for
in the human sphere, necessary for the design of buildings, but themselves.
also keeping an eye open for new opportunities and demands.
The architectural forms of our time are the result of the same
On the one hand we stand on the shoulders of our forebears but, process, which our predecessors underwent in order to produce
on the other, everything is fluid and we are children of our time with their splendid temples, cathedrals and palaces. They had
our gaze towards the future, though the outlook of each individual no models other than their own imaginations and intentions,
is often different. This results from differences in education and ideas and ideals, with which they neared their aspirations. The
training, the influence of the environment, personal predisposition commission formulated along these lines was enough to enliven
and the relevant degree of internally driven self-development. concepts, which took solid form in line with the technological
possibilities of the time and local conditions, and only bore a
Whether the 'fixed opinion' of today is absolutely correct remains remote similarity to what had gone before. These new buildings
to be seen, however, because it is only valid at the time of could be technically much better and deliver more because of
formation. Experience shows that fairer judgement develops improvement in the state of technology. They could, however, also
with time than is possible immediately, since we do not have the be compared artistically to similar structures from the past.
necessary detachment for breadth of vision. This makes clear
what reservations need to be imposed on teaching to prevent If we compare an industrial building of today- light, roomy, with
heresy. All teaching remains subjective and determined by its good dimensions and slimmer, lightweight construction -with a
time and environment, despite all efforts to achieve truth and factory from the 18th century or a workshop of the 15th century,
objectivity and all intentions to critically examine our favourite then the advantages of our modern buildings will be apparent
opinions. The danger of heresy can be avoided if the teaching even to the most blinkered conservationist. This means that,
also makes clear that it is not an end product but rather serves, whenever construction projects serve a genuine requirement of
and is subject to, all that is vital, upcoming and unfolding our time, work can be expected from energetic contemporary
architects that will bear comparison to, or even overshadow, the
This will then provide for our students the attitude meant by best of old buildings.
Nietzsche when he said, 'Only those who change themselves
remain associated with me.' A lively-minded university should offer primarily a view of our time
and a look to the future, glancing back only to the extent that this
The essential feature of such teaching of continuous progress, is advisable or unavoidable. This was the advice of one of the
the servant of development, is that there are no ready recipes, greatest of our profession, Fritz Schumacher, when he warned
no 'canned wisdom', but rather only building blocks, components a young student in his architecture lectures against getting too
or corners requiring the addition of combination, construction, lost in art history issues while researching the past. Being led
composition and harmony. astray by a doctorate into learned byways could be at the cost of
the energy required to meet the more varied requirements of the
Confucius put it like this more than 2500 years ago: 'I give my profession.
students a corner and they will have to find the other three
themselves!' Born architects, or those who yearn to build, will In contrast to this, it is better just to hand students the elements
keep their ears and eyes closed when a solution to a task is of architecture, as is done in this Architects' Data, where I
prescribed, because born architects are full of their ideas and have attempted to reduce the building blocks of design to the
ideals, and only need the elements in order to set to work and essentials, to schematise and even to abstract in order to make
make something of them! imitation difficult and force students to produce form and content
from within themselves. Their various design ideas will be
Those who have found faith in themselves, an insight into coordinated anyway to a certain extent by current fashion, that
connectivity, the play of forces, materials, colours, dimensions, idiosyncratic feeling of community which characterises mankind's
who can absorb the reality and the appearance of a building, joint efforts at a particular time and finds a durable and visible
study its effect, investigate it critically and rebuild it in the mind, expression in contemporary style.
are on the only true path to the great satisfaction offered by
active creation. This view of life should help them on their way. It Ernst Neufert

xiii
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning ABBREVIATIONS

AND SYMBOLS
AEG General Railway Law UIC International Union of Railways
AFP Agricultural Investment Support Programme VDE Association of German Electrical Engineers
ArbStattR Workplace Guidelines VOl Association of German Engineers
ArbStattV Workplace Regulations VdS Loss Prevention (fire and security testing institute)
BauGB Building Law VkVO Retail Regulations
BGB German Civil Code VOB Contract Regulations for Building Works
BGR Association of Commercial Accident Insurance VStattVO Places of Assembly Regulations
Companies Wh withers height (horse)
BlmSchG Federal Prevention of Emissions Law WSG Water Protection Law
BOStrab Construction and Operation of Trams Regulation ZH Indicates Guidelines of BGR (Association of
BS(I) British Standards (Institute) Commercial Accident Insurance Companies)
CEN Committee for European Normalisation ZVEI Central Association of Electrical and Electronics
CHP combined heat and power Industries
CIE International Lighting Commission
CPM Critical Path Method Unit, Abbreviation Greek Alphabet
DB Deutsche Bahn - German Railways 1012 10 em 12 mm (superscript A a (a) Alpha
DEHOGA German Hotel and Inn Association
number= mm) B p (b) Beta
DFS German Air Traffic Control
DiBt German Institute for Building Technology
English inch r y (g) Gamma
English foot 11. 0 (d) Delta
DIN German Institute for Standardisation
H or h height or high E E (e) Epsilon
ON normal diameter
EBO Construction and Operation of Railways Regulation
Worw
h
width or wide
hour
z s
H l1 (e)
(z) Zeta
Eta
EEG Renewable Energy Law
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
min minute e 1'} (th) Theta
s second I l (i) Iota
EN European (standard)
12° degrees in Celsius (C) K K (k) Kappa
EnEV Energy Saving Regulation
J joule, energy A 'A (I) Lambda
FEA Federal Environment Agency
N newton, force M ~ (m) Mu
FEU 40-foot equivalent unit (container)
Pa pascal, pressure N v (n) Nu
FFL finished floor level
2° 3' 4" 2 degrees, 3 min, 3 X (x) Xi
FIS International Ski Federation
4 s. 360-degree division 0 0 (o) Omicron
FGSV Research Company for Roads and Traffic
German Facility Management Association
% per cent, hundredth n TT (p) Pi
GEFMA p p (r)
%o per thousand, thousandth Rho
GIF Company for Property Industry Research
0 diameter L ()' (s) Sigma
GUV Guidelines of the German Association of
I per (e.g. t/m =tonne perm) T 't: (t) Tau
Accident Insurers (health and safety) y u (y) Upsilon
HeizAniV Heating Plant Regulation
<I> <I> (ph) Phi
HGV heavy goods vehicle
X 'I' (ch) Chi
HOAI Fee Regulations for Architects and Engineers
'¥ v (ps) Psi
HWR auxiliary inverter
0 <p (o) Omega
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
ICE Inter-City Express
Mathematical Symbols Roman Numbers
lndBauR Industrial Building Guidelines
ISO International Standards Organisation > greater than I= 1
KfW 'Reconstruction' Subsidy Bank ;s equal or greater than II= 2
KFZ vehicle < less than Ill= 3
LBO state building regulation ~ less than or equal IV= 4
LC liquid crystal ~ sum of V= 5
LED llight emitting diode <I angle VI= 6
LIDC luminous intensity distribution curve sin sine VII= 7
LiTG German Technical Light Association cos cosine VIII= 8
LPZ lightning protection zone tan tangent IX= 9
LU large animal unit (500 kg live weight) ctg cotangent X= 10
MBO model building regulation (basis for LBO) equal XV= 15
MPM Metra Potential Method not equal C= 100
MTA medical/technical assistant * approximately CL= 150
MVZ outpatient medical centre infinity CC= 200
ODP operating department practitioner parallel CCC= 300
OPNV public transport X times, multiplied by CD= 400
PKW passenger car I divided by D= 500
RAL German quality assurance mark j_ right-angled DC= 600
RAS-L (-EW I -Q) Road Construction Guidelines - Road Layout v volume DCC= 700
(Drainage I Cross-section) m solid angle DCCC= 800
SchBauR School Building Guidelines --1 square root of CM = 900
StLB Standard Book of Bill Items - congruent M = 1000
StVo Street Traffic Regulations 11. triangle MCMLX= 1960
suv sports utility vehicle It same direction, parallel
TEU 20-foot equivalent unit (container) n opposite directions, parallel

1
 Sl units- Systeme International d'Unites UNITS
The international system of units: the most commonly used system Sl Units
of measurement and units in science. Basic units, which are not
derived from any other.
UNITS
Quantily Basic unit Symbol Definition based on Sl units included Prefixes and their Abbreviations are:
Sl Units name in definition T (!era-) ~ 10 12 (million million) c (centi-) ~ 1/100 hundredth
1 length metre m wavelength of krypton - G (giga-) ~ 109 (thousand million) m (milli-) ~ 10"3 thousandth
radiation M (mega-)~ 10 6 (million) ~ (micro-) ~ 10~ millionth
103 n (nano-) ~ 1o- 12
2 mass kilogram kg international prototype - k (kilo-) (thousand)
p (pica-) ~ 10-12
h (hekto-) ~ 100 (hundred)
3 time second s period of caesium - da(deca-) ~ 10 (ten) f (femto-) ~ 1o- 15
radiation
d (deci-) ~ 1/10 (tenth) a (alto-) ~ 10-18
4 electrical current ampere A electrodynamic force kg, m, s
between two conductors only one prefix may be used to describe a decimal multiple
5 temperature kelvin K triple point of water -
(thenmodynamic C) Decimal multip\1ers and dividers of units
temperature)
6 luminous intensity candela cd radiation from freezing kg, s
platinum Quantity to be measured Unit in the Sl system, compulsory Conversion
from 1978 factor
7 amount of substance mole mol molecular mass kg
length m metre
0 Basic Sl units area m2 square metre

a) Thermal insulation volume m' cubic metre

Symbol Unit Description mass kg kilogram

t (°C, K) temperature force N newton ~ 1 kg m/s 2 9.8

t (K) temperature difference pressure Pa pascal ~ 1 N/m 2 133.3

q (Wh) quantity of heat bar bar~ 100,000 Pa 0.98
),. (W/mK) thermal conductivity Pa ~ 100,000 N/m
),.' (W/mK) equivalent thermal conductivity temperature ·c degree Centigrade 1
K kelvin• 10
A (W/m2K) coefficient of thermal transmittance
work (energy, heat Ws, J, Nm watt second =joule = newton metre 4186
a (W/m 2K) coefficient of thermal transmission
quantity)
u (W/m 2K) coefficient of thermal transmittance
Wh watt hour~ 3.6 KJ 1.163
1/A (m2KIW) thermal insulation value
kWh kilowatt hour~ 103 Wh ~ 3.6 MJ 1.163
1/a (m 2KIW) thermal transmission resistance
1/k (m 2KIW) thermal transmittance resistance, 1/U
power (energy transfer, w watt 736
heat transfer) w watt 1.163
D' (m 2K/Wxcm) thermal resistance per em
"compulsory from 1975
c (WhlkgK) specific thermal capacity
s (Wh/m 3K) volumetric specific heat 0 Conversion of basic units
p (1/K) coefficient of thermal expansion
a (mK) distance coefficient
1 mxm~1 m2 1 m x 1 s-1 ~ 1 m s-1 (~ 1 m/s)
p (Pa) pressure
1 m x 1 s·2 ~ 1 ms-2 (~ 1 m/s 2)
P, (Pa) (partial) vapour pressure 1 kg x 1 m x 1 s-2 ~ 1 kg m s-2 (~ 1 kg m/s-2)
g, (g) vapour quantity 1 kg x 1 m-3 ~ 1 kg m-3 (~ 1 kg/m 3)
g, (g) condensed water quantity 1 m x 1 m x 1 s-1 ~ 1 m2s-1 (~ 1 m2/s)

v
~
(%)
H
relative air humidity
diffusion resistance coefficient
e Examples of 'derived Sl units' through combining basic units

~xd (em) diffusion-equivalent air layer

A, (g/m 2hPa) water vapour resistance factor coulomb 1 c 1As ohm 1n 1V/A
farad 1F 1AsN pascal 1 Pa N/m2
1/A0 (m2hPa/g) diffusion resistance
henry 1H 1 Vs/A siemens 1s 1/D
~),. (W/mK) layer factor
hertz 1Hz 1 s-1 ~ (1/s) tesla 1T 1Wb/m2
~A: (W/mK) layer factor of air layers joule 1J 1 Nm~1 Ws volt 1V 1W/A
p (EikWh) cost of heat lumen 11m 1 cd sr watt 1W 1 J/s
b) Sound insulation lux 11x 11m/m2 weber 1Wb 1 Vs
),. (m) wavelength newton 1N 1 kg m/s2
f (Hz) frequency For apparent electrical power, the watt may be described as volt ampere (VA),
fgr (Hz) limit frequency idle electrical power as Var (ver).
f, (Hz) resonance frequency
Edva (N/cm 2) dynamic elasticity modulus
Q Names and symbols for derived Sl units

S' (N/cm 3 ) dynamic stiffness

R (dB) sound reduction CONTENTS (airborne sound) in laboratory 1 N 21 s 21m 2 ~ 1 Nsm2 1A21s~1As~1C

Rm (dB) median airborne sound reduction 1 rad 21 s 2 ~ 1 rad s1 (~ 1 rad/s) 1AsN~1 CN~1 F
R' (dB) sound reduction CONTENTS with flanking transmission
(airborne sound) 8 Examples of Sl units derived through combining basic units with named derived
units
LSM (dB) airborne sound insulation margin
Ln (dB) impact sound pressure level
V/M (dB) sound improvement due to one floor or ceiling layer thermal resistance 1/A ~ 1 m 2h K/kcal ~ 0.8598 m2K!W
TSM (dB) impact sound reduction thermal conductivity l.~1 kcal/m h K ~1.163 W/m K
coefficient of thermal transmittance U ~ 1 kcal/m 2 h K ~ 1.163 Wfm2K
a H degree of sound absorption
coefficient of thermal transmission a ~ 1 kcal/m 2h K ~ 1.163 W/m 2K
A (m2) equivalent sound-absorbing area
bulk density ~1 kg/m 3 ~ 1 kg/m 3
r (m) resonance radius calculation weight ~1 kp/m 3 ~0.01 kN/m 3
L (dB) sound level reduction compressive strength ~ 1 kp/cm 2 ~0.1 N/mm2

f) Physical symbols in the Sl system 0 Conversion of table values to new units

2
Units of measurement in building UNITS
The international system of measurement with Sl units has been valid since 1 January 1978.
Sl Units

Measurement Symbol Sl unit Statutory unit Old unit Description

STANDARDS
Name Symbol Name Symbol Name Symbol
Sl units
normal angle a~y radian rad 1 rad = 1 mlm = 57.296" = 63.662 gon
round angle pia 1 pla=2rrrad
right angle L 1L = Y. pia= (rrl2) rad
degree 0
1" = 1LI90 = 1 plal360 = rrl180 rad
minute 8 18=1°160
second ( 1( = 18160 = 1"13600
gon or grad gon new degree 9 1 gon=1 g=1LI100=1 plal400=rrl200rad
new minute a 1 c= 10-2 gon
new second cc 1 cc= (10-2 ) c= 10-" gon
length I metre m micrometre ~m inch in 1 in =25.4 mm
millimetre mm foot ft 1ft= 30.48 em
centimetre em fathom fathom 1 fathom= 1.8288 m
decimetre dm mile mil 1 mile= 1609.344 m
kilometre km sea mile sm 1 sm= 1.852 km
area, cross-sectional A,q square metre m2
area, area of plot are a 1 a=10 2 m2
of land hectare ha 1 ha=104 m2
volume v cubic metre m'
litre I 11=1 dm3 =10·3 m3
normal volume v, normal cubic metre Nm 3 1 Nm3 = 1 m3 in normal condition
cubic metre cbm
time, period, duration t second s
minute min 1 min=60s
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s
year a 1 a= 8765.8 h = 31.557 x 106 s
frequency f hertz Hz 1 Hz= 1/s for the expression of frequencies in
duration of a cycle dimensional equations
angular frequency <p reciprocal second 11s <p=2xf
angular velocity <p radians per s rad/s <p=2xn
speed of revolutions n reciprocal second 1/s revolutions per sec/min r/s revs per sec/min r.p.s. 11s=tis=Uis
rim r.p.m
velocity v metre per second m/s kilometres per hour kmlh 1 m/s = 3.6 kmlh
knot kn 1kn = 1sm/h = 1.852 mph
acceleration due to g metre per second m/s 2 gal gal 1 gal= 1 cmls2 = 1o·2 mls2
gravity squared
mass: m kilogram kg
weight (on scales) gram g 1 g=10"3 kg
tonne t 1 t=1 Mg=10 3 kg
pound lb 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg
metric hundredweight cwt (metric) 1 cwt (metric)= 50 kg
force F newton N 1 N = 1 kglmls 2 = 1 Wslm = 1 Jim
thrust G dyne dyn 1 dyn = 1 g cmls 2 = 10·' N
pond p 1 p=9.80665x10.3 N
kilopond kp 1 kp = 9.80665 N
mega pond Mp 1 Mp = 9806.65 N
kilogram force kg 1 kg = 9.80665 N
tonne force t 1 t = 9806.65 N

mech. stress, newton per square Nlm 2 newton per square Nlmm2
strength " metre millimetre kplcm 2 1 kp/cm 2 = 0.0980665 Nlmm2
kplmm 1 kpimm 2 = 9.80665 N/mm2

work, energy W,E joule J 1 J=1 Nm=1 Ws=107 erg

kilowatt hour kWh 1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ
horsepower per hour h.p.lh 1 h.p. = 2.64780 X 106 J
erg erg 1 erg= 10·7 J
heat quantity Q joule J calorie cal 1 ca1=4.1888 J= 1.163 x 10·3 Wh
torque M newton metre Nm kilopond metre kpm 1 kpm = 9.80665 J
bending moment Mb or joule J
power, p watt w 1 W = 1 Jls = 1 N mls = 1 kg m21s 3
energy current horsepower h.p. 1 h.p. = 0.73549675 kW

thermodynamic T kelvin K degree Kelvin "K 1"K=1 K

temperature degree Rankine 1°R=5/9K
Centigrade iJ K degree Centigrade "C oR,"RK !J= T- T0 T0 =273.15 K
temperature !J.!J =b. T, where:
temperature interval Mlor oc degree deg 1 K=1°C=1 degree
and differential b.T to be used in equations
Fahrenheit IJF degree Fahrenheit "F IJF= 915 IJ+ 32=915 T -459.67
temperature
Reaumur !JR degree Reaumur "R !JR = 415 !J, 1"R = 5/4 "C
temperature

0 Sl units and statutory units (excerpt applicable to building)

3
 DRAWINGS
Paper Formats

t-----x/2-
DRAWINGS Standardised formats provide a foundation for office furniture
Paper formats design, which then determines the development of the floor plan.
Technical
drawings Good knowledge of paper formats is therefore important for the
Layout of designer.
drawings
Construction 1--------- X --j 1--------- X --j
drawings Paper formats have generally been standardised (apart from
Construction
drawing symbols
0-0 Basis of paper formats in the USA) to conform to the internationally accepted {ISO)
Water supply and series of paper sheet sizes {A,B,C,D). These were developed
drainage symbols
Electrical Format Series A Series B Series C on the basis of an area of 1 m2 , divided according to the ratio
installation of the sides:
symbols 0 841 X 1189 1000 X 1414 917 X 1297
Security
1 594 X 841 707 X 1000 648 X 917
installation x:y=--12~0 lengthofsidex=0.841 m
symbols 420x 594 500 707 485x 648
2 X
Gas installation xxy=1 length of side y = 1.189 m
symbols 3 297x420 353 X 500 324x458
Drawing by hand
Computer-aided 4 210 X 297 250 X 353 229 324
X
The basic format (a rectangle with an area of 1 m2 and side
drawing
5 148x210 176 X 250 162 X 229 lengths as above) forms the basis for all the smaller sizes. The
BS EN ISO 216 A format series is produced by halving or doubling the basic
BS 1467 6 105 X 148 125 X 176 114x 162
DIN 476 format ~ 0 + f). The additional series B and C are intended
7 74 X 105 88 X 125 81 X 114
DIN 821 for items in dependent paper sizes, e.g. envelopes, binders and
DIN 4999 8 52x74 62x88 57 81
X
files~ 0.
9 37x52 44x62

10 26x37 31 x44 The formats in the B series are the geometric mean dimensions of
11 18 x26 22x31
the A series. The formats in the C series are the geometric mean
dimensions of the A and B series ~ 0.
12 13 X 18 15x22

8 Sheet sizes Strip (or side margin) formats are made by dividing the main formats
lengthwise into halves, quarters and eighths (for envelopes, signs,
drawings etc.) ~ 0 + e.
Format Abbreviation mm

half length A4 %A4 105 X 297

File cards without tabs correspond exactly to the standard
quarter length A4 Y.A4 52 X 297 formats. Tab cards are larger to allow for the tab, i.e. they have a
eighth length A7 Y.A7 9x 105 projection at the upper edge for classification.
half length C4 Y, C4 114 X 324
Binders, files and folders are wider than the standard format
etc.
to provide space for the fixing mechanism. Widths should if
e Strip formats possible be selected from the possible dimensions from series
A, s, c~e.

Pads and carbonless duplicate books have precisely the standard

formats; if there is a standing perforated edge, then here the
A4 sheets are smaller than the standard format~ e.
(it Strip formats in A4
Bound and trimmed books have precisely the standard format.
If a further trim is necessary during binding, then the pages will
0 Loose-leaf binder be slightly smaller than the standard format, and the cover will
project accordingly. The cover size must be at least the standard
r----- 210 -----! format ~ (). The cover width is determined by the binding
process.

picas mm

type area width 39.51 40.5 167 171

type area height (without header/footer) 58.5 59 247 250

fj) Pads, carbonless duplicate books
1

space between columns 1 5

max. width, double columns 39.5 167

max. width, single column 19 81

inside (gutter) margin, nominal 16 14

outer (side) margin, nominal 27 25

top (head) margin, nominal 20 19

Foot border
bottom (foot) margin, nominal 30 28

C) Bound and trimmed books ~ Layouts and type area of the A4 standard format -> C!)

4
 DRAWINGS
Technical Drawings

uncut drawing sheet, DRAWINGS

depending on requirement, The use of standard drawing formats makes it easier for
is 2-3cm wider than Paper formats
final trimmed original architects to lay out drawings for discussion in the design office Technical
drawing and print or on the building site, and also facilitates posting and filing. The drawings
trimmed, original drawing or print must therefore conform to the Layout of
drawings
formats of the ISO A series--> 0, 8-0. Construction
a drawings
box for written The title block should be the following distance from the edge of Construction
details and
the drawing: drawing symbols
parts list
Water supply and
a for formats AO-A3 10 mm drainage symbols
for formats A4-A6 5 mm Electrical
installation
For small drawings, a filing margin of up to 25 mm can be used, symbols
0 Standardised drawing which reduces the usable area of the finished format. As an Security
installalion
Sheet sizes exception, narrow formats can be made by adding together a
symbols
according to ISOAO ISOA1 ISOA2 ISOA3 ISOA4 ISOA5 row of identical or adjacent shapes from the format range. Gas installation
ISO series A symbols
Format: untrimmed
880 X 1230 625x 880 450x625 330 X 450 240 X 330 165 X 240
From normal roll widths, the following sizes can be used to provide Drawing by hand
blank sheet (mm) Computer-aided
formats in the A series: drawing
Format: trimmed
finished sheet (m)
841 X 1189 594 X 841 420 X 594 297 x420 210 X 297 148 x210 for drawing paper, tracing paper 1500, 1560 mm
(derived from these: 250, 1250, 660, 900 mm) BS EN ISO 128
f) Sheet sizes for print paper: 650, 900, 1200 mm.
BS 1192
BS EN ISO 4157
If all the drawing formats up to AO are to be cut from a paper web, DIN 824
·-·-·-·-·-·:::;-! a roll width of at least 900 mm will be necessary.
Drawings which are to be stored in A4 box files should be folded
as follows --> 0:
1. The title block must always be at the front, in the correct
position and clearly visible.
2. At the start of folding, a width of 21 em must always be folded
cut-out ISO A2, A 1, AO first (fold 1), ideally with the use of a 21 x 29.7 em template.
3. A triangle is folded into the drawing starting from c (fold 2) so
that on the completely folded drawing only the below left field

ei..:::.-·-·-·-·-·-·-·::::i
ISOsizeA2;A1;AO
marked with a cross is punched or clamped.
4. The drawing is then folded parallel to side a to a width of
18.5 em, for which a template of 18.5 x 29.8 em is useful.
·-·-·-·m The last section is folded in half to adjust the sheet size,
bringing the title block to the front. Long narrow formats can be
correspondingly folded.
5. The resulting strip is folded from side b.
A piece of card of size A5 = 14.8 x 21 em can be glued to the back
of the punched side to reinforce the edge. Any sheet size can be
folded by following the instructions above. If the drawing length
remaining after the folding of the first 21 em cannot be divided by
0 ISOsizeA3 18.5 em into an even number 2, 4, 6, etc., then the remaining width
should be folded in the centre .
..<;:.""

~
'
.1 I 0
cut-out ISO A4
ISOsizeA5

I Division for No. identical fields by sheet size

I I I
ISOAO

T.,I
'--·
"'"i• l box
~
I
0
a
b
AO
16
12
I
I
A1

1~ I
Field divisions (grid squares)
A2

~ I ~ I
A3

ISOA1
A4
4
4

0 ISOsizeA4 ISOA2

e Folding schemes and dimensions

5
 DRAWINGS
Layout of Drawings

DRAWINGS A strip 5 em wide should be left blank at the left-

Paper formats hand edge for binding or filing. The title block on
Technical south elevation east elevation north elevation west elevation
drawings section the right 0 should include:
Layout of
drawings 1. Description of the type of drawing (sketch,
Construction preliminary design, for construction etc.)
drawings
Construction N 2. Category of building shown or type of drawing
drawing symbols (layout plan, ground plan, section, elevation,
Water supply $ diagram etc.)
and drainage garden
basement ground floor upper floor' layout writing
symbols
box 3. Scale
Electrical I I I I
installation m 4. If appropriate, details of dimensions.
symbols
Security Drawings for building permit applications (to the
~,.,Jee\
installation building regulations authorities) should also include:
symbols
~5
Gas installation 1. Name (signature) of the client
symbols
Drawing by hand 2. Name (signature) of the architect
foundations layout of joists roof truss layout site plan
Computer-aided 3. If required, (signature) of the site manager
drawing
4. If required, (signature) of the contractor
BS EN ISO 9431 0 Suitable layout for a construction drawing
5. Comments by the building regulations
BS EN ISO
10209 10
authorities:
10 20 30 40
BS EN ISO a) About inspection
14617 ~~+H+H------~----+-----4------1
b) About approval
DIN 406
DIN 825 f) Suitable layout for scale details If necessary, on back of sheet
DIN 1356
Layout plans, floor plans etc. should show the
compass direction with a north pointer.
Scales --1 f)
The main scale of the drawing should be shown in large letters in the title block and
in smaller letters for other scales; the latter should be repeated next to their respective
\- diagrams. All objects should be drawn to scale; dimensions of parts which are not drawn
to scale should be underlined. Scales should be restricted to the following if at all possible:
for construction drawings 1:1, 1:5, 1 :10, 1 :20, 1 :25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200
for site layouts 1 :500, 1 :1000, 1:2000, 1:2500, 1 :5000, 1 :10000, 1:25000.
Dimensioning
Dimensioning is indicating dimensions on a drawing.
Levels should be given on sections and plans or elevations. The signs+ or- before the
number refer to the difference from level ± 0.00 (generally the planned finished floor
level, on the ground floor in the entrance area, related to sea level). For parapets, the
structural height above the structural slab level may also be given.
If the height of wall openings, particularly for doors and windows, is to be given on
drawings in addition to their width, then the width measurement is given above the
dimension line and the height measurement is given below it. Rectangular cross-
sections can, as a simplification, be dimensioned by stating their side lengths as a
fraction, e.g. 12/16 (in section: width/height).
Round cross-sections have the diameter sign 0 before the measure: e.g. 0 12. Radii have
the capital letter R before the measure.
Dimensions and other markings --1 e
C) Example of a standard dimensioned drawing of All dimensions are given in the unfinished structural condition (wall thicknesses). In
an angled floor plan. The dimensions given are continental Europe, dimensions of less than 1 m on building drawings are generally
structural dimensions without finishings given in em, dimensions over 1 mare given in m or mm. (However, recently the trend has
been to give all dimensions in mm, which is standard practice in the UK.)

,.,.,.;.;.;.;.;.,.&:.;§;:,.,.,. . . Sections on plans

On plans, vertical planes of one or more sections are shown as lines with short and long
+2.75 dashes --1 p. 9 0, and the direction of viewing is also given. The entire line of the section
sz does not have to be shown, but if the plane of a section breaks, this does --1 e. If there is
+2.69 more than one section, then each should be clearly labelled.
y Room numbers are given in a circle.
in ground plans
Room areas, in m2 , are shown in a square or rectangle --1 e.

9 -<----- 6250 _ , . -

+ 3.12
e t--- 6250 --t :1'---
G Marking of heights on sections and elevations f) f- ~~;~ - j f-

6
 1 2 3 4 5 6 DRAWINGS
Line group Construction Drawings
I II 111 1) IV2l
Line weight Application Scale
;;;1:100 "'1:50 Dimensioning consists of: dimension DRAWINGS

Line width (mm) figure, dimension line, extension line, Paper formats
Technical
solid line (heavy) boundary of areas in section 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 dimension arrow ~ e. drawings
solid line (medium) visible edges and visible outlines of 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 Dimension figures are normally Layout of
building elements, boundary of narrow drawings
located above the relevant continuous Construction
or small building elements in section
dimension line so that they can be read drawings
solid line (fine) dimension lines, extension lines, pointer 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 Construction
from below or from the right when the drawing symbols
lines, walking lines, outlines of cut-outs,
simplified depictions drawing is used~ f) + 0. Water supply and

dashed line (medium)

---- hidden edges and hidden outlines of
building elements
0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7
Dimension lines are shown as solid
lines~ 0. They are located parallel to
drainage symbols
Electrical
installation
chain dot line (heavy)
·-·-·
chain dot line (medium).--·--·
indication of location of section planes
axes and centre-lines
0.5
0.18
0.5
0.25
1.0
0.35
1.0
0.5
the length being dimensioned.
Extension lines: dimensions which
symbols
Security
installation
dotted line (fine) ....................... building elements in front of or over 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 cannot be shown directly on the arrow symbols
Gas installation
section plane at the edge of an area, are relocated symbols
dimensions text size 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.0 outside with the aid of extension lines. Drawing by hand
1l Line group I is only to be used when a drawing has been prepared with line group Ill, was reduced in the ratio of 2:1 These are generally at right angles to the Computer-aided
drawing
and is to be worked on further. In this case, the text size 5.0 mm is to be selected for the drawing with line group Ill. dimension line and extend a little past it.
Line group I does not fulfil the requirements for microfilming. BS EN ISO 4157
2l Line group IV is to be used for construction drawings if a reduction from scale 1:50 to scale 1:100 is intended and the reduction dimension figure
DIN 1356
dimension line
has to meetthe requirements for microfilming. The reduction can then be further worked on using widths in line group II.

If building drawings are manually or mechanically drawn with ink and standardised drawing equipment, then the line
I
-3.76~
I \
extension line
_........-dimension arrow

widths according to the above should preferably be used. These widths are suitable for the usual application of common
reproduction methods.

0 Line types and thicknesses to be used in construction drawings

==lJ
e Dimensioning terms

1 2 3 4

~~
unit for dimensions dimensions
dimensions <1m, e.g. >1 m,e.g.
1 em 24 88.5 388.5
2 m and em 24 885 3.88 5

188.5~~26
236.5+=-----437.5
24 3 mm 240 885

NB Recent trend is to give all dimensions in mm,

3885

---674 standard practice in UK-; p. 6.

Dimensioning outside the drawing (scale C) Units for dimensions f) Pointer lines to notes
1:100, units~ em)

3E
w
..;..,.
... 0
----- ---- ----- -m---- I
I
---,I
I
M.---
I
"' I
I
I
I
I
0 I
I
I I
I C2
"' I
t I
I I
m
G Dimensioning of pillars and openings, e.g. scale 1:50 em, units= em I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
< t t
t
I
0 I

<3
I
:
-~
t I
----- I
I I

"'
0
020B
I
I
I
I
t
t
m
0

axis 01 02 01 2 3 4
field Oc Ob Oa a c
Ob1 Ob2

9 Dimensioning with coordinate~ e.g. scale 1:50 m, em, units em and mm e Axis-field grid

7
 Monochrome I Colour To be used for DRAWINGS
1111111\llfllll""""""- light green grass Construction Drawing Symbols
::IC.)C~)

DRAWINGS
tt~ ) , 'l sepia peat dust and similar

Building element Opening Dimensions Location Related to

~~
Paper formats
burnt sienna ground C ceiling BR break-through widthx u under Ttop
Technical
Wwall G groove depth x o over B bottom
drawings
Layout of . ····· ... black/ white infilled earth
Ffloor
FO foundation
Dduct height UF unfinished floor
FF finished floor
drawings
Construction
8 Labelling of openings: examples
drawings
Construction ~ brown-red brick masonry in lime mortar
drawing Description Label Dimensions Depiction
symbols
Water supply and ~ brown-red brick masonry in cement mortar Plan
I
Elevation,
(section, view)
drainage symbols slab breakthrough SBR AxB
I:ZH
Electrical
installation ~ brown-red brick masonry in cement-lime mortar
f-A-1
~
1-A-l
symbols
groove in slab (top) GS AxBxC I-A-<
Security
~ ~
.0
brown-red porous brick masonry in cement mortar ro
installation U.i 1111111 ~c
symbols

~
Gas installation hollow pot brick masonry in cement groove in slab GS AxBxC
~
brown-red
symbols lime mortar (underneath) ~:c
!111111 1-A-l c
Drawing by hand

~
Computer-aided brown-red floor slab breakthrough FSBR AxB
drawing
clinker block masonry in cement mortar
(foundation= FO) L~:J~
1-A-l = I-A-<

~ ~{I)
BS EN ISO 4157 brown-red sand lime block masonry in lime mortar
DIN 1356 £~ C~-~~~~--~~~-+~~~~-t----------~
~ floor slab duct
FSD A x B x C HA
~ brown-red alluvial stone masonry in lime mortar
Q) -a floor slab groove
FSG : IsI ~I 'II' ~0
~~
I <I

wall breakthrough WBR Ax c

~ brown-red stone masonry in mortar (foundation= FO dashed
on basement plan)
IZI2
I-A-<

~ brown-red natural stone masonry in cement mortar wall groove(horizont~ WG AxBxC

foundation = FO -> U

~~J:?.'?~"o: sepia gravel

wall groove (vertical) WG AxBxC
·. "· ·~'l!ili?"cf. foundation= FO -> 8 :·:·:·:·jzj(·:·:·: IB 1111111?
I-A-<
~:~~~~'II;
Cf.'~I;O;. . c.
grey black slag
A) Under floor duct in section
B) Same on plan
:~~~·;~~j~)i~~~t~;tl~{ zinc yellow sand

0.7.#.##.;?:; ochre screed (gypsum) ~ %?3if//c: A) Pipe sleeve on elevation

B) Same on plan

t:"i:~?:·:;·~~~;{~H;~~~~ white plaster

/22'10:0 ~2'0 Chimney on plan

violet pre-cast concrete elements

2ZWW w~ Gas chimney on plan
11111111111111111111111
e Presentation of openings, grooves and channels: examples
..
~
z '/.~""""~
,"zr ,7 ~
blue green reinforced concrete
!1.1
II
~3~%Jf~~~?,~fi. olive green unreinforced concrete 1/1
ltl
't'
T [J:j black metal u
~ ~
brown timber in section

--
Closed in final state Remains open
Uli!JilUI!lll! blue grey insulation materials

black and white sealants

e Grooves , apertures and breakthroughs in walls

cJ
Natural monument (border with points) according to:
NSG =conservation area
grey existing building elements
LSG = landscape conseJVation area
GLB = Protected landscape element
0 Symbols and colours used on plans and sections §23 =under §23 HENatG protected habitat
GA = Population of particularly protected or threatened species

f rCJ:k
Tree protection

f : :: ::
Layout plan To special Tree with species,
Tree to be removed with
- - - - - - existing public road fac1h!1es trunk centre, crown
species, trunk centre,
radius & trunk dia.
r=250 crown radius & trunk dia.
U=60 (Existing: full line,
Planned but not yet planned: dot-dash line
existing roads
I+++ ICemetery
am
Group of bushes to be partly removed
Existing: full line
~Park
t___,:,__j
~ Pennanent Planned: dot-dash line
Existing buildings tttti:J allotment To be removed: crossed-out full line
~ Camping and rr=\1
~ weekend site Q Sports field Border of area to be built on, whose soil is considerably contaminated

~Planned buildings
with harmful substances.
~Swimming lA! Children's Border of areas, whose soil is considerably contaminated with
~pool L\£J playground harmful substances.

f) Symbols for building permit applications

0 Symbols used in open spaces planning

8
 DRAWINGS
Construction Drawing Symbols

a)
b)
c)
Floor surfaces
Ceiling surfaces
Wall surfaces
>
Without
deducti?n
of openings
) in m2 with
2 figures after
decimal oint
general insulation layer against heat
loss and noise
DRAWINGS
Paper formats
Technical
d) Clear wmdow areas p drawings
e) Clear door areas Layout of
f) Flooring types mineral wool insulation drawings
g) Type of paint or cladding to walls Construction
h) Type of paint or cladding to ceilings drawings
Construction
0 Dimensions and other information, if required glass fibre insulation drawing symbols
Water supply and
drainage symbols
Electrical
sealing membrane (damp course) wood fibre insulation installation
symbols
Security
• • 8 • • • vapour barrier peat fibre insulation
installation
symbols
Gas installation
aaaaaaaa symbols

- - - - - -
separating/plastic foil

oil paper
xxxxxxxx synthetic foam
Drawing by hand
Computer-aided
drawing

-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-- waterproofing membrane with fabric inlay

IVVVV\J\j\ cork
BS EN ISO 4157
DIN 1356

1\1 \l\l\l\l\l\/\l\1 \1'

waterproofing membrane with metal foil
inlay
ml\l\l\Ml\l\l\1\llli~MM~ magnesite-bonded wood wool board

IIIII IIIII intermediate layer, spot glued moom~~%\lfm~1W?Ef1Bi~B\I cement-bonded wood wool board

1111111111111111111111111111111 fully glued layer • • • • •• • • • • •• • • gypsum building boards

• • • • • • • •
mastic

·:·:·:·:·:·:·: plasterboards

~ appliedgravellayer 0 Symbols for insulation

primer coat, paint base

crr:r:IICJ:CIC:IC:II:JOTC:r:CII1CCTI1] sealing slurry

--:._-----=---------------=-- waterproof paint (e.g. 2-layer)

plaster lath/reinforcement

llllllillillllllillilllllllll impregnation

0 0 {) {) 0 filter mat
0

111111111111111111111111
sw
tm drain mesh (plastic)

standing water on ground/slope

surface water

e•e e emerging damp, mould, dirt etc .

•••••••••••••••••
~ penetratingdamp

~'% earth, undisturbed soil

f) Symbols for waterproofing, drainage, insulation, non-pressurised water etc.

9
 DRAWINGS
Windows set in reveals, scale 1:100 Construction Drawing Symbols

DRAWINGS
Paper formats
Technical
drawings
Layout of
7.~=~(,-l
~,~
~~

-w-ith----'- '-wit-hou-t---.-E:"""III-.-.\11!

--- ---window niche

lllifj_ 8_ =--- ~,i(l
~~

·=\lli\lll\\1,--m_
~,i(l

0)<0

___-_____ -

drawings
Construction
0 Single window opening inward gains f) Box window (B) opening inward, 0 Single window opening outward G Double window (D) opening
space and offers a place for the double window, combined window outward
drawings
radiator
Construction
drawing Sash window, scale 1:100 Sliding window, scale 1:100
symbols
Water supply and
drainage symbols ~~~ ~~~
Electrical
installation
symbols
=lli!illm=m=lm=l11oo..,;_.-_-
__-__-'-_ ' - - - - - - ""~""W""W""W""11""'
__·_-_D-_-:--_-=_ - - -
Security
installation
symbols
e Single window Double window (D), box window,
combined window
f) Single window (S) e Double window (SD)

~
Gas installation
symbols
Drawing by hand
Computer-aided
drawing

0 Single-leaf door without lintel '~!) Single-leaf door 4) Double-leaf 4l} Double-leaf door
pair, with lintel

e Pivoting door 4D
~ Without threshold e
m~m
WLJ
Threshold one side
u

0) Rising Gi) Sliding door G) Double sliding door ~ Sliding door with lifting
single-leaf door mechanism

~ Two-leaf revolving door @) Three-leaf revolving door @) Four-leaf revolving door ~ Folding partition

16 risers 16 risers

12 risers 17.5/291 17.5/291

18.5/25

-2.22

Cellar
m ±0.00

Ground floor
I I +2.80

Upper floor
+5.60

Attic When drawing windows, the left side is always shown with wall
niche and the right side without ----1 0- e.
fi Stairs with one flight

Revolving doors replace wind lobbies ----1 €D - fD and offer an

opening without draughts. Because revolving doors can cope
with relatively little through traffic, the door leaves can be folded at
peak times and pushed to the side.

The horizontal section through the stairwell on each floor's plan

is shown at about % storey height or 1 m above floor level. The
steps should be continuously numbered upwards and downwards
starting from ± 0.000. The number of steps below± are preceded
Cellar Ground floor Attic by a minus sign-. The numbers begin on the first step and exit on
the landing. The centre-line starts at the first step with a circle and
fi Stairs with two flights ends on arriving with an arrow (also in the cellar).

10
Living room Bedroom DRAWINGS

~
table

D 85 x 85 x 78 ~ 4 places
130 x 80 x 78 ~ 6 places
bed
100 X 200
Construction Drawing Symbols

floor cupboard DRAWINGS

0 round table
0 90 ~ 6 places D side table
50x70, 60x70
Paper formats
Technical

D wall cupboard drawings

Layout of
drawings

~
Construction

0 shaped table 70- 100 double bed

100 X 200
ironing board

electric oven
drawings
Construction
drawing
symbols
Water supply and
drainage symbols
pull-out table 120 x 180 Electrical
twin bed (French bed)

D
installation
145 X 200 dishwasher symbols
Security
installation

~
DO stool 0 45 x 50 children's bed
70x140-170
refrigerator
symbols
Gas installation
symbols
Drawing by hand

IDI armchair 70 x 85
VN/t'
Bathroom
clothes cupboard
60 X 120

Stoves with fuel type

chest freezer
Computer-aided
drawing

bath
couch 95 x 195
75 X 170,
K oJI 85x185 solid fuel

II.__________JII
sofa 80 x 175 0] small bath
70 X 105,
70 X 125 oil

upright piano
60 X 140-160
D
symbol symbol scale 1:50
shower 80 x 80,
90 X 90, 75 X 90
gas

scale 1:100

grand pianos: washbasin 50 x 60,

electric
baby grand 155 x 114 60x70
salon grand 200 x 150
concert grand 275 x 160
2 washbasins radiator

double washbasin
television 60 X 120, 60 X 140 heating boiler with grate

sewing table 50 x 50-70 vanity unit 45 x 30

sewing machine 50 x 90
CJ
gas-fired

nappy changing
we 38 x 70
table 80 x 90

urinal 35 x 30 oil-fired
washing basket 40 x 60

bidet 38 x 60

chest 40 x 100-150
waste disposal unit
urinal stand

~
cupboard 60 x 120
Kitchen waste chute

Clothes storage sink 60 x 100

hook spacing
I I I II I I

"1'1
11 I
15-20 em

hanging rail
double sink 60 x 150 nrlL air supply and extraction
shaft

EH+t*i I
clothes and linen
cupboard 50 x 100-180 DJ[J] stepped sink
A PTL ~ patient lift
GL ~ goods lift
PL ~ passenger lift
FL ~food lift (paternoster)

Jcgjrul
desk

D 70 X 130 X 78
80 X 150 X 78
kitchen bucket sink
HL ~ hydraulic lift

11
 Drainage pipes and appliances DRAWINGS
Plan Elevation Description Water Supply and Drainage Symbols

I
DRAWINGS
Paper formats
-os-
I i!l
I
pressurised blackwater pipe is marked with DS Water supply
Plan Elevation Description

~
I
Technical cellar drainage pump
drawings
--oR--
I
:5
I
pressurised rainwater pipe is marked with DR [Q]
Layout of I

4
drawings

~
Construction blackwater lifting system
drawings mixed water pipe
Construction
drawing symbols
Water supply
/C ,1/ "==J bath

and drainage ventilation duct, direction given, e.g. starting and

symbols
Electrical
--- jl running upward c:::J shower tray

/
installation
symbols
Security ~ 0 vanity unit, hand washbasin

installation
symbols
Gas installation
0 according to type stack, downpipe [a \! sitting washbasin

v
direction:
symbols
Drawing by hand
Computer-aided
a) / a) passing through
v urinal
b) b) starting and running downward
drawing ......-""' c) coming from above and ending

~
c)
a'
~
d) d) starting and running upward urinal with automatic flushing
BS EN 12056
DIN 1451

=
t
DIN 1986
---r- change of material
(QJ ~ we, floor-mounted

1 ----! pipe end closed

6 v
77777777
we, wall-mounted

CJ D slop sink
--E3-
f cleaning opening, round or rectangular

[IJ -o single sink

-EJ
I cleaning opening
[[l] CD double sink

~
t 125
change of nominal diameter
-am -am dishwasher

1- odour trap
ill ill washing machine

CJ- c::::L_

~ ~
outlet or drainage gutter without odour trap
washer/dryer

D- Ci!- outlet or drainage gutter with odour trap

[]!]- [][;l- waste outlet with backflow device for faeces-free -crJ -crJ air conditioner

wastewater

~
small wastewater wet riser pipe
treatment plant, two-level
--®- IIr fat separator

-®- ~ starch separator

Q1 small wastewater
treatment plant,
wet-dry riser pipe FNT

-®- -m- petrol interceptor (separator for volatile liquids) multi-level

-®-- Lir silt trap

-@ small wastewater
treatment plant, multi-leve
dry riser pipe FT

-®- ~ acid separator

small wastewater sprinkler pipe

-(8)-- LBT ()
heating oil separator (separator for volatile liquids) F SPR
treatment plant,
multi-level
D- Ci!- heating oil stop valve
H Sp H Sp

[]!]-
H Sp
[][;l-
HSp heating oil stop valve with backflow preventer
-€) soakaway shaft sprinkler system
R
•
--ao-- --ao-- backflow device for faeces-free wastewater
hi
underfloor hydrant spray flooding system '"
'"
ill

••
---cx::J- ---cx::J- backflow device for wastewater containing faeces

--e- _o_ shaft with open through-flow (shown with blackwater pipe)
above-floor hydrant water spray system
H
---9- J:L shaft with closed through-flow
fire fighting hose
connection pipe

12
Water supply (continued) DRAWINGS
wall or slab opening with Water Supply and Drainage Symbols
water pipe E3
protecting sleeve and stopping
marking of location of shut-
off or throttling valve end of pipe
bleed valve, water softener, DRAWINGS
Xl --{]E]-

l marking of location of emptying valve demineralisation plant Paper formats

) detachable connection,
supply valve

detachable connection
general type of connection
can be simplified by use of
short code
s screwed connection
v wall battery
-[£[]-

0
filter

pump
Technical
drawings
Layout of
drawings
Construction
T-RL threaded connection
4 free-standing
drawings

'®l
non-detachable connection battery
with right-left thread Construction
F flange connection !1 30m'/h 5! booster pump drawing symbols
~ hose

apparatus without rotating

c coupling
SK socket connection =t>- mixer !
L·-·-·-·-·-·....1
!
Water supply
and drainage
symbols
1 parts
CL clamped connection
-@]
Electrical

apparatus with rotating

& flushing cistern washing machine installation
symbols

-o parts, display or registration

instrument
it- flange connection
6 showerhead ----[g] dishwasher
Security
installation
symbols
Gas installation
J,
9
display or recording
-} screw connection,
threaded connection
shower hose
----[!] washer/dryer symbols

z
instrument Drawing by hand

-w
self-closing valve Computer-aided
air conditioner drawing

-D- measuring instrument built

into pipe

drinking water pipe, cold,

~ socket connection

~
pressure flusher
§ flow gauge, through-flow
gauge
BS EN 12056
DIN 1451
DIN 1986
TWBO
e.g. 0 80
{j- coupling
t
pipe anti-vacuum

~
device and bleeder
drinking water pipe, warm, flow meter, water meter
TWW50-WD

TWZ40
e.g. 0 50
drinking water pipe,
circulation, e.g. 0 40
+ type of connection can be
simplified by use of
short code
w welded connection
n pipe anti-vacuum
device and bleeder
with dripping water ~ calorimeter

pipe
TW15 drinking water pipe, hose, s soldered connection
G glued connection y connection for measuring
~ e.g. 015

marking of location for

T threaded connection
SK socket connection
II' pipe ventilator instrument

~
p pressed connection
50 , l 40 change of nominal diameter, pipe ventilator, thermometer
e.g. from 0 50 to 0 40
l><l shut-off valve, general + through-flow
pressure gauge
~
as above but also as
reducer fitting
marking of location for
t pipe bleeder B type of gauge can be
indicated by use of short
code
ST
I
( cu change of material, f>l<l shut-off gate valve 1 pipe interrupter l!.p differential pressure
e.g. from steel to copper 11
I gauge
crossing pipes (without -lSJ- shut-off flap valve pt pressure pulse

*
connection) backflow preventer generator
shut-off valve,
branch, one-sided l><l through-flow valve through-flow valve logger
-.<1-- [i] if required, mark type of
-+- branch, two-sided type of connection can be
simplified by use of short
with backflow
preventer device with short code
v through flow

p,P
0

d'
riser pipe
direction:
a) passing through
b) starting and running
code
SO screw-down valve
SS slanted seat valve
T throttle valve
BP valve behind plaster
z
~
outlet valve with
ventilator and
threaded hose
connection
v volume
T temperature
.6.p pressure difference

p
upward
--------- control cable

~
c) coming from below
elbow valve draw-off tap with
.P
cf
d) starting and running
downward
e) coming from above and ~ three-way valve !~ backflow preventer,
ventilator and 9 fluid-driven

ending
electrical separation,
® four-way valve
threaded hose
connection '1 float-driven

---ljf-- isolation piece

[;:o::] through-flow valve H- pipe rupture valve,

r weight-driven

l potential equalisation, hose rupture valve

'
earthing type of connection can be spring-driven

n expansion bend

length compensator, wave

simplified by use of
short code
T tap cock
B ball valve
y free outlet, system
separation T manual

-J1J1r pipe compensator I:ffJ three-way tap ~ pipe disconnecter <¥> electricity-driven

membrane-driven
sealing bush compensator 9
---<==--- @ four-way tap

~
safety valve,

~
spring-loaded piston-driven
pipeline fixed point clamped tapping
)CJ-- (e.g. at side)

~
sliding pipe fixing

pipe fall, pipe rise, e.g. 5% ~

clamped tapping with
valve (e.g. top) ti elbow safety valve,
spring-loaded
~
electromagnet-driven

~
pressure reducer, --[@]- metering device container, non-pressure,
wall or slab opening with
protecting sleeve
IX1 pressure stopcock open, with overflow

13
 Electrical consumer appliances DRAWINGS
electrical appliance, general light fitting, general
C9 secondary clock Electrical Installation Symbols

G
multiple light fitting stating
DRAWINGS
electric stove with three
rings
-7( 5 x 60 no. lamps and power, e.g. main clock sound recorder
Paper formats five lamps at 60 W
Technical
0<
drawings
Layout of
drawings
Construction
electric stove with built-in
coal oven
~
adjustable light fitting

light fitting with switch 0 main clock with signal

amplifier, cable peak

sound pick-up

~
drawings
Construction
drawing symbols
electric stove with oven for
baking --7< light fitting with current
bridge for lamp chains
denotes amplification
direction
magnetic tape recorder

Water supply and

drainage symbols
Electrical oven for roasting and baking -¥ light fitting, dimmable
fi telephone, general call and switch off panel

installation
~ panic light
symbols
Security
installation
symbols microwave cooker
~ emergency light e multiple telephone meter

Gas installation
symbols
(X searchlight
L8J telephone, long-distance
meter panel, e.g with a fuse
Drawing by hand
Computer-aided
drawing
infra red grill
C) light fitting with additional
emergency light
g telephone, semi-internal

BS EN 50110
DIN 18015
warming plate
G) light fitting with two
separate filaments
t§] telephone, internal
ll time clock, e.g. for switching
tariff

CQ light fitting for discharge

lamps with accessories
Q] loudspeaker
8 temperature detector
dishwasher
~3
~
light fitting for discharge
lamps with details

light fitting for fluorescent

radio
dJ time relay, e.g. for stair
lighting

food processor

1----+---t----l
lamp, general
light band, e.g. three lamps television
[ZJ blink relay, blink switch

refrigerator, e.g. freezer

compartment, no. stars
36W at36W
[1J current impulse switch

~
light band, e.g. two lamps at intercom, e.g. house or door sound frequency ripple
2x58W entry phone control relay

freezer, no. stars Signal and radio devices two-way intercom, e.g.
house or door entry phone -§ sound frequency cut-off

motion detector, e.g. with

air conditioner
safety circuit
telephone exchange,
general 9 alarm clock, general

water heater, general

vibration detector (safe
door opener tf? alarm clock, stating current
type
pendulum)
hot water storage cylinder alarm lamp, signal lamp,
light signal LN gong alarm clock

~'.'.I
continuous-flow water light beam detector, light
heater barrier bell button
Si? alarm clock for safety circuit

fryer
B press-knob fire alarm
call buttons with name
labels 9 alarm clock with
run-down drive
fan
ill automatic fire alarm
microphone

generator, general

motor, general
-{Z] police alarm
earpiece -0- motor alarm clock

alarm clock without automatic

motor with statement of ~ fire alarm with drive main distributor

(communications)
cancel, continuously ringing
alarm clock
protection type

~
fusible link alarm, automatic alarm clock with visual
hand dryer, hair dryer alarm
splitter, flush
buzzer

washing machine -!]] automatic temperature

alarm
splitter, surface-mounted buzzer
washer/dryer

infra red lamp

-M automatic extension fire
alarm beeper or horn, general siren, general

~~'
room heating, general beeper or horn stating
pass lock security systems siren stating current type
current type
storage heater

centre of fire alarm system house intercom ~0 siren stating frequency, e.g.
140Hz
electrically heated clear-
view screen light beam alarm system,
~70
siren with wailing tone, e.g.
automatic, e.g. photo cell entry phone varying between 150 and
270Hz

14
Electricity
converter, general DRAWINGS
isolated cable in
direct current 0 rectifier, e.g. Electrical Installation Symbols
installation duct
isolated cable for dry alternating current mains
~ A alternating current, general (t)
rooms, e.g. sheathed wire connection
DRAWINGS
isolated cable for wet rectifier, e.g. pole changer, approach effect, general
~ 2 kHz stating the frequency (f) rooms, e.g. wet room Paper formats
chopper
contact effect, general Technical
cable
drawings
~ T technical alternating cable for outdoor or Layout of
(k) fuse, general passive infra red motion
current underground laying drawings
detector
direct current or alternating Construction
Cables, marking, application screw-in fuse, e.g. 1OA and drawings
current (universal current) time relay, e.g. for stair
type Dll, three-pole Construction
protection cable, e.g. for lighting drawing symbols
mixed current earthing, neutralisation or low-voltage high- Water supply and
protection circuit (old) performance fuse, e.g. SOA current impulse switch drainage symbols
size 00 Electrical
sound frequency installation
signal cable
alternating current symbols
trip, e.g. 63A, three-pole empty connection box
high frequency alternating Security
telephone cable installation
current

very high frequency radio cable switch, make contact r\. multiple socket symbols
Gas installation
alternating current symbols

Supporting points
cable with marking

simplified depiction
earth leakage circuit
breaker, four-pole
A single earthed socket Drawing by hand
Computer-aided
drawing

J~
in mast cables as above but for three-
phase current BS EN 50110
816~
protective earth cable
cable, general cable protection switch, DIN 18015
(PE)
e.g. 16A, three-pole
underground cable PEN cable
motor protection switch,
~ double earthed socket

support point, mast,

!
~
neutral cable three-pole
general socket with off switch
0 guyed mast Cu 20 x 4 conductor rail excess current switch, e.g.
timber mast ,s',SSS\7$\Wl foreign cable ballast switch
~ socket, lockable

roof stands, brackets, ++++++ further markings, e.g.

~
tubular mast, general ·X-X-X-X-X· telephone, night circuit, emergency off switch depiction of vertical if
·0-0-0-0-0· required
e guyed mast -1-1-1-1-1-
blinking light cable,
emergency lighting cable
star-delta switch

•
lattice mast, general

guyed mast
twisted cable, e.g. two- 5,-l
starter, rheosta~ e.g. with
0 socket for isolating
transformer

reinforced concrete mast,

general
wire

coaxial cable
LJ five starting steps
IT] electrical connection,
general
© button switch

3~E
._ guyed mast rectangular hollow

mast with foot D cable, e.g. for very high

frequency ® light switch
three-phase connection

8 double mast __} cable running upward switch with smoke extraction
indicator light ventilator switch
transverse H-mast or portal
mast
I cable running downward
switch 1/1 (off switch, smoke extraction press-

I cable running upward and single-pole) button alarm

8 portal mast of lattice masts
downward
switch 1/2 (off switch, fire alarm (press-button
lengthwise A-mast cable connection two-pole) alarm)

support point with tension branch connection box, switch 1/3 (off switch,
IT connection socket
anchor depiction if necessary three-pole)

switch 4/1 (group switch, broadband

support point with brace 0 socket
single-pole) communications system
mast with lamp sealing end, end branch
switch 5/1 (series switch,
telephone distributor
single-pole)
Cables and high-voltage house
cable connections connection box, general
switch 6/1 (two-way switch,
telephone socket
~IP54 as above, stating single-pole)
existing
protection type
two-way switch as pull
under construction distribution aerial socket
switch
r·-·-·.., framing for devices,
planned !t-·-·-·..J! e.g. housing, switching
switch 7/1 (cross-switch,
cabinet, switching panel aerial splitter, e.g. twice
single-pole)
mobile cable
underground cable earthing, general
aerial distributor ,e.g.
time switch
overground cable, e.g. connection point for twice
0 mast-mounted
@ earth wire
cable on porcelain isolators dimmer aerial amplifier
(isolation bells) 1 mass, body
aerial socket (through
mm cable on surface of plaster element, accumulator or approach switch
sockets)
battery
/79 /H cable plastered in
aerial socket with end
contact switch
mm cable beneath plaster ~230/8V transformer, e.g. doorbell
transformer
resistance

15
 Visual indicators Lightning protection installations DRAWINGS
indicator light, general building outline Electrical Installation Symbols
No. (min.) of
No. Tvoe of aooliance Sockets1) Outlets Connected load 'kW\
gutter and down pipe Uvin room and bedroom
blinking indicator light with
DRAWINGS direction pointer reinforced concrete with f~J~:r~~;~~:~t~~~o 8
8-12 m"2
m2
Paper formats connection 12-20 m2
Technical >20m"
drawings
indicator light wilh
darkening switch
ILT steel construction, metal
rails sockets,Jlghtlng
Kitchen kitchenette AC 3-ohase

Layout of 5 for kitchenette 2'1

6 for kitchen 2'1
drawings 7 ventilator/extractor hood 141
Construction indicator light with glimmer 8 stove 8.0-14.0
metal covering 9 refrigerator/freezer 0.2
drawings light 10 dishwasher 1 3.5 4.5
Construction 11 waterheater 1'1 2.0 4.0-6.0
chimney Bathroom
drawing symbols pointer indicator with 12 sockets,lighting
Water supply and automatic return roof stands for electric 13 extractor fan
14 washing machine9) 3.3 7.5
drainage symbols Jines 15 heater
Electrical 16 water heater 2.0 4.0-6.0
pointer indicator with we
installation diaphragm tank, tank 17 sockets, lighting 1"1 1
symbols automatic return, lit 18 extractor fan 14),8)
Security pointer indicator with Utili room
-J-J-1-1- snow guards 19 sockets, lighting
installation automatic return, lit or 20 extractor fan
symbols
Gas installation
swinging t aerial 21
22
23
~::~~r7d~~~h!ne
ironino machine
3.3
3.3
2.1 3.3
7.5

symbols pointer indicator without Hall corridor

metal pipe
Drawing by hand automatic return 0 Sockets, lighting
24 for length up to 2.5 m
Computer-aided 25 over2.5 m
drawing pointer indicator without lightning conductor, Outdoorsittin
26 sockets ll htinq 1"1
automatic return, lit open Storeroom >3 m2
BS EN 50110 27 !i hUng
DIN 18015 lightning conductor, Hobb room
underground 28 sockets I! htin 3
indicator with filling device Residential cellar and basement
lightning conductor, under 29 sockets II ht!n 1
rbof and under plaster Commercial cellar and basement
Sockets, lighting
30 forusableareaupto20m2
recording indicator • @ terminal pole, flagpole 31 over20m2
Cellar and basement assa e
117)
117)

32 fi htin
connection point to
meter 1 Q-- pipes
1) Or jtmcl!on boxes for consumer devices <2 kW
2) Sockets next to beds are double sockets, which, arranged next to aerial sockets, are triple sockets. These multiple
sockets, are counted in the table as single sockets.
3) The worktops should be Ill with as little shadow and glare as possible.
4) If a single extract fan Is to be provided.
--1-t- 5) Unless hot water is provided by other means.
meter with indicator lamp separation point 6) Of which one may be combined with the vanity unit light.
----ro-
pipe and rod earth terminal
7) For bathrooms with 4 m2 usable area, one connection above the vanity unit Is sufficient.
~~ fn°[e~7d':~f.W~~~~~~~~~ut ~~~:~~~~~e swltch is via the general lighting, with time lag.
10) Unless a utility room Is provide:!or the appliances can be accommodated In another suitable room.
a
multiple detector 11) ForWCswith a vanity unit.
12) Unless accommodated in the bathroom or another suitable room.
earthing 13) Switchab!e from one location.
14) Switchab!e from two locations.
15) From 8m2 usable space.
sparking distance
1 1
j~~ ~~~:~~~~ ag~'~uWei:,"~~~~n~~~:f~~~~o:e~~~i t~~-rating-l!ke partitions, e.g. wire mesh.
acknowledgement detector 18) For passages >6 m long, one ouUetevery6 m of length begun.
closed sparking distance
excess voltage
0 Power supply to electrical appliances
Batteries r;-L:-:ivi-og_a_re-,a(-cm');:-r--;N-;-o-.c.,-ircu--:;-its-;fo-r:;-llg-;ch!;-in-g-.,-;d-,o-,ck:-e:-1,-,
discharge conductor Uvingarea(m2} No. circuits for lighting and sockets
elemental battery
ITIIIIIIl roof fixing up to 50
50--75
upto45
45-55 4
3

accumulator battery (four 75-100 55-75 6

lil!l!;j 111 cells)
lift 100--125 75-100 7
over125 over 100 8
-If--If- element, accumulator
water meter, gas meter
f) No. circuits by size of living area 8 High level of equipment

16A1 =
i: ® ~4~
16A2
* [ ~

' 16A3
' 20 4
A -@)
WKitchen
{' ~
l' 16A5 m
16A6 [ @J
£.1iiii.T. __ .::__·-·-·-
i: *;o~
16A8 [ ~
If required
i:--'-""-"--![
16A9
[I] Utility room

House
supply
conne~

ction
Resetve

8 Circuit diagram 9 Electrical installation plan

16
 DRAWINGS
Security Installation Symbols

DRAWINGS
Burglar alarm systems r::\ 1!;1
~
'----'
connection relay man Jock Paper formats
Lo.J optical signal generator
1 strike plate contact ------ Technical

• opening contact sea connection relay

l2J digital line coupler ~ turnstile
drawings
Layout of
drawings

•
Construction
r~ E]-r-
~
remote switching device analog-digital converter revolving door drawings
magnetic contact
I! ~ with line coupler signal Construction

~ tx'
drawing symbols
vibration sensor
alarm searchlight
1~1 flow device
Water supply and

+•
D :.J <JOt> electrically unlocked door
drainage symbols
oscillation contact
Fire alarm systems ro'
L ..J
display tableau ...... electrically opened door
Electrical
installation
symbols

.J1Jlj"'-
thread tension switch

foil
[g maximum heat detector
L::_"::./~ operating panel
st- overlight
Security
installation
symbols
Gas installation

D differential heat detector

D
II II protective grille symbols

*"A
breakthrough sensor housing Drawing by hand

~
Computer-aided
:::w:. pressure sensor/step mat [§;] optical smoke detector
r ., security escutcheon drawing

~
monitored housing
glass breakage sensor
~ ionisation smoke detector L _j long security handle plate

rv-,
~ A I~
structure-borne sound monitored distributor tilt and turn window
sensor
<~.,. infra red flame sensor L .J casement lock

$(> passive infrared sensor <"'.>..

1~
y
ultra violet flame sensor
CCTV surveillance systems

r;_] TV camera
9
~
lock for four-sided key

falling bolt lock

<}---<> light barrier

~
pressure sensor (sprinkler

occ:__ J TV camera with varifocal

~
activation)
lens deadbolt lock

<$ light sensor [3] manual alarm

~ TV camera protective
~~ hinge bolts (dog bolts)

~
housing
r6' image detector connection relay
L .J'
CJ:m) protective housing with
~ roller shutter locking

~t
pan and tilt head

<J~
microwave doppler motion fire brigade key depot
detector L:. J
r:__ }m) TV camera with pan and ~ folding shutter locking

Control centres/accessories tilt head

<l-- -I> microwave barrier

luEMI attack and break-in alarm '\f two-key lock system

~J
TV camera with motion

~~ control centre detector

~ HF field alteration sensor

[]ill 'I' lockable window handle

[3~ LF field alteration sensor

fire alarm control centre
rol monitor
[} security strike plate

[ill access control centre

L!' ·..J
0

~~ .... capacitive field alteration

sensor
[ill CCTV surveillance control
centre
~~
L--=.../
operating panel view
selection device •=" cross-bolt lock, double
bolt lock

§!---~ HF barrier
r· ::-, ....-.-
[ill GJ monitor with video signal- cellar grating security

v
shop theft alarm control

rr~
dependent picture switching
ultrasound doppler motion centre L• • •..J
detector cylinder lock

[}{I] intercom control centre Access control systems

~---~ ultrasound barrier

[ill door opener control centre []- pass reader II vertically sliding door lock

[31 banknote contact -·-~-·

fence

~-
stand-alone reader with
[2] converter additional code entry

[3] attack detector

·X-X-X-X• barbed wire fence

0 ~
transmission system online reader

rl-, electromechanical +++ solid fence, mesh

1..,; .J switchgear
[6] analog-digital converter
® roller shutter with closing

~-
pass reader with security
r?-, additional code entry

~
mental switchgear
L'.J mains rectifier
@ steel roller shutters

f"J' [Illi- stand-alone reader with

~
time clock switchgear
L .J
accumulator battery - additional code entry
@ roller or concertina shutter

rx'
L: :.J
light switch device [JJ automatic dialling and
announcement device bl data terminal with [QJ safe

operating panel
rd'
L: :..1
acoustic signal generator [JJ recording system handle
~

/!_-
0 •_j
-:J' Y5IT. laminated safety glass

17
 Gas installations DRAWINGS
exposed horizontal pipe Gas Installation Symbols
25
(stating nominal diameter) gas storage water heater
concealed horizontal pipe
DRAWINGS (stating nominal diameter)
Gas Heating Gas

~
gas room heater for external wall
Paper formats change of cross-section
Technical
)( (stating nominal diameter)
connection (stating connection appliance capacity volume flow
capacity) (kW) (m 3/h)
drawings rn'ln
Layout of gas water 8.8-28.1 1.14-3.62
drawings gas pipe house entry heater
Construction gas heating boiler
circulating 9.5-28.4 1.23-3.67
drawings
Construction water heater
drawing symbols isolating piece flexible hose storage 5.1-13.9 0.70-1.91
Water supply water heater
symbols
Electrical riser pipe heating 2.6-B0.3 0.34-7.79
installation stove/boiler
symbols
Security
installation
continuously rising pipe
0 Connection specifications for gas
appliances
symbols downpipe
Gas installation
symbols
Drawing by hand
crossing of two pipes
without connection
~ Introduction and
inclined feed tube
Computer-aided
drawing crossing connection

branch location f) House supply connection at right 8 Gas pipe laid on undisturbed soil;
angles to front of building does not have to be frost-free
---j RT cleaning T-piece

-+ RK cleaning K-piece

jjj long-threaded connection 1 house introduction

screwed connection
combination
2 pressure regulator
8 Flow-operated safety device
and flue gas flap valve
B 3 shut-off
IJ flanged connection 4gas meter
5 riser
~ welded connection 6 gas supply line
-txKJ-- shut-off tap 7 branch line
8 devices connecting fitting
---{;::(K)-- shut-off gate valve thennally activated device
~ shut-offvalve 9 gas equipment: stove,
water heater
thermally activated shut-off
device

elbow valve
9 Gas meter in cellar

~ pressure regulator
0 Gas meters on each storey
~ gasmeter
1 power cable, local area
network management
2 steel service pipe
3 casing
[><Xl gas stove (four rings)
~ 4 pull out
5 shut off the main with
integrated insulating joints 1 A gas line installed free, gas lines can also be

~ gas oven (four rings) 6 boundary between gas valve

laid outside the building, such as a gas heater
on the roof. A gas line needs to be frost-free.

m
unit (GVU) and installer
2 Gas pipe laid under plaster.
7 pressure regulator 3 Gas pipelines in shafls or channels have
to be loaded and ventilated. Openings
gas refrigerator approximately 10 cm2• For suspended
ceilings, these openings are placed
diagonally.

~ gas heat pump e Laying gas pipes

800 exhaust gas/flue pipe

(stating diameter)

exhaust gas systems 1 Minimum size 1 m 3/kW

(stating dimensions), also for 2 Combustion air opening in
exhaust gas flue/chimney boiler output to ~50 kW cmZ
at ground level
filter 3 Combustion air opening at
about 50 kW boiler capacities.
Cross-section of the opening
gas room heater of 150 cm 2 per kW + 2cm 2 ,
the over 50 kW goes out.
Example: boiler output 65 kW
continuous flow gas water
50kW+ 15 kW
heater
150 cm 2 + (15 x 2 = 30) cm 2
= 180 cm 2
combi gas water heater
t) House supply connection for water (!) Heating room ~35 kW
and gas in one compartment 1 m
wide and 0.30 m deep

18
 DRAWINGS
Drawing by Hand
ISO

DRAWINGS
Designers use drawings and
Paper formats
diagrams to communicate in- Technical
formation in a factual, un- drawings
ambiguous and geometric form Layout of
drawings
that can be understood anywhere Construction
in the world. Unlike painting, drawings
Construction
construction drawing is a means drawing symbols
to an end, and this differentiates Water supply and
drainage symbols
diagrams/working drawings and Electrical
Q Sketching paper f) Sketching: construction engineering f) Cutting paper to size illustrations from artistic works. installation
symbols
grid A4 sketch pads with 0.5 em
Security
squared graph paper are ideal installation
for freehand sketches to scale. symbols
Gas installation
For more accurate sketches, symbols
millimetre graph paper with thick Drawing by
cone shape: hand
centimetre, faint 0.5 em and even Computer-aided
correct
finer millimetre divisions should drawing
be used -7 0. Different paper is
BS EN ISO 8560
used for drawing and sketching BS 6750
according to standard modular DIN 4172
coordinated construction and
engineering grids -7 f). Use trac-
ing paper for sketching with a soft
lead pencil. Suitable sheet sizes
G Reinforcing edges e Drawing board 0 Drafting machine for drawings can be cut straight
from a roll, single pages being
torn off using a T-square -7 8
or cut on its underside -7 e.
Construction drawings are done
in hard pencil or ink on clear, tear-
resistant tracing paper, bordered
with protected edges -7 e and
stored in drawers. Ink drawings
are made on transparent paper
and water-resistant paper is used
for paintings or diagrams. Fix
the paper on a simple drawing

0 Specialised T-square e Drawing aids

board (designed for standard
formats) made of limewood or
poplar, using drawing pins with
conical points -7 E). First turn
over 2 em of the paper's edge
(later to be used as a filing edge-
see p. 4): this lifts the T-square a
\p.01 € little during drawing and prevents
017mm
the T-square from smudging the
work. (For the same reason, draw
from top to bottom!) The drawing
can be fixed with drafting tape
rather than drawing pins -7 e
(which means that the drawing
4Ii) Drawing aids G French curves f) Good drawing practice
underlay can be made of plastic-
Cellon or a similar smooth
material). Drafting machines
are common in engineering
a
disciplines -7 0. In addition to
simple parallel rules, there are
also special versions with built-
in protractors for setting angles;
these are ruled with centimetre
b and octametre divisions -7 0.
Other drawing aids feature
pocket scale sets, parallel scale
G) Drawing aid (D Aid for hatching 4D a) Clutch pencil (lead holder); for hatching, division of lengths
b) Correct way of holding pencil -70.

19
 DRAWINGS
Computer-Aided Drawing

DRAWINGS Drawings
Paper formats y
Drawings are always an abstraction of reality because they are
Technical
drawings in two dimensions. The degree of abstraction depends on the
Layout of ----¥ (X,y) content and, above all, on the intended purpose of the drawing.
drawings
Construction I The lowest degree of abstraction is represented by perspectives,
I
drawings
I
collages and renderings, which attempt to come quite close to
Construction
drawing symbols
I reality. In order to produce the desired impression, it is particularly
Water supply and X
X important to leave some free rein for the fantasy of the viewer.
drainage symbols Diagrams can be used to explain functional interactions. Working
Electrical
installation drawings contain all the required information about dimensions,
symbols
Security
0 Cartesian coordinate system. All
points are defined through their x
Polar coordinate system. All points
are defined through their distance I
materials and arrangement of the object to be produced. In this
installation case, all details must be unambiguous and comprehensible for the
and y coordinates. The zero point from the zero point and the angle a
symbols
can be set for each drawing or related to the x-axis.
producer, and therefore have a high degree of abstraction.
Gas installation
symbols related to world coordinates.
Drawing by hand In the age of computer-generated images, it still remains important
Computer-aided
to have a command of the rules and regulations of traditional
drawing
Measurement system Abbr. 1 mm= 1 unit drawing --+ pp. 39-40.
BS EN ISO
point pt 2.8346 pt 0.3528 mm
13567 Computer-aided drawings
ISO 13567 inch 25.4 mm Drawing with a computer is very different from the classic
in" 0.0394"
methods of drawing on paper. There are two basic principles:
8 Conversion factors for common computer units
raster graphics, in which every pixel of a drawing is saved (image
processing), and vector graphics, where the start, end and the
properties of a drawing element are saved (CAD). Because
Text layer
the output appears on a monitor screen or plot, there are also
Dimensions layer problems representing bodies and rooms in two dimensions.
Only very simple CAD programs work with two-dimensional
Furniture layer
data models. More common are three-dimensional data models
Openings layer
(object-oriented programs), which produce the desired type of
illustration on output (monitor, plotting). The information required
Construction layer for this is stored in a database in the computer. This enables the
elements of a drawing (line type, line thickness and colour) to be
Surround and title block layer
linked to further information, which is not visible, e.g. which layer
G Structuring of a CAD drawing by arranging groups of similar objects on their they belong to, dependence on other objects, material properties,
own layers
manufacturing information, order numbers etc. These properties
can be exploited for the structuring of content or for further use
(e.g. tenders or cost estimation).

w Volume modules permit further simulations. Structural, acoustic,

climatic or lighting investigations can make precise statements
Who-where-what naming of layers with variable field sizes (according to CadForum).
about a building through the use of the appropriate software. 3D
The layer names have suitable abbreviations containing 2 or 3 pieces of information, scanners, CNC machines and 3D plotters also enable the input
each separated by an underscore. The content should be clear from the first and output of three-dimensional objects.
20 characters, because some CAD systems restrict the layer names to this length.
Special characters should be avoided in order to prevent exchange problems. Data exchange
Because data is normally processed by a number of operators
Who (1-5) =author Where (7-11) =categorisation
(various specialist technicians and engineers), a unified,
possible abbreviations for authors possible categories understandable and clear system of organisation is important.
Arch Architect BS basement When selecting a CAD system or deciding the working methods,
lArch Interior architect GR ground floor
LArch Landscape architect FL 1 1st floor
it is important to know that all future processors of the data will
Bing Building engineer EL_ N north elevation work with the same software, or which interfaces can be used to
Ei Electrical engineer SEC_A section A-A exchange data. Exchange formats usually have a limited range
St Structural engineer
of structuring possibilities and therefore organisation categories,
HLS Heating/ventilation/sanitary
Geom Surveyor which are not supported, will be lost or have to be recreated, with
the associated waste of time. The naming of layers is governed
What (13-20) =description examples of layer names by ISO 13567, which, however, uses cryptic abbreviations.
possible descriptions Arch_GR_axes It seems more practical to use the more flexible and easily
axes Arch_GR_structure understood naming system published by the specialist magazine
structure Arch_GR_finishes
openings
CadForum --7 0.
Arch_GR_hatching
finishings
furniture on smaller projects, the
hatching 2nd category (facultative) can be
left out:
dimensioning Geom_level curves
labelling Arch_structure
drawing outline Bing_openings

9 Example of naming layers with variable, understandable labels

20
 ACCESSIBLE BUILDING
Dimensions for Wheelchair Users

General design basics ACCESSIBLE

BUILDING
Building regulations cover the design, construction and furnishing
DimensiQns
of housing, of accessible public buildings or parts of buildings, for wheelchair
f--------1.07 -----1 f-- 65-70-! >-25-30-l users
of workplaces and their external spaces. These buildings must
0 Standard wheelchair, side elevation f) Front elevation, folded be accessible for all people free of barriers. The users must be in
Accessible public
buildings
a position to be almost completely independent of outside help. Accessible
housing
This applies notably to wheelchair users, the blind and visually
impaired, those with other disabilities, old people, children and BS 8300
T
0
those of exceptionally short or tall stature. DD266
DIN 18024
~ Movement areas DIN 18025
All
Are those necessary for moving a wheelchair and are to be

t
MBO
designed according to the minimum space requirement of a
see also: Lifts
wheelchair user. The wheelchair --7 0 - 8 and the movement pp. 128-134
0

~
area for the person --7 0- m
provide the modules for this. The
All dimensions of the movement area are 0.90-1.80 m and may
7 7
H-66---+i
1---- 80 ------1 1 overlap - except in front of lift doors. A depth and width of
at least 1.50 m should be provided in every room for turning.
1----i;; 1.90----1 (More information on movement areas is found on the following
t) Plan Q Space requirement for wheelchair pages.)
parking space and movement area

f---1.00-1.05----l

0 Wheelchair on slope 0 Onstairs Q Computer workplace e Atawindow

120
200 ,___ _ _ <;150 - - - - - 1
100 200
180 ? 180
80
~--- -.....
r--. r--b( b a b

,
60 a f"' b 160 160 ,..._
....... ==~IH' I ' 140 ~---
40 140
20 lfc .v"' 120 II\~ 120
-t"' rc::: -1S ~ 100
0
20 I Nl XI'J.
Ill
100
80
60 ~
- \
I
r- 80
60
1'-l
1-r--'
40
60 1\ y 'X. 40 40 \
.'17 I rn; ~ 20 -ll ] It
20
80
~ 0
II r- ;- IL
100 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

C!)
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Onaplan 4Ii) From the side m From behind 4!) Minimum turning space

t ::
T ~~{ ~t. , ,.,.,.,.,~~:
,..,
.,
+ :·:_ +
0
0>
All
.,.... ~1·:.

1-.-
I

_........
:.
:~:
....
1 :·:
....

~~
r-t~;~
~
::::
.L ~It ~l
...
;;; 1.50 :~:~ ;;; 1.50 :::
.. Kl--78--+-i;; 90-H
(9 Passage through one door 4D Through two doors 4D With three doors 0 With four doors

21
 I - - <!;1.50 ----1 1 - - <!;1.90 ---l ACCESSIBLE BUILDING
T Accessible Public Buildings
0
"1
Ni
ACCESSIBLE Movement areas must be:
BUILDING
Dimensions for
wheelchair users min. 1.50 m wide and min. 1.50 m deep ...
Accessible
0
in every room as a place to turn, at the start and end of rarnps,
public buildings "!
Accessible
in front of telephone boxes, public telephones, service counters,
housing
Ni passages, pay desks, checkpoints, post boxes, automatic service
1 machines, calling/speaking equipment.
BS 8300
DIN 18024 I - - <!;1.50 ---1 f.-- ;;; 1.90 ----;
DIN 18025
f) min. 1.50 m wide ...
0 Movement areas In front of hand-
operated side-hung doors
Movement areas in front of hand-
operated sliding doors in corridors, main routes and next to stairs up and down.
MBO

see also: Lifts min. 1.50 m deep ...

128-134
in front of therapy facilities (e.g. bath, couch), in front of wheelchair
parking places, next to the long side of the vehicle of a wheelchair
user in car parks ~ p. 23 41i).

min. 1.20 m wide ...

alongside facilities which a wheelchair user has to approach from
the side, between the wheel kerbs of a ramp and next to operated
equipment.
min. 0.90 m wide ...
in access ways next to cash desks and checkpoints and on side
routes.
8 Ramp
Accessibility without steps
All levels of buildings designed in accordance with the principles
15 15
H---- 1.20 --H of accessibility must be accessible without steps, i.e. using a lift
or a ramp.

Lifts
Cars of lifts must have a min. clear width of 1.10 m and a clear
depth of 1.40 m. The movement area in front of the doors must
be as large as the floor area of the car, but min. 1.50 m wide and
1.50 m deep ~ 0. This area must not overlap with other traffic
f-- 95-1.35 ----l routes and movement areas.
e Ramp in section

,_;;; 1.10-t
0

,-,1
.
Dimensions of corridors and
passages

"1
All
Ramps
May have a maximum slope of 6% ~ 0. If ramps are longer than
6 m, an intermediate landing of min. 1.50 m length is required.
The ramp and the intermediate landing are both to be provided
with 10 em high wheel kerbs and handrails (diameter 3-4.5 em)
at a height of 85 em. The clear ramp width must be min. 1.20 m.
J Wheel kerbs and handrails must project 30 em horizontally into
"' the platform area. There must be no stairs down in the extension
of the ramp.

Stairs. The movement area next to the stairs going up and down
must be min. 1.50 m wide; the tread of the first step is not to be
included in the calculation of the movement area ~ f).
I I

e Plan, with clear dimensions of the

lift car and movement area in front
L-------1

f) Movement area in front of stairs

going up and down
Doors
Clear passage width of doors ~0.90 m ~ 0 +f). Doors to toilets,
of the doors showers and changing rooms must open outward.
f-<;;95-j
.. ,~ Sanitary facilities

I l~
At least one toilet must be provided for wheelchair users in all

i
. ,__
sanitary facilities. The seat height should be 48 em ~ 8.
L=::t=:t=ll.
0 I ; Corridors and meeting areas

L_(_j _l
"1
All
JJ Corridors and routes longer than 15 m must have a passing place
for two wheelchair users of at least 1.80 m width and depth.

Wheelchair parking place

f--Hso----j f--ii; 1.50---11 A wheelchair parking place for each wheelchair user is to be
0 Overlapping of movement areas in f) Movement area next to operated included in the design, preferably in the entrance area. Space
sanitary facilities facility requirement and movement area ~ p. 21 0.

22
 ACCESSIBLE BUILDING
Accessible Housing

IT
.COD
-;;;.
Movement areas which must be: ACCESSIBLE
BUILDING
Dimensions for
min. 1.50 m wide and min. 1.50 m deep ..•
TI
wheelchair users
a turning place in every room (excepting small rooms, which the Accessible public
buildings
wheelchair user can use by moving backwards and forwards), the Accessible
shower ---7 0 +e. in front of the we and vanity unit ---7 f)- e. in housing

1------;;; 1.50 - - l an outside seating area, in front of lift shaft doors, at the start and BS 8300
end of a ramp and in front of the intake of a rubbish chute.
0 Movement area by shower; Movement area in front of and
DD266
DIN 18024
alternative - bath next to we and washbasin DIN 18025
min. 1.50 m deep .•.
r--;;; 1.50 --I in front of the long side of a wheelchair user's bed ---7e. in front of MBO

1--;;; 95---+-35+--1 cupboards, in front of kitchen installations ---7 0-0, in front of the
;;; 30
access side of a bath ---7 0 +e. in front of a wheelchair parking
place and in front of the long side of a vehicle ---7 G).

min. 1.50 m wide ...

between walls outside the house, next to steps going up and
down, where the tread of the uppermost step is not to be included
in the movement area.

min. 1.20 m wide ...

along furniture which the wheelchair user approaches from the
side, along the access side of a non-wheelchair user's bed ---7 0,
r---- ;;; 1.50 ----1 1--- ;;; 1.50 -----i between walls within the dwelling, next to operated equipment ---7
C) Overlapping of movement areas in 0 Overlapping of movement areas in p. 22 e. between wheel kerbs of a ramp ---7 p. 22 e
and on routes
bathroom (with bath) bathroom (with shower)
within a house.

Accessibility without steps

All rooms belonging to a dwelling and the communal facilities of a
house must either be without steps, or have a lift ---7 p. 22 e. or be
accessible with a ramp ---7 p. 22 e.
Door stops and thresholds at
T
0
the bottom of doors should be avoided, but if absolutely necessary
"l may not be higher than 2 em.
~

All

1 Wheelchair parking place

A wheelchair parking place is to be included in the design for
each wheelchair user, preferably located in the entrance area, for
!---;;; 1.50 --I 1--;;; 1.50--1
9 Movement area in a double-space
kitchen
e Movement area in an L-layout
kitchen
transferring from street to indoor wheelchair. Space requirement
and movement area ---7 p. 22 e.

Bathroom
The bathroom is to be provided with a wheelchair-accessible
shower. The later installation of a bath should be possible near
the shower. The movement area to the right or left of the we must
be at least 95 em wide and 70 em deep. From one side of the we
towards the wall, or furniture, there must be a distance of min.
30 em ---7 f) - e. No bathroom doors may open inwards.
I- 60-i ~ +i
36' 23'
Dimensions at the sink, stove and
refrigerator
e Dimensions in the kitchen
Kitchen
The main items of equipment items like the refrigerator, stove and
sink, plus the worktop, are to be arranged as close as possible
to each other. It must be possible for a wheelchair to pass under

l
f--;;; 1.50--; the sink and worktop without limitation. For the sink, this means
Wheelchair user's
that either a waste fitting behind the plaster or a flat fitting on
the surface is necessary. Shelf space must be accessible for the
0
0 wheelchair user and no tall units should be included in the design.
tti
The horizontal reach area is about 60 em, and the vertical activity

J~
range is 40-140 em. The optimum height of the worktop (approx.
75-90 em) should be discussed with the disabled person and
fixed at a height to suit the user ---7 0 + 0.
I
.1.~
f.-;;; 1.20--1
Non-wheelchair user's
Car parking place
A weather-protected car parking place or garage is to be provided
C) Space requirement at the long side 4I!) Space requirement in a garage
for each dwelling. A movement area of 1.50 m depth should be
of a wheelchair user's and non-
wheelchair user's bed provided next to the long side of the car ---7 G).

23
 ACCESSIBLE
~~~~~9e shelf
letterbox r Housing suitable for wheelchairs
ACCESSIBLE BUILDING

Wheelchair users must be able to travel into all the rooms of a

Accessible Housing

BUILDING
dwelling, and into all rooms available to the residents of a house in
Dimensions for
wheelchair users
common, and to use all facilities. The wheelchair user must be in
Accessible public a position to be mostly independent of outside help. This applies
buildings notably to the blind and visually impaired, the deaf and hearing-
Accessible
housing impaired, the physically disabled, old people, children and people
of exceptionally short or tall stature.
BS 8300
00266 In order to turn 180°, a wheelchair user requires at least 1.50 m2
~ 0 + f). This space requirement determines the size of, and
DIN 18024
DIN 18025 0 Deep entrance area with coat rack 0 Transverse layout of entrance area
movement area in, corridors, rooms, garages etc. In residential
MBO apartment blocks, access through corridors or hallways is the most
frequent arrangement. In this case, angles and corners are to be
J---3.10----l
avoided as far as possible; a straight access corridor is suitable.

~!I IJ[Jc
J-1.40 -t-- 80 -+50-j40l
II The minimum area of an entrance hall should be 1.50 x 1.50 m, and
an entrance lobby with a single-leaf door 1.70 x 1.60 m. A window
with a clear view from a parapet height of 60 em should be provided
in at least one living room of a dwelling. An entry phone at the flat or
house door is an important item of equipment for a blind resident.
Living area
Adequate freedom of movement for wheelchair users is important
in living rooms. There should also be room for at least two further
wheelchair users as visitors. For a living room with an eating area,
J-1.40-+B0-+--90-J
8 Entrance lobby with double-leaf
door
e Dining area layout for two or four
people
the minimum floor area should be: in a flat for one person 22 m2 ,
for 2-4 people 24 m2 , for five people 26 m 2 and for six people
28m 2 ; minimum room width 3.75 m (1-2 person household).
Open-air seating area
Every dwelling should be provided with an open-air seating area
such as a terrace, loggia or balcony with a min. size 4.5 m2 • The
movement area must be min. 1.50 m wide and 1.50 m deep~ 0.
6
Additional living space
t"'
0 Additional living space should be provided for every wheelchair
<0
..L user if required. The floor area of a flat is normally increased by
0 Plan of open-air seating area
0 Elevation of open-air seating
about 15 m 2 by this requirement.
area

1----- 4.75 - - - j

I
1--<:; 3.75-----1
\
~~r----~o)
I
!_ _____ :
I I §[i'~
0
T
0
10
,;

t
0
<d 10

D "',..:

1
0

1__ 0_ 10
<d

D ~~
0
<q
00

l e
00
I I

1 ~Kitchen
I I _l_
I I

f5s!-- 2.oo-+- 1.80 ---t-1

I :

f - - - 4.75 ------j
f) Living room for 1-2 people Living room with dining area for
4-5 people (23.75 m2) Single-room flat for wheelchair user Cii) Two-room flat (50--55 m')
(40--45 m 2)

CD Accessible extension to two-family 4f) Installation of an accessible

house; ramp to overcome level
difference
vertical lift G) Accessible flat for three people in a
block with two flats per floor
0 Accessible flat for four people in a
block with three flats per floor

24
 C=::J ACCESSIBLE BUILDING
Ll on<) Accessible Housing
~. 0'---0
live

ACCESSIBLE
~
Accessible building
BUILDING
(§50 of MBO- Model Building Regulations- applied at state level)
j <SChild Dimensions for
0 (1) In buildings with more than two flats, the flats on one floor
must be accessible. In these flats, the living rooms and bedrooms,
wheelchair users
Accessible public
buildings
0 Flat in two-family house before f) Flat in two-family house after
one toilet, one bathroom and the kitchen or kitchenette must be Accessible
conversion --7 f) conversion for serious disability housing
accessible with a wheelchair.
BS 8300
(2) Buildings which are publicly accessible, must in their parts DD266
serving the general public be capable of being accessed and used, DIN 18024
DIN 18025
according to their purpose, by disabled people, old people and
Sal·
people with small children, without outside help. This requirement MBO
applies notably to cultural, educational, sport, leisure and health
facilities, offices, administration buildings and courts, sales and
catering establishments, parking, garages and toilets.
(3) Buildings, according to (2), must be accessible through an
entrance with a clear opening width of at least 0.90 m without
zy, living room and 1 bedroom flat One living room and two bedroom steps. An adequate movement area must be available in front of
before conversion ~ 0 flat after conversion (for a visually doors. Ramps may not have a slope of more than 6%, must be at
impaired child)

T II!!!!!!-· least 1.20 m wide and have a fixed handrail with a safe grip on both
sides. A landing is to be provided at the start and end of the ramp
and also an intermediate landing every 6 m. The landings must
have a length of at least 1.50 m. Stairs must have handrails on
both sides, which are to be continued past landings and window
openings and past the last steps. The stairs must have solid risers.
Corridors and entrance halls must be at least 1.50 m wide. One
toilet must also be suitable and accessible for wheelchair users;
this is to be indicated by a sign.
(4) Sections 1-3 do not apply if the installations can only be fulfilled
with unreasonable expense on account of difficult terrain conditions,
the installation of an otherwise unnecessary lift, unsuitable existing
buildings or the safety of disabled or old people.
0 One-room flat (40 m2)

1 person 2 people 3 people

living room 20.0 20.0 22.0

dining area 6.0 6.0 10.0

bedroom 16.0 24.0 16.0

child (1 bed) - - 14.0

bathroom 6.0 7.0 7.0

kitchen 8.0 9.0 9.0

corridor 5.0 6.0 6.0

storage room 1.0 1.0 1.5

storage (E-wheelchair) 6.0 6.0 6.0

spare room (washing machine) 1.0 1.0 1.0

living area 69.0 80.0 98.5

Q Two-room flat (54 m') Flat(60 m2) Guideline sizes for flats with one wheelchair user -living area in m2
[determination of requirements www.nullbarriere.de]

41!) Four-room flat (11 0 m') 4D Three-room flat (95 m2)

25
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Man as Measure and Purpose

DIMENSIONAL dimensions of buildings and their constituent parts. This involved,

BASICS AND Throughout history human beings have created things to be of
RELATION- service to them, using measurements relating to their bodies. for the first time, the investigation, development and comparison
SHIPS of many fundamental questions.
Until relatively recent times people's limbs were the basis for
Man as measure
and purpose
all the units of measurement. Even today we can still have a
The universal better idea of the size of an object if it is compared to humans or Current technical options have been included here to the
standard their limbs: it was so many men high, so many ells (arm lengths) greatest possible extent. Account is taken of common
Body
measurements long, so many feet wider or so many heads bigger. These are standards. Description is often reduced to the absolute
and space expressions that we are born with: it could be said that their sizes minimum and supplemented or even replaced with illustrations
requirements
Geometrical are in our nature. But the introduction of the metre brought all wherever feasible. This should provide the creative architect
relationships that to an end. or designer, in methodically ordered, brief and coherent form,
Dimensions in
building
the necessary information which would otherwise have to be
We should therefore attempt to achieve the most precise and vivid laboriously extracted from countless books or researched
possible idea of this unit. Building clients do the same when they circuitously by surveying existing buildings. Great value has
measure out the rooms of their properties in order to envisage been placed on the restriction of the content to a digest of
the dimensions shown on the drawings. Anyone who intends to the fundamental data and experience, with the inclusion of
learn how to build should start by visualising the size of rooms completed buildings only where they seemed necessary as
and objects as clearly as possible, and constantly practise, so general examples.
that every line they draw and every stated dimension of yet to be
designed furniture, rooms or buildings can appear as an image By and large, of course, each building commission is different and
before their eyes. (apart, of course, from adherence to relevant standards) should
be studied, approached and designed anew by the architect.
We do, however, immediately have an accurate idea of the scale Completed projects can much too easily tempt us to imitate, or
of an object when we see a person beside it, whether in the at least establish conventions, which the architect entrusted with
flesh or as an illustration. It is a poor reflection on our times a similar task can often escape only with difficulty. If, however,
that our trade and professional journals only too often depict as is intended here, creative architects are given only the tools,
rooms or buildings without any people in them. Such pictures then this compels independent thinking so that they weave all the
can often create a false impression of the scale of a building and components of the current commission into their own imaginative
it is often astonishing how different they look in reality - mostly and unified construction.
much smaller. This contributes to the frequent lack of cohesive
relationships between buildings, because their designers have
Finally, the tools presented here have not been collected more
worked to various arbitrary scales and not to the only proper
scale, human beings. or less randomly from some journal or other, but systematically
sought out in the literature as the data required for each building
task. They have been checked against well-known examples
If this is to be changed, then architects and designers of similar buildings and, where necessary, data has also been
must be shown where these haphazard dimensions, mostly acquired through models and experiments. This was always
accepted without thought, originated. They must understand the
with the intention of saving the practising architect or designer
relationships of the size of the limbs of a healthy human being and the effort of these basic investigations, so that sufficient time and
how much space a person occupies in various postures and in leisure can be devoted to the important creative aspects of the
movement. They must also be familiar with the dimensions of the commission.
appliances, clothing etc. which people encounter every day, in
Ernst Neufert
order to be able to determine the appropriate sizes for containers
and furniture. They must know how much space a person needs
between furniture in the kitchen, dining room, libraries etc. in
order to undertake the necessary reaching and working among
these fittings in comfort without squandering space. They must
know how furniture should be placed so that people can fulfil
their tasks or relax in the home, office or workshop. And, finally,
the architect and designer need to know the minimum practical
dimensions of spaces in which people move around on a daily
basis, like trains, trams, vehicles etc. These typically very
restricted minimum spaces give the designer fixed impressions,
which are then used, even if unintentionally, to derive dimensions
of other spaces.

The human being, however, is not just a living creature that needs
space. The emotional response is no less important. The way a
room is dimensioned, divided, painted, lit, entered and furnished
has great significance for the impression it makes. Starting from
all these considerations and insights, I set out in 1926 to collect,
in an organised way, the experience gained from a wide variety of
professional practice and teaching.

The present data book was developed from this work, starting from
the human being and providing the framework for assessing the O Leonardo da Vinci: Rules of Proportion

26
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
The Universal Standard

DIMENSIONAL
BASICS AND
RELATION-
SHIPS
Man as measure
and purpose
The universal
standard
Body
measurements
and space
E requirements
Geometrical
relationships
Dimensions in
building

l:

l:

l:
E

T l:

l: geometrical division of
length a by employing
the golden section

a
l:

E
E
l:

E
l

Man's dimensional relationships 1fs h = foot length

The oldest known canon describing the dimensional relationships 1/s h = head length from hair parting to underside of chin, spacing

of the human being was discovered in a burial chamber among the of nipples
pyramids near Memphis (about 3000 BcE). Certainly, since then, 1J1o h = face height and width (including ears), hand length to the
scientists and artists have been engaged in trying to decipher wrist,
human proportional relationships. We know about the proportional 1f12 h = face width at level of underside of nose, leg width (above
systems of the Egyptian pharaohs, of the time of Ptolemy, of the the ankle) etc.
ancient Greeks and Romans, and the Canon of Polykleitos, which The sub-divisions extend to 1f4o h.
was long considered the standard, plus the work of the Middle
Ages and of Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and, above In the last century, A. Zeising achieved greater clarity than
all, DOrer's world-famous advances. anyone on this subject with his investigations of the dimensional
relationships of man's proportions. He made exact measurements
In all these systems, the human body was measured according to and comparisons based on the golden section --> p. 33.
lengths of head, face or foot, which were than later sub-divided and Unfortunately, this work did not earn appropriate recognition until
related to each other so that they were applicable in everyday life. recently, when E. Moessel, an important researcher in this area,
Even into our own times, the foot and the ell (arm's length) have endorsed Zeising's work with detailed examinations using his
remained common measures. In particular, the details worked out by methods.
DOrer became a common standard. He started from the height (h) of
a human being and expressed the sub-divisions as fractions: From i 945, Le Corbusier also used, for all his projects, the sectional
relationships of the golden ratio, which he called 'Le Modular'. His
1f2 h = the entire torso from the crotch upwards measures were human height = i .829 m; navel height = i .130 m
114 h = leg length from ankle to knee, length from chin to navel etc. --> p. 33.

27
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Body Measurements and Space Requirements

DIMENSIONAL
BASICS AND
RELATION-
SHIPS
Man as measure
and purpose
The universal
standard
Body
measurements
and space
requirements l----750---\ t------625-----j t-875------1 f---625-----j !-----700-----1
Geometrical
relationships
Dimensions in
0 Crawling f) Sitting cross-legged Sitting (from
the front)
0 Sitting (from the side) e Kneeling e Squatting

building

J----875---j }---875---j J----875------1 1----1125----l

f) Bending over e Standing leaning forward,

standing
0 In movement (!) Outstretched arm (forwards) CD Outstretched arm (sideways)

f----875--l f----875 ------1 l--900-1000---\ 1----1250----1

C!) Dimensions: at the desk m Dimensions: at the dining table f) Dimensions: in a small easy chair Q Dimensions: in an armchair

J---660---l

i'
' ~-1
'
I
I

e Working while standing 0) Kneeling Gi) Sitting on a chair cg) Sitting on the floor

1------1875------1

1--1250-----i

fli) Sitting on a mattress ~ Leaning against sloping backrest ~ Lying with raised back @) Lying

28
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Body Measurements and Space Requirements
SPACE REQUIRED BETWEEN WALLS
DIMENSIONAL
BASICS AND
RELATION-
SHIPS
Man as measure
and purpose
The universal
standard
Body
measurements
and space
requirements
I- 625 -l ---1 ---1 ------1 Geometrical
l-375-i 1- 875 1--- 1000 ~ 11 so 1--- 1700 ----1 1---- 2250 ~
relationships
0 Between walls ("'10%
supplement for people moving)
f) Two people next to each other 8 Three people next to each other Q Four people next to each other Dimensions in
building

SPACE REQUIRED BY GROUPS

1- 1250 --1 1- 1875 -----1 1- 2000 ----1 f- 2125 -----1 ~ 2250 -------1
e Closely packed 0 Normal spacing Q Choir group e Longer periods of standing C) With back packs

STEP LENGTHS

1-750 -+- 750 -1- 750 -l 1- 875 - t - 875 -+- 875 --1 1-- 1250 .__j f.-- 625 -l 2000

4I!) Walking in step CD Marching @) Strolling G) Max. no. people per m 2 : 6

(e.g. cable car)
SPACE REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS BODY POSTURES

~
n
-'1'-
1-
I

)I
-
I-- 1125 ---i f-- 1000 --1 1- 1125 ---1 I- 875 -l I- 625 -I 1-- 875 --l 1- 1000 ---1 1 - - 1750 - - - I
0 Kneeling 0 Atthedesk ~ Stretching

SPACE REQUIRED WITH HAND LUGGAGE SPACE REQUIRED WITH WALKING STICK AND UMBRELLA

1- 800 --I I - 1000 --1 1-- I- 875 --1 I- 750--1 I-- 1125 --1 1--- 2375

@) One
suitcase
e Two suitcases G) Two people with two
suitcases each
a> Handbag (D With walking
stick
@) With umbrella @) Two people with umbrellas

29
 fourth 3/4 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
third 4/5
Geometrical Relationships

DIMENSIONAL There have been agreements about the dimensioning of buildings

BASICS AND
RELATIONSHIPS since early times. The first specific statements date from the time
Man as measure of Pythagoras, who started from the basis that the numerical
and purpose proportions found in acoustics must also be optically harmonic.
The universal
standard This led to the development of the Pythagorean rectangle --7 0,
Body minor third 5/6 which contains all the harmonic interval proportions but not the
measurements
.and space
requirements
0 Pythagorean rectangle includes all f) Pythagorean triangle two disharmonic intervals -the second and seventh.
interval proportions but excludes
Geometrical the disharmonic seconds and
Spatial measurements can be derived from these number
relationships sevenths relationships. Pythagorean or diophantic equations produce
Dimensions in
building
number groups f)- 0, which should be used for the width, height
and length of rooms:
a a b c p m X y
36"87' 3 4 5 53"13' 1 1 2
22"62' 5 12 13 67"38' 1 2 3 a2 + b2 = c2
16°26' 7 24 25 73"74' 1 3 4 a= m (y2 -x2)
28°07' 8 15 17 61"93' 0.5 3 5
9 40 41 1 4 5
b=mx2xxxy
12°68' 77°32'
18°92' 12 35 37 71°08' 0.5 5 7 c=m(y2 +x2)
43°60' 20 21 29 46°40' 0.5 3 7
31"89' 28 45 53 58"11' 0.5 5 9 Where x, y are whole numbers, x is less than y, m is the
0 Number relationships from magnification or reduction factor.
Pythagorean equations (selection)
The geometric shapes named by Plato and Vitruvius are also of
critical importance: circle, triangle --7 e
and square --7 0, from
which polygonal traverses can be constructed. Each halving then
gives further polygonal traverses. Other polygonal traverses (e.g.
heptagon --7 0, nonagon --7 Cli)) can be formed only by approximation
or by superimposition. For example, a 15-sided polygon --7 0 can be
constructed by superimposing an equilateral triangle onto a pentagon.

The pentagon --7 0 or pentagram has a natural relationship to the

golden section, as does the derived decagon, but in earlier times
its particular dimensional relationships were hardly ever used --7
p. 32 0-0.
Polygonal traverses are necessary for the design and construction
of so-called 'round' buildings.
The determination of the most important measurements- radius r,
8 Equilateral triangle, hexagon 0 Square chord c and height of a triangle h - is shown in --7 0- G) --7 p. 32.

Q Pentagon: bisection of the radius

gives point B; an arc with centre B
e 15-sided polygon
AC=~-!_=_1_
and radius AB gives point C; distance 5 3 16 Cl) Approximated heptagon: line BC Ci) Approximated nonagon: arc
AC equals the side of a pentagon halves line AM at D. Distance BD Is centred on A with radius AB gives
approx. i/7 of circumference point D on line AC. Arc centred
1----M m---l on C with radius CM gives point E
f--M---+-m-1 on arc BD. Distance DE Is approx.
f---M--t-m--l
1-rn--t--M--tm+-M-i 1/9 of circumference

I I
h=r.cosp

~=r. sin p
2

s=2·r·sinP

h =~. cotang p
2
1----m----------j
r-------M----~~

CD Pentagon and golden section Cf} Decagon and golden section

CD . Calculation of dimensions in a 4D Formula__, 0
polygonal traverse__, p. 34

30
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Geometrical Relationships

~1/2 DIMENSIONAL
A right-angled isosceles triangle (two sides of equal length),
BASICS AND
with a relationship of baseline to height of 2:1, can be used for
0 Right-angled Isosceles triangle:
can be used for quadrature
f) Triangle (base= height)
quadrature (the process of constructing a square of equal area
RELATION-
SHIPS

45.
to a given shape) --+ 0. An isosceles triangle with the base and Man as measure
and purpose
height forming two sides of a square was used successfully by The universal
the master cathedral builder Knauth to determine the dimensional standard
Body
'Av'2 relationships of the cathedral in Strasbourg --+ 0. measurements
/ !'Av. The rr/4 triangle of A. v. Drach --+ 8 is rather more pointed than
and space
requirements
- v. v'2 Geometrical
that described above because its height is determined by the relationships
v. point of the slewed square. It was used successfully by its inventor Dimensions in
for details and devices. building

0 n/4 triangle (A. v. Drach) Squares developed from the The investigations of L. R. Spitzenpfeil into a number of old
octagon -> e -e buildings have discovered octagonal relationships. These are
based on the so-called diagonal triangle, where the height of
the triangle is the diagonal of the square constructed over half
of the base --+ G - C). The sides of the rectangle formed from
the diagonal triangle--+ 0 have a ratio of 1:-./2, so all halving or
doubling of the rectangle produces the same ratio of 1 :-./2. This
was used as the basis for the ISO A series paper formats --+ p. 4.
Geometrical progressions in this relationship are produced by the
hierarchies inside an octagon --+ e -e
and the hierarchy of the
e.
0 _.e
square roots of numbers 1-7--+

-- - ...........
.......
-17 = 2.646
The relationship between the square roots of whole numbers is
shown in --+ C). The factorisation procedure permits the application
'' of square roots for the installation of non-rectangular building

1
V2
elements. Building from approximated values for square numbers,
Mengeringhausen developed the MERO space frame. The
principle is the so-called 'snail' --+ CD - 0. The imprecision of the
right angle is compensated by the screw connections of the rods at
the nodes. A different approximate calculation of the square roots of
whole numbers -.Jn for non-rectangular building elements is offered

1 l---1 ----1
by continued fractions (--+ p. 33) according to the formula:

G = -.Jn = 1 + n -1
1+G
--+ 4!).

8 1:~2 rectangle e Hierarchy of square roots

10

20
28
40

28

Relationship between square roots 4li) Related numbers as

approximation of -./2 ('snail')
1 I _;11 1

0.5 zkfa 1.5

0.6 51 7 1.4

0.58333 •.. 12117 1.41687 •••

0.56821 •.• 29 41 1.41379 ...

0.5857143 .•. 70 99 1.4142657 •.•

0.5857989 •.• 169 239 1.4142011 ••.

Examples of non-rectangular
0.5857865 •.• v'2 1.4142135 .••
coordination -> p. 34 MERO space
frames: based on -./2 and-./3
CD Continued fractions of --12

31
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Geometrical Relationships

DIMENSIONAL
BASICS AND
The use of geometrical and dimensional relationships based on
RELATIONSHIPS the previous information was described by Vitruvius: according
Man as measure to his investigations, the Roman theatre, for example, is based
and purpose on a triangle rotated four times -7 0, and the Greek theatre on
The universal
standard a square rotated three times -7 f). Both constructions result in a
Body
measurements
0 Roman theatre (according to f) Greek theatre (according to dodecagon, which is recognisable on the stairs.
Vitruvius) Vitruvius)
and space
requirements Moessel claims to have verified dimensional relationships
Geometrical
relationships 1 newest
according to the golden ratio, although this is unlikely -7 0. The
Dimensions in cave a only Greek theatre based on a pentagon is in Epidaurus -7 0. The
building 2 oldest
cave a design principle of the golden (holy, divine) section (ratio, mean)
3 orchestra
4 scenery was applied in a Roman residential quarter excavated in Ostia
storage Antica, the ancient harbour of Rome -7 0 - 0. This principle is
5 side
gangway based on the bisection of the diagonals of a square. If the points
6 retaining
wall at which the arcs (radius ..f2/2) intersect the sides of the square are
joined up, this produces a nine-part grid. Its centre is the square
of the golden section. The arc AB is with up to 0.65% deviation
the same length as the diagonal CD of the original halved square.
C) Gable corner of a Doric temple:
dimensional relationships based on
e Theatre in Epidaurus
The golden section therefore represents an approximate method
for squaring the circle. The entire complex at Ostia, from layout to
the golden section fitting out details, was based on this ratio.

Palladia, in his four books on architecture, provides a geometrical

key based on the work of Pythagoras. He used the same spatial
relationships (circle, triangle, square etc.) and harmonies for his
buildings -7 0 - (!j).

Similar laws of proportion are also expressed in clear rules by the

ancient cultures of the East. The Indians with their 'Manasara',
the Chinese with their modulation according to the 'Toukou', and
y X y/x (~2 = 1.4142 ... ) above all the Japanese with their 'Kiwariho' methods created
1 1 1 building systems which ensure traditional development and offer
3 2 1.5 immense economic advantages -7 $.
7 5 1.4
17 12 1.4166...
41 29 1.4137...

8 Golden section, buildings in Ostia 0 Dimensional relationships of the

Antica golden section

f) Plan of the entire quarter e Floor mosaic in a house in Ostia

Antic a
0 Geometrical key to Palladia's villas 41!) Palladia, Villa Pisani in Bagnolo

"10

G) Japanese treasury
$ Pian of the BMW Administration 48-sided polygon developed from
Rugen guildhall in ZOrich Building in Munich a triangle -> 0)

32
 B
DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Geometrical Relationships

The golden section DIMENSIONAL

BASICS AND
The 'golden section' means that a length I is divided so that the RELATION-
ratio of the entire length to the larger part is the same as the ratio SHIPS

of the larger part to the smaller part. The golden section of a length Man as measure
A. C
and purpose
1--~--l Major Minor
can be determined either geometrically or by using a formula: The universal
standard
0 Geometric construction of the Relationship between square, For the geometrical construction, the distance I (to be divided) is Body
golden section circle and triangle drawn as a vertical AB and the horizontal line AC (= AB/2) as the measurements
and space
baseline of a right-angled triangle. The length of the baseline AC requirements
2 parts is transferred using a compass with centre C onto the hypotenuse Geometrical
relationships
3 parts BC of this triangle, thus dividing the hypotenuse into the parts Dimensions in
5 parts BD and DC. The distance BD is the major part M of the vertical building

8 parts AB. This distance M is then transferred onto the vertical AB, thus
13 parts dividing AB into a major part (M) and a minor part (m) ~ 0.
21 parts
34 parts
major
Therefore:
55 parts major minor
89 parts
144parts
The connection between the golden section and the proportions of
square, circle and triangle is shown in ~ f). The golden sectioning
8 Continued fraction: golden section of the distance can also be determined with the continued fraction

1
G=1 +-
G

This is the simplest infinite regular continued fraction ~ 8.

The Modulor
The architect Le Corbusier developed a theory of proportion
based on the golden section and the dimensions of the human
body. He marked out three intervals in the human body, which
formed what Fibonacci named a golden section series: between
the foot, the solar plexus, the head, the fingers of the raised
hand. Le Corbusier first assumed 1. 75 m to be the average height
Q Unlimited values
of a European, and divided this, according to the golden section,
Values expressed in the metric system
into the dimensions i 08.2 - 66.8- 4i .45 - 25.4 em ~ e.
Red series Blue series Because this last dimension is almost exactly i 0 in, Le Corbusier
Centimetre Metre Centimetre Metre found a connection with the English inch, but this did not apply to
95280.7 952.80 the larger dimensions. Consequently he later altered his average
58886.7 588.86 117773.5 1177.73 body height to 6 English feet(= i .828 m) and from there developed,
36394.0 363.94 72788.0 727.88 according to the golden section, the so-called red series upwards
22492.7 224.92 44985.5 449.85 and downwards ~ e.
Because the steps in this series were too
13901.3 139.01 27802.5 278.02 large for practical use, he then developed an additional blue
8591.4 85.91 17182.9 171.83 series, starting from 2.26 m (fingertips of the raised hand), with
5309.8 53.10 10619.6 106.19 double the values in the red series ~ e. The values in the red and
3281.6 32.81 6563.3 65.63 blue series were then implemented by Le Corbusier as practical
2028.2 20.28 4056.3 40.56 measurements~ 0.
1253.5 12.53 2506.9 25.07
774.7 7.74 1549.4 15.49
478.8 4.79 957.6 9.57
295.9 2.96 591.8 5.92
182.9 1.83 365.8 3.66
113.0 1.13 226.0 2.26
69.8 0.70 139.7 1.40
43.2 0.43 86.3 0.86
Q unit A=i08
double 8=216
26.7 0.26 53.4 0.53 extension of A=C=i75
16.5 0.16 33.0 0.33 shortening of 8= D=83

10.2 0.10 20.4 0.20

6.8 0.06 7.8 0.08
2.4 0.02 4.8 0.04
1.5 0.01 3.0 0.03
0.9 1.8 0.01
0.6 1.1
etc. etc.

e Illustration of the values and sets of the Modular, according to Le Corbusier f) The Modular e Proportional figure

33
 DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS
Dimensions in Building

Preferred numbers
DIMENSIONAL Preferred numbers have been introduced for the standardised
BASICS AND sizing of machinery and technical devices. The starting point is
RELATION·
SHIPS the continental unit of length the metre (-'> 40 in). The engineering
Man as measure requirement for geometrical graduation made the purely decimal
and purpose stBndard dimensions: 250 x 126 x 62.5mm division of the metre impractical. The geometrical 10-part preferred
The universal nominal dimensions: 240 x 115 x 52mm
standard
number series is therefore: 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 31.5; 63; 125; 250; 500;
Body Q Nominal and standard size of continental European wall bricks 1000. These are formed from the halving series (1000, 500, 250,
measurements 125) and the doubling series (1, 2, 4, 8, 16); the doubling number
and space
reqUirements 32 was rounded down to 31.5 towards the exact value of the halving
Geometrical number (31.25), and the halving number 62.5 was rounded up to 63.
relationships
Dimensions in The larger 5-part and the finer 20- and 40-part series fit in
building accordingly with their intermediate numbers.
BS 6Y50
Preferred numbers offer many advantages for calculation:
BS EN ISO 8560 products and quotients of any number of preferred numbers are
BS 2045
DIN 323
themselves preferred numbers, whole-number percentages of
DIN 4172 preferred numbers are again preferred numbers, and doubled and
halved preferred numbers also remain preferred numbers.
Although there is scarcely a need for geometrical graduation in
building (considering the predominantly arithmetical addition of
similar elements like: blocks, joists, rafters, trusses, columns,
windows and similar) the so-called building preferred numbers
have been defined and laid down.
Brickwork dimensions in the UK differ: in the past large variations
in the size of fired clay products often led to critical problems
with bonding clay bricks. Now, BS 3921 provides one standard
for dimensioning -'> 0: coordinating size (225 x 112.5 x 75 mm,
including 10 mm in each direction for joints and tolerances), and the
relating work size (215 [2 headers plus 1 joint] x 102.5 x 65 mm).

Series preferred for the structure Series preferred for individual Series preferred for finishings
dimensions
a b c d e f g h i
25
25 2 1¥ 25
4
2.5
25
TO 5 2x5 4x5 5x5

5 5
6% 7.5
f) Modular structural dimensions (RR) and nominal dimensions (NM) for brickwork
12%
8% 10
12.5
10 10

1211, 15 15
16% 17.5
18% 20 20 20 20
Terms 22.5
25 25 25 25 25 25
Building preferred numbers are those for modular construction 27.5
31% 30 30 30
dimensions and the individual, structural and finished dimensions 331;3 32.5%
derived from them. 37Y.,
35 35
37% 37.5
Modular dimensions are only theoretical dimensions, but are 41% 40 40 40 40
43% 42.5
the basis for the individual, structural and finished dimensions 45 45
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
used in practice. Structural dimensions or nominal dimensions (for 52.5
construction types with joints and wall finishes) are derived from 56% 55 55
58% 57.5
modular dimensions by deducting or adding the component for the 60 60 60 60
62% 62% 62.5
joint or the finish thickness. (Example: modular dimension for the 65 65
66 68% 67.5
length of a brick=25 em; thickness of the vertical joint= 1 em; nominal 70 70 70
dimension for the length of the brick= 24 em; modular dimension for 75 75 75 75
72.5
75 75 75
the thickness of poured concrete walls= nominal dimension= 25 em). 81Yi 80 80 80 80
83% 82.5
Individual dimensions are dimensions (mostly small} for 85 85
87% 87% 87.5
units of structure or finishing such as joint thicknesses, plaster 91% 90 90 90
thicknesses, door rebate sizes, wall projection sizes, tolerances. 93?::i 92.5
95 95
Structural dimensions are of the unfinished structure, such as 97.5
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
masonry dimensions (without plaster thicknesses), structural slab
thicknesses, sizes of unplastered door and window openings. e Building preferred numbers

Finished dimensions are for the finished building, such as clear 225 225 225 225 225

sizes of plastered rooms and openings, storage space dimensions, 215 215
10
215
10 215
10
215
10

floor-to-floor heights.
Nominal dimensions are the same as modular dimensions for
building types without joints. For building types with joints,
the nominal dimension is the modular dimension less the joint
10 mm: joints
thicknesses. 65 mm: actual
75 mm: format
Small dimensions are 2.5 em and less. They can be selected from w w 102.5 102.5 ~f102.6 w102.6 w102.5 w102.6 w102.6 w102.5 w102.5 w 102.6
112.5
mm: actual
mm: format
mm: actual
the sizes: 2.5 em; 2 em; 1.6 em; 1.25 em; 1 em; 8 mm; 6.3 mm; I 112.5 I 112.5 I 112.5 I 112.5
1
112,5 I 112.5
1
112.6
1
112.6 I 112.5 I
215
225 mm; format
5 mm; 3.2 mm; 2.5 mm; 2 mm; 1.6 mm; 1.25 mm; 1 mm. 0 Wall elevation illustrating brick sizes in the UK

34
z
/
v
/
fJ
/

//X
/
vv
v
Coordinate system
/Y

r~r
Boundary
-
Coordinate plane

Ce!!e
DIMENSIONAL BASICS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Modular coordination in building

Dimensions in Building

The modular system is a means of coordinating the dimensions

applicable to building work. The term 'coordination' is the key:
DIMENSIONAL
BASICS AND
RELATION-
SHIPS

Reference Reference
a modular building standard contains details of a design and Man as measure
and purpose
detailing system based on coordination as an aid in the design and
e Boundary reference, centre-line
reference
construction of buildings. It gives geometrical and dimensional
The universal
standard
Body
definitions for the spatial coordination of building components.
measurements
It also enables technical areas, which depend on each other
e Coordinate line (intersection of two
planes)
with regard to geometry and dimensions (e.g. building, electrical
engineering, transport) to be connected.
and space
requirements
Geometrical
relationships
Dimensions in

~~ Geometrical considerations
A coordinate system is always object-specific. It is used to
building

BS EN ISO 8560
--- BS 6750
coordinate building structures and components, and determine
DIN 18000
their position and size. From these are derived nominal dimensions
of building components, plus joint and connection thicknesses
~ 0 - 0. A coordinate system consists of planes arranged at
0 Coordinate point (intersection of 0 Superimposed partial coordinate right angles to each other, spaced according to the coordinate
three planes) systems measurements. Depending on the system, these can be of
different sizes and in all three dimensions.

Building components are normally arranged in one dimension

between two parallel coordinate planes so that they fill the
coordinate dimension, including the joint component and
0 Non-modular zone
also taking tolerances into account. A building component
is therefore defined in its extent, i.e. its size and position, in
one dimension. This is called boundary reference ~ e. In
other cases, it can be advantageous not to position a building
component between two planes but rather to have its centre-
line coincide with a coordinate plane. The component is thus
Storey height= 30 m
specified in one dimension, but only in terms of position. This
Flight length on plan 42 m
Selected: is called centre-line reference ~ e. A coordinate system can
16 risers 18.75/26.2 em be sub-divided into various sub-systems for different groups
(assuming/em joints) of building elements (e.g. load-bearing structures, space-
e Modular zone with laterally
connected, non-modular building
C) Pre-cast reinforced concrete stair
element
demarcating components etc.) ~ ().

components
It has become apparent that not all individual components have
n9 ·M = to be modular (e.g. each step in a staircase, windows, doors,
,;; (n3 - n6)· M
etc.), but only the building elements they are combined into (e.g.
staircases, fagade or partition elements etc.) ~ 0. For non-
modular building components which continue along or across
the whole building, a non-modular zone can be introduced,
which completely divides the coordinate system into two
sub-systems. The precondition is that the size of the building
component in the non-modular zone is already known at the
.» n1 · n = time when the coordinate system is set out, because the non-
(n1 - n9 ) • M

4Ii) Application example- sloping

roof
m Compensating measure on the
verticals
modular zone can only have completely specified dimensions
~ 0. Further ways of arranging non-modular building
components are the so-called central position and edge position
in modular zones ~ e.
The units of the modular system are the basic module M =
100 mm and the multi-modules 3 M = 300 mm, 6 M = 600 mm
and 12 M = 1200 mm. There are also standardised non-modular
supplementary dimensions I = 25 mm, 50 mm and 75 mm for
fitting elements or overlapping connections ~ G). Combination
rules can be used to fit building components of various sizes into
a modular coordinate system.

Number groups (e.g. Pythagoras') or factorisation (e.g. continued

fractions) can be utilised to fit non-rectangular building
components into a modular coordinate ~ 6). The construction
of polygon traverses (e.g. triangle, square, pentagon and their
4f) Construction of a curving roof edge @) Modular polygon traverse--> 0 halves) can be used to design so-called 'round' building structures
from regular polygon traverses (site
plan) ~0-0.

35
 BUILDING BIOLOGY
Basics

BUILDING Building biology is a collective term for the study of the holistic
BIOLOGY
interaction between building and resident ---7 0 - f). Its
Basics
Room climate aim is to determine any deleterious effects for the human
Electromagnetic organism through the consideration of physical, chemical and
fields
microbiological conditions in interiors and, if appropriate, take
Guidelines of the measures to relieve the causes (via 'healthy living'). The themes
Association of
German Building
of building biology partially overlap with other disciplines:
Biologists VDB building ecology, whose main focus is the protection of nature
e. V. and environment in the construction and operation of buildings
and in the manufacture, processing and final disposal of building
materials, building physics and electrical engineering as well as
biology, chemistry and medicine.

The principles of building biology are especially suitable for

0 Building biology as the study of the holistic interaction between building and application in residential building but also in the construction of
resident schools, hospitals, kindergartens and offices.

The fact that the people today spend 90% of their lives inside
~ I buildings and are surrounded to an increasing degree by
---... South I electromagnetic fields has increased public interest in building
I biology in recent years. Meanwhile, 2-5% of the German
I
population now suffer complaints (e.g. headaches, insomnia,
I tiredness and concentration problems) due to the presence of
I I building biological pollution of their homes and offices.

I l The investigation of a building therefore normally includes the

I following areas:
--..1su/
- measurement of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic
fields from technical devices in the low- and high-frequency
ranges
f) Electromagnetic fields in and around a building
- testing of building materials for toxins, heavy metals and
radiation
- testing of rooms' air quality for pollutants (toxins and gases,
~io----~--------4------------------------- fibres, fine dust and allergens)
- microbiological investigations of bacteria and mould formation,
and measurements of noise, vibration and light ---7 8.

Measurements related to radiaesthesia ('radiation sensitivity') can

also be carried out, in attempts to demonstrate geopathogenic
disturbance zones (e.g. underground watercourses and 'earth
15 20 30 35 rays') can be discovered using dowsing, pendulums and other
J I Rod responses
' t Lu!uu!h!!!ll!hrl!!!l! I
alternative scientific methods ----> e.

The term 'building biology' is not yet officially regulated in

Germany. This means that anyone can call themselves a building
Groundwater running
biologist independent of their level of education and practical
8 Differences in electrical potential above a groundwater aquifer experience. It is possible to discern two basic directions in the
field of building biology. Scientific-oriented building biology
attempts to use scientific methods to create healthy living and
electrical and magnetic low-frequency alternating electrical fields through
fields ('electro-smog,) connected power cables, electrical devices etc.
working conditions. Measurements must be carried out using
low-frequency alternating magnetic fields through scientifically recognised and reproducible methods, in order that
switched-on electrical devices etc. harmful effects in buildings can be reliably detected and remedied.
high-frequency fields from mobile phone transmitters,
telephone etc. Alternative-oriented building biology assumes that the influences
static electricity from synthetic materials, wools etc. affecting people have so far been recognised scientifically only
static magnetic fields
to a limited extent. The resulting measurements, and the theories
building material heavy metals, toxins, radiation and threshold values they are based on are therefore disputed,
measurements as there are sometimes no reliable methods for measuring such
threshold values.
air pollutants air pollution, toxins, gases, fine dust, allergens

noise/vibration

earth radiation and geopathogenic disturbance zones (e.g. underground

earth magnetic field watercourses and 'earth rays')

8 The extent of building biology measurements of the built environment (example)

36
 BUILDING BIOLOGY
Room Climate

Thermal comfort is experienced when the thermal circulation BUILDING

BIOLOGY
regulated by the body is in balance, i.e. the body can regulate
Heat loss Temperature Basics
(%) regulating measures warmth with as little effort as possible. This type of comfort is Room climate
of the body experienced when the heat produced by the body corresponds to Electromagnetic
fields
the actual heat loss to the surroundings.
Breathing Temperature-regulating measures in the body
Blood circulation under
11%
skin, heat transported Warming: flow of blood through the skin, increase of blood
through veins
Evaporation flow rate, vascular enlargement and muscle shivering. Cooling:
26% t\:----:1-itt--!-- Sweat secretion, sweating.
cooling

Radiation Heat exchange between the body and the surroundings

31% Inner heat flow: heat flow from the inside of the body to the skin
depending on blood circulation. Outer heat flow: heat conduction
Convection
through the feet; convection (air speed, room air and temperature
32%
difference between clothed and unclothed areas of the body);
radiation (temperature difference between the external area of the
body and the surroundings); evaporation, breathing (body surface,
vapour pressure difference between skin and surroundings) ---7 0.
0 Heat output and temperature-regulating measures of the human body

Water content of the air Suitability for Sensation of breathing

(g/kg) breathing

0-5 very good light, fresh

28"c 5-8 good normal
8-10 satisfactory still bearable

10-20 increasingly bad heavy, muggy

20-25 already dangerous damp heat

:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:-:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·:·: over 25 unsuitable unbearable
f) Thermal comfort 0 Thermal discomfort 41 water content of exhaled air 37"C (100 %)

over41 water condenses pulmonary alveoli

p
e Air humidity values for breathing air
30
I /,
.E 28
<t>" 26 1-. ) /
/
'/I Low radiation temperature. Recommendations for room
I"
~ 24 ~

~Iter""" I~"
by 0 / I climatic conditions and temperature of air and surrounding

~22 ,---- ~oedler

Frank -
I I surfaces
E 2'1 uncomfortable I I In summer, 20-24°C is comfortable, in winter about 21°C (± 1°C).
~

~
'6
20
18 " "l'qb
/
/
)'.9!
v
I 1/ The temperature of the surrounding surfaces should not differ
from the air temperature by more than 2-3°C. Alterations of the
~ 16 I----
:? 14
/
'Zo / air temperature can be compensated for to a certain extent by
alteration of the temperature of the surrounding surfaces (sinking
·o;
.2 12
/
I'- comfortable uncom-
0
I 1 fortfble air temperature- rising surface temperature). If these temperatures
§5 10 are too different, this causes excessive air movement. The critical
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Room air temp, -oLin oc Room air temp, l'J.L in oc locations are above all the windows. Large heat transfers to the
floor through the feet should be avoided (floor temperature should
0 Thermal comfort zone (temperature 9 Thermal comfort zone (room
be greater than 1?"C). Hot feet and cold feet are experienced by
of surrounding surfaces and of air) air movement and room air
temperature) the sufferers and are not properties of the floor. The bare foot
feels heat/cold through the floor covering and its thickness, the
clothed foot through the floor covering and the temperature of
the floor. The surface temperature of the ceiling depends on the
40 30 room height. The temperatures perceived by people correspond
38 "l *lmf~rtaJiy w~rm
still
28
['-.,.
to approximately the average of the temperature of the air and that
p
36
34 \ comfortable c
·-ll'24
26
""' ""'
com-
of the surrounding surfaces.
Air and air movement. Air movement is experienced as draughts,
32 \
' i 22 ~able 1-- which in this case result in a local cooling of the body.
30
28 com-
fortabl
1ii 20
1l 18 -
E
still
~ortfble
J> Air temperature and relative humidity. Relative humidity of
40-50% is thermally comfortable. If the humidity is less than 30%,
26
!\
~ 16 dust particles can fly.
24 \ 0
.g 14 - 1-- f--uJcoJ--..._ Fresh air and air exchange: The ideal is controlled ventilation
uncom- rather than incidental or permanent ventilation. The C0 2 content
22 fortably 12 - 1- f--fot1
of the air must be replaced by oxygen. A C0 2 content of 0.10% by
20 cnlrl 10
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 volume should not be exceeded, which requires 2-3 air changes
Room air temp, i\ in oc Room air temp, dL in oc
per hour in living rooms and bedrooms. The fresh air required by a
Thermal comfort zone (ceiling and f) Thermal comfort zone (floor and person is about 32.0 m3 /h. Air changes in living rooms: 0.4-0.8 x
room air temperature) room air temperature) room volume per person/h.

37
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 De Karaïbanen zijn uitmuntend
Zijn zeer geheim met haar Genees-konst.
jaloers over de geheimenissen van hare Genees-konst; boven alle de
Vrouwen die zeer verstandig zijn in alle deze zuiveringen: en
waarom het ook wezen mag, zy hebben tot nog toe aan de
Christenen niet willen mededeilen d’ opper-vermogende hulp-
middelen, die zy [162]hebben tegen de kwetzingen van de vergiftige
Pijlen. Maar zy weigeren niet daar over te gaan en die te verbinden,
als zy hare hulpe van node hebben: in het tegendeel zy komen ’er
vrolijk aan, en vrywillig. Aldus een Perzoon van hoedanigheid onder
de Europeanen gevaarlijk gebeten zijnde geweest door een Serpent,
werd gelukkiglijk genezen door haar middel.

In hare ziekten nemen zy ook wel toevlugt tot hare Swarte-konstenaren.

Wanneer de gewoonlijke hulp-middelen die onze Karaïbanen in
haren nood gebruiken, zodanig eene uitkomst niet hebben gehad als
zy haar belooft hadden, dan nemen zy toevlugt tot hare Boyez, dat
is te zeggen, tot hare Swarte-konstenaren, die ook de Genees-
meesteren na-apen: en haar verzogt hebbende om haar te komen
bezoeken, plegen zy raad met haar op d’ uitkomst van hare ziekten.
Deze ongelukkige onderstanden van den bozen Geest, hebben door
hare beguigelingen, zodanig een geloof onder deze arme bedrogene
verworven, dat zy geagt zijn gelijk Zegs-lieden van het leven en van
de dood, en zodanig ontzien ter oorzake van hare besweringen, en
de wrake die zy nemen over alle wie haar veragten, dat’er niemant is
onder dit elendig Volk, die niet voor eerlijkheid rekent met eene
blinde gehoorzaamheid haren raad aan te hangen.

Het moet voor alle andere dingen wezen, dat de Hutte

Verdere toestel.
waar in de Boyé komen moet, wel zuiverlijk bereid zy: dat de kleine
Tafel, die zy Matoutou noemen, zy gedekt met Anakri voor Maboya,
dat is te zeggen, met eene Offerande van Cassave en van Ouycou
voor den bozen Geest; en zelf met d’ eerstelingen van hare Tuinen,
indien ’t in het zaizoen der Vrugten is: Daar moeten ook in een van
de hoeken van de Hutte zo vele kleine Stoeltjes staan, als ’er
Perzonen by dit afgrijzelijk werk zullen gevonden worden. [163]

Na deze voor-
Maniere hoe dat de Boyé de Duivel doet opkomen.
bereidingen, de Boyé, die nimmer dit werk der duisternissen pleegt
als by de nagt, hebbende zorgvuldig doen uit-blusschen alle het vuur
dat in de Hutte en daar ontrent was, gaat by deze donkerheid in, en
zijne plaatze gevonden hebbende ter hulpe van het swak schijnzel
van een aangesteke Tabak-einde dat hy in zijne hand draagt, zo
spreekt hy terstond eenige Barbarische woorden; daar na stampt hy
met zijn slinker voet op d’ aarde met verscheide hervattingen; en het
Tabak-einde, dat hy in zijne hand draagt, in zijnen mond gesteken
hebbende, zo blaast hy den rook die ’er uitkomt vijf of zes malen om
hoog, daar na het Tabak-einde in zijne hand brijzelende, zo verspreid
hy het in de lugt. En als dan de Duivel die hy door deze aperijen
heeft doen opkomen, schuddende met een felle waggeling het dak
van de Hutte, of eenig ander vervaarlijk gerugt verwekkende, komt
alzo vaardig te voorschijn, en antwoord onderscheidentlijk op alle de
vragen, die hem door de Boyé worden gedaan.

Indien
De Boyé nadert het spook-beeld zo de zieke weder genezen zal werden.
de Duivel verzekert, dat de ziekte van den genen om wie met hem
raad word gepleegt, niet doodelijk is, dan naderen de Boyé en het
spook-beeld dat hem vergezelschapt by den zieken, om hem te
verzekeren dat hy wel haast zal genezen zijn, en om hem in deze
hope t’onderhouden, zo raken zy d’allersmertelijkste delen van zijn
lighaam zagtelijk aan, en die een weinig gedrukt hebbende, zo
veinzen zy daar uit te doen komen eenige doornen, gebrijzelde
beenderen, splinteren van hout, en stukken van steen, die, na het
zeggen van deze ongelukkige Genees-meesteren, d’ oorzake van
zijne kwale waren. Zy bevogtigen ook zomtijds met haren adem het
swakke deel, en daar aan met verscheide hervattingen hebbende
gezogen, zo overtuigen zy den lijdenden, dat [164]zy door dit middel
hebben uitgetrokken alle het vergif dat in zijn lighaam was, en dat
hem in kwijnen t’onderhield: Eindelijk tot het besluit van deze
vervloekte verborgentheid, zo wrijven zy het gants lighaam van den
zieken mee het zap van de Vrugt van Junipa, die het verft met een
geweldig donker bruin, het welke is als het teiken en het zegel van
zijne genezing.

De Karaïbanen hebben de dood van hare Ouderen niet verkort ten zy dat zy zulks
begeerden. Zekere Volkeren, niet konnende dragen de moeijelijkheid
en d’ ongemakken van eenen al te verminkten ouderdom, waren
gewoon met een glas Scherling hare ziele te verjagen, die al te lange
na haren zin in haar elendig lighaam kroop. Maar hoe verre
d’Ouderdom van onze Karaïbanen mag gekomen wezen, zo worden
de Kinderen nooit moede hare Vaderen en hare Moederen in dien
staat te zien. Het is waar, dat eenige Karaïbanen de dood van hare
Ouderen hebben verhaastet, en hare Vaderen en Moederen gedood,
gelovende een goed werk te doen, en haar eene lieftallige
gedienstigheid te bewijzen, in haar te verlossen van vele
ongemakken en moeijelijkheden, die d’Ouderdom met hem sleept.
Maar eerstelijk, zy gebruikten deze onmenschelijkheid niet als
wegens de genen die het aldus begeerden, om van d’elenden dezes
levens verlost te wezen: en dat was niet als om te voldoen d’
ernstige gebeden van haar die vermoeit waren in te leven wanneer
zy aldus handelden. Daar-en-boven, deze barbarije is nimmer
algemeenlijk onder haar aangenomen geweest: en d’
allerverstandigste hebben ’er tegenwoordig eenen gruwel af, en
onderhouden hare Vaderen en hare Moederen tot aan den laasten
oogenblijk van haar leven, met alle zorgvuldigheid, en alle de
betuigingen van vriendschap, eerbewijs, en van onderdanigheid die
men zoude konnen verwagten uit eene Natie, die [165]geen ander ligt
heeft om haar te geleiden als dat van de verdorvene nature. Zy
dragen geduldiglijk de gebreken en de gemelijkheden van haren
Ouderdom, vermoeijen hun niet in haar te dienen en houden haar zo
veel als mogelijk is by haar om haar te vermaken. Het welke genen
kleinen lof verdiend, indien men overweegt dat dit by Barbaren word
gedaan. Dat zo eenige onder haar, hare Vaderen en hare Moederen
aldus niet eeren, die zijn ontaart van de deugt haar’er Voor-ouderen.

Maar als, niet tegenstaande alle hare

Wee-klagten over hare dooden.
zorgen en alle hare moeiten, zy iemant van hare Naasten of van
hare Vrienden verliezen, dan maken zy groot geschreeuw en grote
wee-klagten op zijne dood. Na dat de Karaïbanen het doode lighaam
met hare tranen hebben bevogtigt, wasschen zy het, maken het
rood, wrijven het hoofd met olije, kemmen het hair, vouwen het de
beenen tegen de dijen, d’ ellebogen tusschen de beenen door, en zy
buigen het aangezigt op de handen, invoegen dat het geheel
lighaam byna is in het zelve postuur als het Kind in den buik van
zijne Moeder, en zy winden het in een nieuw Bedde, verwagtende
dat zy het in d’ aarde leggen.

Zy maken gewoonlijk de kuil in de Hutte van den

Begraafplaats.
overledenen, of zo zy hem elders begraven, dan maken zy altijd een
klein dekzel op de plaatze daar het lighaam rusten moet, en na dat
zy hem in deze kuil hebben laten zakken, en in zijn Amak gewonden,
maken zy ’er een groot vuur rondom, en alle d’ alleroudste zo
Mannen als Vrouwen huiken op hare knijen. De Mannen plaatzen
haar agter de Vrouwen, en van tijd tot tijd laten zy haar de hand
over d’armen glijden om haar tot weenen aan te porren. Daar na al
zingende en schreijende, zeggen zy alle mee eene erbarmlijke en
klagende stemme. [166]

„Ach! waarom zijt gy gestorven? Gy had zo vele goeden Manioc,

goede Pataten, goede Bananen, goede Annassen. Gy waart zo
bemind van uw Huisgezin, en men droeg zulk eene grote zorge over
uwen Perzoon. Ach! waarom zijt gy dan gestorven?” Indien het een
Man is, dan voegen zy ’er by. „Gy waart zo strijdbaar en zo
edelmoedig. Gy hebt zo vele Vyanden ter neder-geveld: gy hebt in
zo vele gevegten uitgemunt: Gy hebt ons zo vele Aroüages doen
eten: Helaas! wie zal ons nu tegens d’ Aroüages beschermen? Ach!
waarom zijt gy dan gestorven?” En zy hervatten het zelve lied
verscheide malen.

Het gejammer en
De Karaïbanen bedreven tien dagen rouw over hare dooden.
gehuil van de Karaïbanen pleeg ten anderen tijde tien dagen, of daar
ontrent, te duuren: want indien tijd, kwamen hare Bloed-verwanten
en zelf hare aller beste Vrienden den dooden twe malen, des daags
aan de kuil bezoeken. En zy bragten dezen dooden altijd t’ eten en
te drinken, yder reize tot hem zeggende. „Ach! waarom zijt gy
gestorven? Waarom wilt gy in het leven niet wederkeren. Zegt ten
minsten niet dat wy u geweigert hebben waar van gy leven moest.
Want wy brengen u t’eten, en te drinken.” En na dat zy hem deze
schone vermaning hadden gedaan, gelijk of hy die hadde konnen
horen, zo lieten zy by hem op de kant van de kuil de spijzen en de
dranken tot aan het ander bezoek, dat zy haar op zijn hoofd stieten,
om dat hy zig niet gewaardigde zijne hand uit te steken om haar aan
te nemen.

Eenige Karaïbanen van byzondere

Eenige stellen nog wel spijs by de kuil.
Plaatzen stellen nog heden spijzen by de kuil van den dooden; maar
zy laten haar zo lang een tijd niet zonder haar met aarde te dekken,
als zy ten anderenmale deden. Want na dat het Lijk-gezang ge-
eindigt is, en dat [167]de Vrouwen alle hare tranen hebben uitgeput,
legt een van de Vrienden des overledenen hem eene plank op het
hoofd, en andere stouwen d’ aarde met de hand allengskens voort,
en vullen de kuil.

Zy dooden ook
Dooden ook Slaven om hare dooden te verzelschappen.
zomtijds Slaven om de swervende Geesten van hare dooden te
vergezelschappen, en haar te gaan dienen in d’ andere wereld. Maar
deze arme elendige ontsnappen het te voet als haar Meester sterft,
en beschermen haar in eenig ander Plaats. Men krijgt een
regtveerdige schrik op het verhaal van deze onmenschelijke en
Barbarische Lijk-pligten, die bevogtigt worden met het bloed van de
Slaven, en van verscheide andere Perzonen, en die Vrouwen voor
het gezigt stellen met den strot af-gesneden, gebrand, of levendig
begraven, om in d’andere wereld hare Mannen gezelschap te gaan
houden, gelijk men daar voorbeelden af vind by verscheide Natien.
Maar onze Karaïbanen genoegen haar in deze ontmoetingen, met de
Slaven van den overledenen te dooden, zo zy haar konnen agter-
halen.

Eer de Karaïbanen
Plegen met hare dooden de toerustinge mede te begraven.
gemeenschap met de Christenen hadden gehad, doe begraven zy
met het Lighaam de Klederen, de toerusting, en den gantschen
aanhang van d’overledenen. Want in het laaste bezoek dat zy by den
dooden kwamen doen, bragten zy alle den Huis-raad die hem
gedurende zijn leven hebbe gedient, te weten, den Boog, en de
Pijlen, de Boutou of de Knodze, de Kronen van vederen,
d’Oorbehangzelen, de Hals-snoeren, de Baggen, d’ Armringen, de
Korven, de Vaten, en d’andere dingen die tot zijn gebruik waren, en
begraven het alle te zamen met den dooden, of branden het op de
kuil. Maar tegenwoordig zijn zy zuiniger geworden: want de naaste
Bloed-vrienden van den overledenen behouden dit alles, tot haar
gebruik; of zy schenken het [168]aan de behulpzame, die het
bewaren ter gedagtenisse van den overledenen.

De naaste Bloed-magen zo eer het lighaam met aarde is bedekt vasten strengelijk.
Na dat het Lighaam met aarde is bedekt, snijden de naaste Bloed-
magen hun hair af, en vasten gestrengelijk, gelovende dat zy hier
door en langer en gelukkiger zullen leven. Andere verlaten de Hutten
en de Plaatzen daar zy iemant van hare Vrienden hebben begraven,
en gaan elders woonen. Als het Lighaam ten naasten by verrot is,
houden zy nog eene verzameling, en na dat zy het Graf al zugtende
hebben bezogt en met voeten getreden, zo gaan zy hare
ontugtigheden bedrijven, en hare smerten in den Ouïcou
verdrenken. Aldus is de Plegtigheid geeindigt, en men komt dit arm
Lighaam niet meer kwellen.

Laat ons nu weder eens zien wat Gedierten, zo wilde als tamme,
onze Zurinaamsche Kust uitleveren; waar van wy in ’t vervolg zullen
handelen.

[169]
[Inhoud]
IX. HOOFT-DEEL.
 Van de viervoetige Dieren, zo wilde als tamme, die op de

Kust van Zuriname gevonden werden.

Van de Tygers.ande wilde Dieren die op deze

Kust gevonden werden zijn de Tygers de
gevaarlijkste, deze plagten de Europeanen
veel overlast te doen, maar zedert dat ’er
altemets eens Jagt is opgemaakt, zijn ze
verder Landwaarts opgeweken.

Tyger-katten of de gevlogte
Tyger-katten.
Tyger, zijnde een kleinder zoort.

Wilde Varkens.Hier aan volgen de wilde Varkens, die hier redelijk veel
zijn, haar hair of borzels is ongelijk veel dikker al dat van d’
Europesche, want het schijnen eerder pennen, die op het end heel
scherp zijn, als hair. Deze werden van de Zurinaamsche opgevoet,
nog klein zijn, gelijk als tamme Verkens, werd haar ook mede een
naam gegeven, en als ze geropen werden zo komenze aanlopen en
strijken tegen de beenen van haar Opvoeder aan, werden gestreeld
gelijk de Honden.

Pinco. De Pinco is niet zo groot als ’t wilde Verken, maar wel in

edelheid in vele overtreffende; zijnde deze zoorten ook zeer
menigvuldig, en heb die gezien in driften van 40. à 50. stuks by
malkanderen. Deze gebruiken gene omwegen in de ren, maar lopen
in alles regt uit regt aan, door Wateren, Huizen en Menschen,
wijkende voor niets; leggende de snuit malkanderen agter op de
heup, en zo daar een [170]of meer uitgeschoten worden sluiten de
andere wederom.
 Buffels, deze zijn zo groot als Koeijen, hebbende een vlees als
Buffels.
Osse of Koe-vlees, wegende 500. à 600. ponden swaar, zijnde zeer
goed en nutbaar om t’ eten.

Ossen en Koeijen, maar zo menigvuldig niet dat de

Ossen en Koeijen.
Vlees-houwers daar veel zoude te doen hebben.

Harten.De Harten worden veel tijds van rode of swarte Slaven

gevangen, want de Planters hebben gemeenlijk een of twe swarte,
dog meestendeel rode (om dat die het Land best kennen) Slaven, die
dagelijks op de Jagt en uit Visschen gaan. Die van Parimaribo, zo ze
in staat zijn, houden hier toe ook een of twe; dog liefst hebben zy
Karaïbanen, want deze haar grootste vermaak is om te Jagen en te
Visschen; wanneerze swaar werk, gelijk de swarte Slaven, moeten
doen dan lopen zy weg.

Kabritjes of Rheën, deze werden by de Borgers en

Kabritjes of Rheën.
Planters opgevoet als ander tam Vee, zijn niet groter als een gemene
Bok; haar vlees is heel lekker, en zy bletteren als Schapen.

Hazen. De Hazen zijn hier ook wel te hebben, maar van een ander
slag en maakzel; de rug is bruin vermengt met witte stippen, de
poten en ooren kort, zulks dat zy in ’t geheel geen gelijkenisse na
andere hebben; de smaak is zeer delicaat en niet wild, zijnde het
vlees heel en al als Kalfs-vlees.

Konijnen. Konijnen, deze zijn zo aangenaam niet als de Vaderlandsche,

hoewel deze nog zo blank zijn, ’t vlees veel droger, derhalven niet zo
smakelijk. De kop alleen gelijkt iets na de Vaderlandsche Konijnen, zo
men ’er egter de ooren af uitzondert, dewelke even als de poten heel
kort zijn, ’t hair is doorgaans grauw. [171]

Krocodillen. Krocodillen zijn niet heel groot, en ook ziet men ze zelden.
Quotoes.Quotoes, deze is swart en eenige manier als de Apen, dog
wat groter met een lange steert, waar mede zy zig van d’ eene Boom
na d’ andere swengt; zy hebben een rood bakkes, het hair over ’t
voor-hoofd hangende ziende uit als een oud grimmig gedrogt.

Cuscary.Cuscary, deze is mede swart en kleinder, al om geschapen in

gelijkheid van de Leeuw.

Bos-dier Hayi.Het Bos-dier Hayi, deze is zo groot als een Hond, heeft
mede een aangezigt als een Meer-kat, ook een hangende buik ligt
grauw, een zeer lange steert, wonderlijke plompe voeten als een
Beer, lange klauwen, en schoon het zeer wild is zo werd het dog
ligtelijk getempt, als het gevangen is; wegens de lange klauwen
spelen de Indianen daar niet mede; dit Dier heeft men nog in de
Bosschen, nog in de Huizen, ooit zien eten.

Marmazet. Marmazet, deze is een klein aardig Diertje van een gele en
groene koleur, veel kleinder als een Aap, nogtans beheerst het alle de
andere Boom-danssende Aperige gezellen, op hare rug, rijdende,
springende de dienaars van deze Marmazet van d’ eene Boom op d’
andere, haar daar-en-boven de spoor gevende met haar in de ooren
te bijten, zo dat zy zelfs niet konnen afgesmeten worden, om dat zy
zeer vast houden.

Tatu. Tatu, deze is een span hoog en anderhalve span lang, en over
al, tot zelf aan de buik, gewapend met schilden op malkanderen
sluitende met leden, als of het een Harnas ware; heeft een lange
spitze mond, een lange steert, onthoud zig by de Steen-klippen; zijn
spijze is eenig klein Gedierte als Mieren, en diergelijke Aard-diertjen,
nogtans hebben de zelve goed en vast vlees. [172]

Serwoy, ook wel Cerigons, deze is wit, swart

Serwoy, ook wel Cerigons.
en grauw, gelijkende een Kat, heeft ook een steert. Werpende
gemeenlijk zes Jongen, heeft een buidel met een snee of opening in
de buik een halve span lang, en inwendig des splits heeft het nog
een vel, dan de buik is hem niet open, en inwendig in de splits heeft
het de tepels, en waar het heen gaat draagt het de Jongen inwendig
in de splits, daar de zelve toe in en uit komen tot zy gaan konnen.

Coaty. Coaty, deze is van de grote als een Haas, heeft een aangezigt
als een Meer-kat, een hangende buik, kleine spitze ooren, een kleine
kop, en de mond is van d’ oogen af langer als een voet, na voren
spits, byna over al even dik; het heeft een enge bek, zo dat men
kwalijk een kleine vinger daar kan in steken; als het gevangen word
trekt het alle vier voeten by malkanderen, en men kan die met geen
middel opbrengen.

Pag of Pague, is mede een wild Dier, tamelijk hoog,

Pag of Pague.
hebbende eene wonderlijke gestalte van hoofd, een zeer schoon vel
met witte as-grauwe en swarte vlakken. Als men het in Europa hadde
zoude het veel in waardy zijn, maar word weinig gevangen.

Tovous. Tovous, deze is een Otter gelijkende, as-grauw van koleur en

spriklig bond, zijn voeten lang, redelijk dik, dog onaangenaam in ’t
gezigt; houdende zig in de grond in vlietende wateren, doende geen
Menschen schade; deze zijn boven alle zeer mals en aangenaam van
vlees.

Lootsmannen. Lootsmannen, deze is klein dog in alles de Apen

gelijkende, hebbende lange nette baarden onder de kin, waar door zy
vertonen een zekere zoort van deftigheid.

Bakkers, worden zo genaamt, om dat zy de voorste poten zo

Bakkers.
bewegen als iemant die Deeg kneet. [173]

Janovare, zijnde een knije hoog en zo veerdig als een Wind-

Janovare.
hond, heeft onder de keel haire in een bos, zien in gedaante als een
Vos; de Wilden vrezen het bezonder; levende van de roof als de
Leeuw, zy moeten het in ’t leger-stee overvallen om met de Pijl te
schieten, anders konnen zy het niet bekomen.

Kaboutermannen.Kaboutermannen, een zoorte van Aapjes, hebbende

mogelijk die naam gekregen van hare veerdige sprongen door de
Geboomte, dan ziet men die hier dan wederom daar, en dat met zulk
een geswindigheid dat men daar het oog nauwlijks op kan houden.

Doodshoofjes.Doodshoofjes, ook Aapjes, zeer zoete en aangename

beesjes, zy zitten gemeenlijk op grote Apen, welke zy als zy honger
hebben zo lang bijten tot dat zy haar op een vrugt-dragende Boom
brengen, daar zy t’ eten konnen bekomen.

Leguanen.Leguanen, deze zoort zijnder ook zeer veel, wegens de

koleur en maakzel de Hagedissen gelijk, zijnde buiten de steert wel
anderhalf voet lang. Zy leggen gemeenlijk in de dartig Eijeren daar
maar een vlies om zit, die, om te nuttigen, in alle gebruik zeer goed
zijn.

Meer-katten, deze hebben een lange baard, als de Zee-

Meer-katten.
gebokken, daar van eenige rood zijn, springende met aardige
posturen op de Bomen.

Sagovin. Nog een zoorte van Meer-katten, Sagovin genaamt, deze is

rood en zo groot als een Eekhoorn, heeft anders een mond, borst,
hals (en andere leden) als een Leeuw, is bemind om zijn schoonte; ’t
is zo teer en swak dat het het dijnen van de Schepen niet kan
uitstaan; zijn in haar zelfs hoogmoedig, zo dat als men het in ’t
minste benadeelt en vertoornt, zo zoude het sterven.

Hagedissen.De Hagedissen zijn hier overvloedig veel, en groen van

koleur; konnen mede onder de viervoetige Dieren [174]gerekend
werden: Wanneer ze Menschen vernemen, daar zullen ze snel voor
weg lopen; zijnde een teken van bangheid.
Schildpadden. Schildpadden, hoewel ze meest in ’t water haar verblijf
hebben, zijn mede verzien met vier voeten, en daarom hier ook by-
gevoegd. Veel werden ze hier niet gezien, maar die gevangen werden
zijn al vry groot; ’t vlees is heel lekker en smaakt even gelijk als ’t
Kalfs-vlees.

[175]
[Inhoud]
X. HOOFT-DEEL.
 Veelderlei zoorte van Diertjes, zo Ongedierte als andere.

Water-Slangen van twintig voeten lang.en

vind
hier Water-Slangen, of anders Lagartos,
die twintig voeten lang zijn, de dikte na
advenant; ’t is ook waar dat by deze
beesten zo veel gevaar niet te verwagten
is als men wel meend, dan als zy geen
honger hebben geenzins zo bits niet zijn
als men ’er van kalt. Komende by wijlen
ook op ’t Land, wat zy tot haar voedzel
betrappen, ’t geschied met een zeer grote
vaardigheid, men heeft geen exempel dat de Menschen daar van
aangevogten worden, konnen door de grote ook ligtelijk gezien
worden, houdende haar verblijf meest in de oever. Vullende zijne
gretige balg met Visschen en borre kikkende Vorschen. Wanneer de
Poel uit droogt, plijtende de grond van hitte, dan springt deze Slang
op ’t droge Veld, en hare rode blikken op slaande, glipt verwoed van
dorst en razende van hitte vervarelijk over de Akkers henen; dan
zoude het my niet lusten onder de blauwen Hemel te slapen, nogte
in de schoot van ’t gras te leggen; wanneer ze d’ oude huit
afgesloopt hebben wederglimt en jeugdig word, of hare Jongen en
Eijers in het nest latende, met hare drie puntige tong tegens de Zon
aanleid en flikkerd.

Hier te Lande wierd eens een geweldige

Andere van vijf-en-twintig voeten.
grote Slang gevonden, die wel vijf-en-twintig voeten lang was en
middel matig Mans dikte; de koleur meest swart met geel
gesprenkeld. Deze Slang wierd dan [176]van een Christen geschoten,
daar zig d’ Indianen over verwonderden, om dat zy bekenden nooit
een zo grote gezien te hebben. Deze hadde grote schade voortijds
gedaan in ’t swemmen dier Menschen, haar onder ’t water getrokken
en gegeten; wordende deze wrekige Slang, in weer-wraak van d’
Indianen, wederom gegeten.

Daar is een andere en kleinder slag in

Een kleinder slag dog zeer venijnig.
menigte, daar men zig wel voor hoeden mag dat zy u niet verrassen,
wijl daar eenige zo sterk venijnig onder zijn dat haar niets te boven
gaat; als men daar droevige ervarentheid van gehad heeft, dat niet
alleen Menschen die van haar zijn beschadigt geweest korten tijd
daar na gestorven, maar dat het vlees van de beenen, der gener die
zy gebeten hadden, afgevallen is met stukken binnen vier-en-twintig
uuren.

Vele nogtans die estimeren deze slingerende Dieren om de

glinsterende aangenaamheid, nemen haar de angel of om ’t kwaad
voor te komen, latende haar dan zelfs over al hene kruipen; in ’t
bezonder de weepsche Jufferen, dertelende in Min-zieke lusten
tusschen de Venus heuvelen van Cupidos verstandeloze dwalingen,
tot aan de meer-poel van dier onzinnigheid, als of de aanschouwer
een behoeder van ’t onwetende kwaad voorwerp, en navolger tot
herstelling dier gevoelige en aanleidende prikkelingen zijn moeste,
zig egter wapenende met een zinneloos gedult tegen zijne driften.
Hier volgen veel veranderinge der Slangen in zoorten; als

De Pijl-Slang.
De Bloem-Slang.
De groene Oog-Slang.
De kleine Mieren-Slang.
De Slaap-Slang.
De groene Oog-Slang met twe witte strepen. [177]
De Klip-Slang.
De Stink-Slang.
De Ratel-Slang.
 De slegte Oog-Slang.
De Buffel-Slang.
De Slang met witte en swarte vlakken.
De donker bruine Stink-Slang.
De Indiaansche Slang zonder vergift.
De Honds-Slang.
De Slang met gele en yzer verwige vlekken.
De Rivier-Slang met verscheide Arabische Characteren.
De grijze Stink-Slang, men kan egter de Slange met stank van
Galben verdrijven.

Men heeft gezien kleine Slangen nieuwlijks uit den dop der Eijeren
gekomen, waar in zy geteeld waren, zijnde pas een duim lang,
dewelke na dat men die hadde bewaart in een Kasse overdekt met
papier op dat zy door geen opening uit en kosten, dog vol van kleine
spelde gaatjes op dat de lugt daar vry in kost; zo zijn zy zo zeer
gegroeid in agt of tien Maanden dat het ongelooflijk is. Wijl dag en
nagt even lang zijnde, de lugt allervolst is van balsemtique ondelen,
dewelke haar ook het meeste voedzel toebrengt; als zijnde in de lugt
een verborgene voedzel voor ’t leven. Hebbende deze kleine
Slangetjes niet anders als alleenlijk de lugt die haar voeden, en
niettemin, met deze fijne spijze wierden zy in minder dan een Jaar
langer als een voet en dik na advenant. Van daar is ’t dat de
Natuurkundige zeggen, Cest in ære occultus vitæ cibus.

De Vijper-Slangen werden alleenig uit de lugt gevoed;

Vijper-Slangen.
gelijk men zulks ook in andere Serpentjes ondervonden heeft. En de
Manucodiates met de Hay alleen hare voedzel uit de lugt zouden
trekken; en [178]te gelijk heeft men een groot Serpent aangemerkt,
dat hy ten eenemaal blind was, na dat hy, zo men vermoede in ’t
Hutje daar hy in was, zijn oude huit niet konde afleggen. Men derf
nogtans in d’ Astomi, of Volkeren zonder mond, van Plinius niet
geloven, dat die by de ademinge des lugts en de reuk zouden leven:
Ook dat de Chamæleoen by de wind leeft; en de Menschen van
Olyinpiodorus alleen by de Zon en lugt zouden leven, gelijk ons
zommige gaarn willen wijs maken. ’t Is eene andere reden der
Menschen, en een andere reden de bloedeloze Dieren, in natuur en
eigen geschapentheid.

Vledermuizen.Vledermuizen, schadelijke Creaturen voor Menschen en

Beesten, want zy trekken beide gaar het bloed af, en dat zo
behendig dat men het niet en voelt als door de smerte. Zy zijn van
grote als Duiven, dog een groot nadeel voor de Varkens, om dat de
zelve haar de tepels afbijten.

Kreuten of Padden.Kreuten of Padden, het verschrikzel van ’t Vrouwlijk

geslagt, makende ’s avonds, na dat ’er een regen gevallen is, zulk
een barbarische toon, dat haar Artem Musicam, hoe ongelijk die ook
is, gelijkt wel gekerm en gesteen van zieke Menschen.

Kakkerlakken.De grootste Kakkerlakken hebben de lengte van een

duim, zy zijn bruin en plat van lijf, derhalven bekwaam om door te
eten in Kisten en Kasten te komen, en doen veel schade aan Linnen
en Wollen; als mede aan Parkement en omslagen van Boeken. De
Schepen die na ’t Vaderland gaan hebben ’er ook grote over last
van, want zy komen zomtijds by menigte uit de Bosschen, en
verhouden haar in alle hoeken en gaten. Zy komen eerst met den
avond te voorschijn, hebbende vleugelen gelijk een zoort van Torren.

Muskita.Muskita, een zoort van Muggen, daar van men

[179]onaangenaam word, aangetast, als of zy in hare dunne magere
huit eenige oncen bloed wilde verbergen; hebbende lange diefze
prikkels, met deze kwanten heeft men de meeste aanvegting, als
wanneer men eerst in ’t Land komt.

Makers, Moepieren en Vliegen, die, als zy

Makers, Moepieren en Vliegen.
’s avonds swerven in de Bosschen, een ligt van zig geven als of men
Keersjes van verren ziet.

Petattes-luizen, deze onthouden haar in ’t gras, en

Petattes-luizen.
lopen de Perzonen die ’er door gaan by de beenen op, gaan of
kruipen tusschen vel en vlees, ’t geen een grote jeukte door de
leden veroorzaakt; men kan ze schier door de kleinte niet zien.

Hout-luizen, deze zijn by grote

Grote schade die de Hout-luizen doen.
menigte in de grond onder de floeren van de Huizen, en leven van ’t
hout t’ eten. ’t Is het schadelijkste Gedierte van ’t gansche Land,
want als ’t gebeurt dat ’et veel Regend, en het water de grond over
al door nat gemaakt heeft, dan komen ze uit de grond opzetten,
lopen by de stijlen en wanden van de Huizen op, en eten over al het
hout waar haar loop is hol; zomtijds gebeurt het ook wel datze in
een Kist of Kast komen, en eten al het goed dat ’er in mogte wezen
binnen eenige uuren te schande, ja zo dat ’er niet een heel stuk
weer uitkomt; want ze lopen niet by 10. of 20. maar by honderden,
en gaan al gedurig heen en weder gelijk de Mieren; haar grote komt
met de Zurinaamsche Mieren over-een, maar zy zijn wat dikker van
gat. ’t Is gebeurt dat zeker Gouverneur op een nagt, van deze Hout-
luizen, voor vier duizend Guldens aan goederen op-gegeten wierd;
door dien hy eerst in Zuriname was gekomen, en het middel dat ’er
voor gedaan word had hy zo ten eersten niet by der hand. De Kisten
en Kasten moeten op hoge voeten staan, en die weer in Lodene of
Kopere Bekkens [180]met water gevuld, indien ze dan by voornoemde
Bekkens op lopen zo verdrinken ze; dit is wel ’t bekwaamste middel
dat ’er voor gedaan kan werden. Zommige nemen ook wel Teer of
Terpentijn, en besmeren daar mede de voeten, alwaar het goed
opstaat, zo lang het nat blijft is het goed, maar door de grote
warmte droogt het zeer gauw en daar moet gedurig op-gepast
werden.
De Mieren.De Mieren zijn hier ook in grote menigte, en vallen veel
groter als in Europa; ze lopen by de Bomen op, wanneer ze spijs
gebrek hebben, en eten al de bladeren van de zelve af, ’t geen
konstig van haar gedaan werd, want boven op haar hoofd is een
scherpte even als een Scheer, waar mede zy stukken uit de bladeren
knippen als een halve lid van een vinger groot, en dat dragen ze op
’t hoofd na hare nesten; als d’ eene Boom kaal is dan gaan ze weer
na een ander. Door de grote menigte, die ze uitmaken, en het
gedurig heen en weder lopen, werd het gras zo vertreden en
vernield, als of ’er het zelve nooit geweest was.

Malebonsse.Malebonsse, een zoort van grote Bijen die geen Honig

geven, deze hebben haar verblijf in de Huizen, en gewapend met
venijnige angels.

Bijen.Bijen die Honig winnen, daar men een verblijfplaats voor moet
zoeken dat die voor de wind beschut zijn, om haar aas dies te beter
t’ Huis te brengen. Men moet ontrent de volle Korven geen
gespikkelde of glibberige Hagedissen leggen, want deze vangen de
Bijen met de bek om hare Jongen daar lekkerlijk mede te aazen.
Dezen Bijen-Honig is heel helder en klaar, trekkende na het groen,
gesloten zijnde in beurskens (even als der oude Kooplieden stok-
beurssen die een hand-vatzel hadden, en daar veel beurskens aan
vast zijn,) daar deze Honig met een [181]vlies of vel om zat, zijnde
een zuivere vogtigheid. Wanneer men nu deze beurskens op brak,
kwam de Honig alleen uit het zelve lopen en niet uit de andere, als
elk gesepareert zijnde. Doende het eene naar het andere open, en
stortende de Honig daar uit in een Kalebasje, zijnde het zelve een
zeer uitnemende aangenaam zoet.

Dies te neffens vind men ook zo wit als Sneeuw, klaar en mede van
een goede smaak, maar grof gekorrent tegens de vorige, zijnde als
een zeer kostelijke Balssem. Deze Bijen zijn stroo geel van verwe,
klein en lang; vallende niemant in eeniger mate lastig, zelfs niet op
de plaats om deze Honig te bekomen. d’ Indianen gebruiken deze
zoort tot genezinge (in compositie) van wonden.

Mantes of Sprinkhanen.Mantes of Sprinkhanen, hebben een lange hals

gelijk de Kamelen, een glad lighaam nauwelijks een vinger lang aan
beide einden spits toe lopende, midden op de rug gaat in de lengte
eene merkelijke streep, met ter zijden afgaande kleine streepjes,
gelijk d’ aderen in de Boom-bladeren; ’t hoofd maakt een drie hoek,
op ’t zelve steken twe hoorntjes uit; d’ oogen staan uitgepuild, zijnde
donker swart; de beenen zijn zes in getal, twe staan ’er boven by
aan de hals zo lang als een vinger met drie gevrigten, en aan d’
einden bezet met kleine subtijle tandekens of spitzen; de twe paar
andere zijn bleek groen, gelijk een paar armen van haar t’ zamen
gelegt, en opwaarts gehouden werden, gelijk twe Menschelijk t’
zaam gevoegde en na den Hemel verhevene handen.

Spinnekoppen. Spinnekoppen, groot en kleine in getal, daar zijn ’er

welke in ’t geheel meerder plaats besloegen als de palm van een
hand, ’t lighaam alleen heeft de grote van een Rijksdaalder. Men
vind egter niet dat zy Menschen schade doen. Eenige Negers in
passant een [182]ziende eten die voor hare lust, welk bancquet men
niet hoort dat haar iemant ontsnoept.

Schorpionen.Schorpionen, deze zijn swart, gelijkende wel een Kreeft,

schuilende meest in droog Hout of Koorn. Haar vergiftige prikkel is
de steert, werdende het Genees-middel genomen van het Schepzel
zelven. Nog vind men deze na-volgende zoorten:

De Indiaansche Mol.
De Hamerling.
De Indiaansche Kat met een Beere mond.
De Indiaansche Hemp-haan.
De Muis.
 De Zee-Rot.
De Vijper, Tricoleur genaamt.
De Indiaansche Sallamander, Gecco genaamt.
De Indiaansche Zijde-worm.
Veel grote Ruspen in zoorten.
De Indiaansche Egel.
De rode Eekhoorn.
De grote Indiaansche Miere-eter of Duivel.
Vele goude en andere zoorten van Torren.
De witte Indiaansche Egel.
De Zurie-Kat.
De Zee-Kat met een schild.

[183]
[Inhoud]
XI. HOOFT-DEEL.
 Van d’ aanmerkelijkste Vogelen, en andere Gedierten, zo

talrijk als het Land de zelve op geeft.

lle de werken Gods zijn heerlijk; hy heeft

haar alle gemaakt met wijsheid; het aard-
rijk is vol van zijne goederen: maar men
moet bekennen dat onder alle de
Schepzelen, die niet boven het gevoelig
leven hebben, de Vogelen, veel luider als
eenige andere, d’ on-uitputtelijke
rijkdommen van zijne goedheid en van
zijne voorzienigheid verkondigen: En ook
dat het voor ons behoorlijk is, door de zoete gelijk-luidentheid van
haren zang, door de beweeglijkheid van hare vlugt, door de
levendige verwen en door alle de pragt van hare vederen, te loven
en te verheerlijken die Oppermogende Majesteit, die haar zo
voordelig heeft op-gepronkt, en verzierd met zo vele zeldzame
volmaaktheden.

Uwara Piranga.Uware Piranga, zo groot als een Henne, heeft een

lange nebbe, de beenen als een Reiger, dog in alles niet wel zo lang;
heeft zijn voedzel aan ’t strand der Zee, nestelende op de Klippen.
Deze verandert de koleur zijner vederen wel drie verscheide malen.

Jacoutin, Jucoupen en
Jacoutin, Jucoupen en Jacouonasson.
Jacouonasson, deze zijn van grote gelijk Kraaijen, en hebben swarte
en ook asgrauwe veren, smaken uittermaten wel.

Mouton.Mouton, een zeer kostelijke Vogel, zijnde zo groot als een

Pauw; hare vederen hebben de koleur als de voorgaande, men kan
ze ook zelden bekomen. [184]
Jambour-mire, Pegassou en Piracuroba. Jambour-mire, zo groot als een
Veld-hoen.

Pegassou, deze is zo groot als een Duif.

Piracuroba, mede in grote als de Duif, en alle deze drie zoorten goed
om t’ eten.

Arat-vogel, wiens snavel en klauwen krom zijn, de veren

Arat-vogel.
boven al uit-muntende schoon, alzo dat men oordeelt geen
schoonder bekend te zijn; zo dat de Scheppinge Gods hier ten
hoogsten is te zien; zijnde anderhalf voet lang, deels hoog purpere
en rode veren, deels Hemels-blauw voor ’t geheel. Als deze Vogel in
de Zon is, daar hy zig gaarne houd, zo kan men hem niet genoeg
aanzien.

Canide. Canide, heeft iets slegter vederen, dog die aan de hals zijn
glimmen als goud, aan ’t lijf en de steert schijnt hoog Hemels-blauw
met goud, in aanzien als een opstaande pool van Fluweel; van deze
Vogel zingen de Indianen mede in hare Liederen. Nestelende meest
op de toppen der Bomen, ontrent de Dorpen meerder als in de
Bosschen. Daar uit komt het dat de Indianen ’s Jaars drie en vier
malen deze Vogels plukken, makende uit deze veren Zijde, die ook
hare lighamen wonderlijk daar mede verzieren.

Toucau.Toucau, is de aldervoornaamste Vogel onder alle de andere,

deze is mede zo groot als een Duif, en heeft een steert als een Raaf,
uitgenomen de borst die is Safferaan koleur, en heeft een bleek rode
halsband van Natuur. Dit zelve gebruiken de Landaard mede tot
zieraad als zy Danssen, noemende de zelve Dans-veren; de nebbe
van deze Vogel is groter als de voorgaande, diergelijke weet men
niet dat meer bekend is.
 Swarte Minog, deze hangen hare nesten aan de uiterste
Swarte Minog.
eindens van de takken der Bomen, uit vreze van de diefze Apen,
dewelke de zelve anders vernielen zoude. [185]

Marganas of Papegaay, deze zijn zo gemeen als

Marganas of Papegaay.
de Duiven, daarom worden die niet geagt, zijnde het vlees hard en
zeer dorre.

Ponau. Ponau, is zo groot en van koleur als de Tortel-duif, de borst

rood.

Quampiam. Quampiam, deze is zo groot als een Krams-vogel, heeft

ook rode karmosijn veren.

Gonambucho. Gonambucho, daar over is mede iets verwonderens,

zijnde niet groter als een Leuwerik, zingende ook lieflijk en helder als
een Nagtegaal, heeft witte glimmende veren; zittende gaarne op de
opperste toppen van de Turksche Tarwe of Milie.

Ajourons. Ajourons of Papegaay, de kop is rood, geel en violet, de

vleugels aan ’t einde purper, de steert heel lang, anders zijn die aan
het lijf groen; deze komen weinig in Europa. Zy zijn zeer
opmerkende dat zy niet alleen de spraak verstaan, maar leren
zingen en danssen, doende wat men haar gebied; zijnde ook van de
Indianen bezonder geagt, en beswaarlijk van haar te bekomen.

Tovis, mede een Papegaay, deze is zo lang als een Snip, heeft
Tovis.
een lange steert met Safferaan verwige veren, anders is hy in ’t
geheel groen over ’t lijf.

Bijen-vogel, twederlei groot en kleine, in schoonte

Bijen-vogel.
bezonder aangenaam, wezende niet magtiger als een grote Torre of
Hommel; deze zig in de Bosschen hier en daar omdraaijende,
vertoont zulk een menigte van schoonste levende koleuren, dat het