VijayaVittalaInstituteOfTechnology

DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunication
Engineering

LABMANUAL
DigitalSignalProcessingLabManual(BEC5
02)

Prepared by Swetha
Rani M Assistant
Professor Department
of
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
 VijayaVittalaInstituteOfTechnology
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunication
Engineering

AboutTheCollege

Vijaya Vittala Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, affiliated to VTU Belagavi, is one of

India’s fastest growing premier technical institute, offering 6 Bachelor Degree
programmes, 5 Master Degree programmes and provision for Research in Ph.D
program. The Institute is located in Dodda-Gubbi, 200 meters away from Kempegowda
International Airport Link-Road and is just 15km from the Heart of
Bengalurucity.Thecollegeisspreadacrosstenacresoftranquillandscapeandissituated
amidstpristine farmland and a seasonal lake. Thecampus is Wi-Fi enabled with over
1000 students and 80 faculty members. The college has spacious lecture halls, two air-
conditioned seminar halls, well equipped laboratories, indoor sporting facilities and an
excellent library. Hostel facility forboth Boys and Girls are available inside the

Vision
EmergeasapremierInstituteinofferingtechnicaleducationandresearchopportunitiestome
etthe growing technological needs of the society.

Mission

 Toprovideholisticlearningambianceformoderneducationinengineeringblended
withethical values.
 Topromoteallroundpersonalitydevelopmentandenhancecareeropportuniti
esthrough interaction with alumni, academia and industry.
 Toinculcatearesearchcultureleading toinnovatorsandentrepreneurs.
 VijayaVittalaInstituteOfTechnology
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunication
Engineering

AboutTheDepartment

TheDepartmentofElectronicsEngineeringwasestablishedintheyear2009.Fromtheveryinc
eption,this department has established itself as an efficient, self reliant and quality
conscious entity with the sole aim of producing the most energetic, enthusiastic and
professionally competent Electronic Engineers with ability to take up the challenges
posed to them..
The department of Electronics Engineering at V.V.I.T. offers, Bachelor's Degree in
Electronics Engineering,Thedepartmentaims
todeepentheknowledgeandskillsofthestudentsonthebasic concepts and theories that
will equip them in their professional work involving analysis, systems
implementation,operation,production,and maintenance ofthe variousapplicationsinthe
field of Electronics and Communications Engineering.

Vision

Tobethehubofexcellenceinfrontier areas.

Mission

 Transforminglifeofstudentsbyfosteringdeepunderstandingofintellectuallychall
engingand significant learning to become technically competent
professionals and socially responsible citizens.
 TocreateanenablingenvironmentforR&Dand
 collaborativeactivitieswithindustryandacademiaforsustainablegrowth.
 ProgramOutcomes

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering
fundamentals,andanengineeringspecializationtothesolutionofcomplexengineerin
g problems.
2. Problemanalysis:Identify,formulate,reviewresearchliterature,andanalyzecomple
xengineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design
systemcomponentsorprocessesthatmeetthespecifiedneedswithappropriateconsi
derationfor the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
and research
methodsincludingdesignofexperiments,analysisandinterpretationofdata,andsyn
thesisofthe information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern
engineeringandITtoolsincludingpredictionandmodelingtocomplexengineeringac
tivitieswith an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess
societal,health,safety,legalandculturalissuesandtheconsequentresponsibilitiesre
levanttothe professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate
the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication:Communicateeffectivelyoncomplexengineeringactivitieswithth
eengineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest
context of technological change.
 Content

Programtogeneratethefollowingdiscretetimesignals.a)Unitsamplesequenc
1
e,b)Unit step sequence, c) Exponential sequence, d)Sinusoidal sequence,
e) Random sequence
Programtoperformthefollowingoperationsonsignals.a)Signaladdition,b)Sig
2
nal multiplication, c)Scaling, d) Shifting, e)Folding

Program to perform convolution of two given sequences

3
(withoutusingbuilt-infunction) and display the signals.

Consider a causal system y(n)=0.9y(n-1)+x(n).

a) Determine H(z) and sketch its pole zero plot.
b)Plot |H(ejω)|and ∠H(ejω)
4

c)Determine the impulse response h(n).

Computation of N point DFT of a given sequence (without using built-in

5
function) and to plot the magnitude and phase spectrum.

Using the DFT and IDFT, compute the following for any two given
6 sequences
a) Circular convolution b)Linear convolution
VerificationofLinearityproperty,circulartimeshiftproperty&circularfrequenc
7
yshift property of DFT.

DesignandimplementationofdigitallowpassFIRfilterusingawindowtomeetth
8
egiven specifications

DesignandimplementationofdigitalhighpassFIRfilterusingawindowtomeet
9
the given specifications

DesignandimplementationofdigitalIIRButterworthlowpassfiltertomeetthegi
10
ven specifications.

DesignandimplementationofdigitalIIRButterworthhighpassfiltertomeetthe
11
given specifications
DSPLABBEC502 INTRODUCTIONTOMAT 2024-25
LAB

MATLAB is a software package for high performance numerical

computation and visualization provides an interactive environment
with hundreds of built in functions for technical computation, graphics
and animation. The MATLAB name stands for MATrix LABoratory.
The diagram shows the main features and capabilities of MATLAB.

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
At its core, MATLAB is essentially a set (a“toolbox”) of routines (called
“mfiles’ or “mexfiles”) that sit on your computer and a window that
allows you to create new variables with names (e.g. voltage and time)
and process those variables with any of those routines (e.g. plot
voltage against time ,find the largest voltage, etc.)
MATLAB®is a high-level language and interactive environment
that enables you to perform computationally intensive tasks faster
than with traditional programming languages such as C,C++,and
Fortran.
KeyFeatures:
 High-level language for technical computing.
 Development environment for managing code, files, and data.
 Interactive tools for iterative exploration, design, and problem solving.
 Mathematicalfunctionsforlinearalgebra,statistics,Fourieranalysis,
 Filtering, optimization, and numerical integration.
 2-Dand3-Dgraphicsfunctionsforvisualizingdata.
 Tools for building custom graphical user interfaces.
 Functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with
external applications and languages, such as C, C++, Fortran,
Java, COM, and Microsoft® Excel®.

MATLAB Windows:
MATLAB works with through three basic windows
Command Window: This is the main window. It is characterized by
MATLAB command prompt(>>) when you launch the application
programMATLABputsyouinthiswindowallcommandsincludingthosefo
ruser- written programs, are typed in this window at the MATLAB
prompt. Graphics window: The output of all graphics commands
typed in the command window are flushed to the graphics or figure
window, a separate gray window with white background color the
user can create as many windows as the system memory will allow.
Edit window: This is where you write edit, create and save your own
programs in files called M files.

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Input-output:
MATLAB supports interactive computation taking the input from
the screen
andflushingtheoutputtothescreen.Inadditionitcanreadinputfilesand
write output files.
DataType: The fundamental data-type in MATLAB is the array. It
encompasses several distinct data objects- integers, real numbers,
matrices. Character strings, structures and cells. There is no need
to declare variables as real or complex, MATLAB automatically sets
the variable to be real.
Dimensioning: Dimensioning is automatic in MATLAB. No dimension
statements are required for vectors or arrays. We can find the
dimensions of an existing matrix or a vector with the size and
length commands.
Basic Instructions in Matlab
1) T=0:1:10
This instruction indicates a vector T which as initial value 0 and
final value 10with an increment of 1.
Therefore,
T=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2) T=Zeros(2,3)
The above instruction creates a vector of two rows and three
columns whose values are zero.
T=

0 0 0
0 0 0

3) T=Ones(3,2)
The above instruction creates a vector of three rows and two
columns whose values are one
T=

1 1

1 1

1 1

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4) a=[123] b=[456]
a.*b= [41018], which is the result of individual elements.

5) Matrix and Array Operations

MATLAB allows you to process all of the values in a matrix using a single
arithmetic operator or function.
To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with
semicolons.
 a=[123;456;7810]
a=

1 2 3 

4 5 6

7 8 10

 a
+10
ans=

11 12 13

14 15 16

17 18 20

 sin(
a)
ans=

0.8415 0.9093 0.1411

-0.7568 -0.9589 -0.2794

0.6570 0.9894 -0.5440

To transpose a matrix, use a

single quote ('): a'

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
ans=
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 10
You can perform standard matrix multiplication, which computes
the inner products between rows and columns, using the *
operator. For example, confirm that a matrix times its inverse
returns the identity matrix:

 p=a*inv(a)

p=

1.0000 0 -
0.000
0
0 1.0000 0

0 0 1.000
0

Notice that p is not a matrix of integer values. MATLAB stores

numbers as floating-point values, and arithmetic operations are
sensitive to small differences between the actual value and its
floating-point representation. You can display more decimal digits
using the format command:
 Format long:
p=a*inv(a
)p=
1.000000000000000 0 -0.000000000000000
0 1.000000000000000 0
0 0 0.999999999999998
Reset the display to the shorter format using format short format
affects only the display of numbers, not how MATLAB computes or
saves them. To perform element-wise multiplication rather than
matrix multiplication, use the.* operator:
 p
=a.*a p
=

1 4 9

16 25 36

49 64 10
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0

The matrix operators for multiplication, division, and power each have
a corresponding array operator that operates element-wise. For
example, raise each element of a to the third power:

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 a.^3

ans=

1 8 27

64 125 216

343 512 100

0

Concatenation:
Concatenation is the process of joining arrays to make larger ones.
Infact, you made your first array by concatenating its individual
elements. The pair of square brackets[] is the concatenation operator.

 A
=[a,a] A
=
1 2 3 1 2 3

4 5 6 4 5 6

7 8 10 7 8 10

Concatenating arrays next to one another using commas is called

horizontal concatenation. Each array must have the same number
of rows. Similarly, when the arrays have the same number of
columns, you canconcatenate vertically using semicolons.

 A=
[a;a] A =

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 10

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 10

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Complex Numbers:
Complex numbers have both real and imaginary parts, where the
imaginary unit is the square root of –1.
 sqrt(-1)
ans=0+1.0000i

To represent the imaginary part of complex numbers, use

either I or j. c=[3+4i,4+3j,-i,10j]

c=3.0000+4.0000i 4.0000+3.0000i 0-1.0000i 0

+10.0000i

Array Indexing:

Every variable in MATLAB is an array that can hold many numbers.

When you want to access selected elements of an array, use
indexing.
For example, consider the 4-by-4 magic square A:
 A=
magic(4) A =

16 2 3 13

5 11 10 8

9 7 6 12

4 14 15 1

There are two ways to refer to a particular element in an array.

The most common way is to specify row and column subscripts,
such as
 A(4,2)
ans=14
 Less common, but sometimes useful, is to use a single subscript
that traverses down each column in order:
 A(8)
ans=14

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 Using a single subscript to refer to a particular element in an array is
called
Linear indexing.
 If you try to refer to elements outside an array on the right side
of an assignment statement, MATLAB throws an error.
 test=A(4,5)
 Attempted to access A(4,5); index out of bounds because
size(A)=[4,4]. However, on the left side of an assignment
statement, you can specify elements outside the current
dimensions. The size of the array increases to accommodate the
newcomers.
 A(4,5)=17
Example:

A=

16 2 3 13 0

5 11 10 8 0

9 7 6 12 0

4 14 15 1 17

Torefertomultipleelementsofanarray,usethecolonoperator,whichallows
youtospecifyarangeoftheformstart:end.Forexample,listtheelementsin
the first three rows and the second column of A:
 A(1:3,2)
ans=2

11
7
Thecolonalone,withoutstartorendvalues,specifiesalloftheelements
inthatdimension.Forexample,selectallthecolumnsinthethirdrowofA:
 A(3,:)
ans= 9 7 6 12 0
The colon operator also allows you to create an equally
spaced vector of values using themore
generalformstart:step:end.

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6) Plot
(t,m)
Ifm=[6789]
t=[1234]
This instruction will display a figure window which
indicates the plot ofm versus t.

7) Stem(t,m)
ThisInstructionwilldisplayafigurewindowasshownbelow,

8) Subplot: This function divides the figure window into

rows andColumns.
Example:subplot(3,1,2)- -🡪3-rows,1-column,2-location.

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1. Programtogeneratethefollowingdiscrete-timesignals:
a) Unitsamplesequence
b) Unitstepsequence
c) Exponentialsequence
d) Sinusoidalsequence
e) Randomsequence

Aim:Generationofunitsamplesignal.

Theory:
Theunitsamplesequence,often calledthediscrete-timedeltafunction
orKroneckerdeltaδ[n], is a
fundamentalbuildingblockforanalyzinganddescribingdiscrete-timesystems.
Mathematically,theunitsamplesequenceδ[n]-delta[n]isdefinedas:

MATLABcode:
n=-10:10;%Definetherangeofn
x=(n==0);%Generateunitsamplesequence stem(n,
x); % Plot the sequence
title('UnitSampleSequence');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x[n]');
grid on;

ExpectedOutputSignal:

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Aim:Generationofunitstepsignal.

Theory:
Theunitstepsequenceisafundamentaldiscrete-
timesignalthatplaysacrucialrolein analyzingandrepresentingdiscrete-
timesystems.Itiscommonlydenotedbyu[n]andis
usedextensivelyinsignalprocessing,controlsystems,anddigitalcommunicati
ons.
Theunitstepsequenceu[n]isdefinedmathematicallyasfollows:

MATLABcode:
n=-10:10;%Definetherangeofn
u=(n>=0);%Generatetheunitstepsequence
stem(n, u); % Plot the unit step sequence
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Discretetimeunitstepfunction');

ExpectedOutput:

Aim:Generation of
exponentialsequence.Theory:
Anexponentialsequenceisatypeofdiscrete-
timesignalthatisfundamentalforanalyzing andunderstanding
thebehaviorofdiscrete-timesystems,particularlylineartime-invariant
(LTI)systems.Exponential sequencesoftenarisein the studyof
systemresponses,stability analysis, and signal representation.
Adiscrete-timeexponentialsequenceisdescribedbythegeneralform:

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MATLABcode:
x= -2:0.5:10;
y=exp(x/2);
stem(x,y);
title("TheExponentialSequence");
xlabel('n');
ylabel('exp(n)');
grid on;

ExpectedOutputsignal:

Aim:Generationofsinusoidalsequence.

Theory:
A sinusoidal signalisoneof the mostfundamentalandwidelyusedtypesof
signalsforanalyzing and
understandingsystems,particularlyinthecontextofsignalprocessing,communicati
ons,and
controlsystems.Asinusoidalsignaldescribesperiodicoscillationsandservesasthebu
ildingblock for many complex signals.

A sinusoidalsignalinthediscrete-timedomainistypicallydescribedbythegeneralform:

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MATLABCode:
t=0:0.2:2*pi;%Timevector A
= 1; % Amplitude
f= 1; % Frequency
y=A*sin(f*t);%Sinusoidalsequence stem(t, y);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SinusoidalSequence'
); grid on;

ExpectedOutput:

Aim:GenerationofRandomsequence.

Theory:
Arandomsequence signalrefersto adiscrete-timesignalwhose
valuesaregovernedbya probabilisticprocess, meaning
thateachvalueinthesequenceisnotdeterministicbutinstead
followsaprobabilitydistribution.Randomsequencesarefundamentalinfieldssuchas
signal
processing,communications,andcontrolsystems,wherenoise,uncertainty,andstoc
hastic processes play a key role.
Arandomsequencesignal,typicallydenotedbyx[n],isasequencewhereeachsamplex
[n]isa randomvariable.Mathematically, the sequencecan berepresentedas:
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Eachelementofthesequencex[n]isdrawnfromaprobabilitydistribution(e.g.,G
aussian, uniform, Poisson), making the overall sequence a realization of a
stochastic process.

MATLABCode:

n=10;%Lengthoftherandomsequence
random_sequence=rand(1,n); %Generatearandomsequenceoflengthn
stem(random_sequence); % Display the random sequence

ExpectedOutput:

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2. Programtoperformthefollowingoperationsonthesignal:
a)Signaladdition
b)Signalmultiplication
c)Scaling
d)Shifting
e)Folding

Aim:Toaddtwosignals.

Theory:
Addingtwosignalsisfundamentalinsignalprocessing.Whentwosignalsa
re combined,their amplitudes aresummed ateachpointintime.This
canbe expressed mathematically as:

y(t)=x1(t)+x2(t)
wherex1(t)andx2(t)arethetwoinputsignals,andy(t)istheresultingsigna
l.

MATLABCode:
%Definethetimevector t
= 0:0.01:1;

%Definetwo signals
signal1 = sin(2 * pi * 5 * t); % 5 Hz sine wave
signal2=0.5*sin(2*pi*5*t);%10Hzsinewave

% Perform signal addition

resultant_signal=signal1+signal2;

%Plotthesignals
figure;subplot(3
, 1, 1); plot(t,
signal1);
title('Signal1(5Hz)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,signal2);
title('Signal2(10Hz)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(t,resultant_signal);
title('ResultantSignal(Signal1+Signal2)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

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Expectedoutput:

Aim:Tomultiplytwosignals.

Theory:
Multiplyingtwosignalscanbedescribedmathematicallyas:y(t)=x1(t)*
x2(t)where
x1(t)andx2(t)arethetwoinputsignalsandy(t)istheoutputsignal.Thiso
peration
issignificantinmodulationschemesandcanproducesignalsbasedonth
einputsat new frequencies.

MATLABCode:

%Importnecessarylibraries
%Noadditionallibrariesareneededforbasicsignal multiplication
%Definetwosamplesignals

t=0:0.01:1;%Timevector
signal1 = sin(2 * pi * 5 * t); % First signal (sine wave)
signal2=cos(2*pi*5*t);%Secondsignal(cosinewave)

%Performsignalmultiplication
result = signal1 .* signal2;

%Plotthesignalsandtheresult
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,signal1);
title('Signal1(SineWave)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,signal2);
title('Signal2(CosineWave)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t, result);
title('ResultofSignalMultiplication');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

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Expectedoutput:

Aim:ToScaleasignal.

Theory:
Scalingasignalinvolvesmultiplyingtheamplitudeofthesignalbya
constant factor. This can be mathematically expressed as:

y(t)=K⋅x(t)y(t)

wherey(t)isthescaledoutputsignal,x(t)istheinputsignal,and
Kisthescaling
factor.Ascalingfactorgreaterthan1increasestheamplitude,whileaf
actorless than 1 decreases it.

MATLABCode:
%SignalScalinginMATLAB
% Generate a sample
signal
t=0:0.01:1;%Timevector
signal=sin(2*pi*5*t);%Samplesignal(sinewave)

% Scaling factor
scaling_factor=5;

%Scalethe signal
scaled_signal=scaling_factor*signal;

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%Plotoriginalandscaledsignals
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, signal);
title('OriginalSignal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(t,scaled_signal)
;
title('ScaledSignal')
; xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Expectedoutput:

Aim:Toshifta signal.

Theory:
Shiftingasignalinvolveschangingitstimedomainrepresentationwithoutalteringitss
hape.This can be done by adding or subtracting a constant value from the time
variable t in the signal equation:
y(t)=x(t−t0)
wheret0isthetimeshift.Positive t0resultsinarightwardshift(delay),whilenegativet0
resultsin a leftward shift (advance).

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MATLABCode:

%Definetheoriginalsignal t
= 0:0.01:1; % Time vector
signal=sin(2*pi*5*t);%Originalsignal(sinewave)

%Definetheshiftamount
shift_amount=0.2;%Shifttotherightby0.2seconds

%Performtheshiftoperation
t_shifted = t + shift_amount; % Shifted time vector
signal_shifted=sin(2*pi*5*t_shifted);%Shiftedsignal

%Plottheoriginalandshiftedsignals figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, signal);
title('OriginalSignal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(t_shifted,signal_shifted
); title('Shifted Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Expectedoutput:

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Aim:Tofolda signal.
Theory:
Foldingasignalinvolvesreflectingitaboutaspecifiedaxis,us
uallythe vertical axis (time reversal). Mathematically,
this can be expressed as y(t)=x(−t). This transformation
effectively reverses the signal in time, allowing for
analysis of its properties and behaviors.

MATLABCode:
%Importnecessarylibraries
%Noadditionallibrariesareneededforthisoperation

%Definethe signal
t=0:0.01:1;%Timevector
signal=sin(2*pi*5*t);%Examplesignal(sinewave)

%Performfoldingoperation
folded_signal=flip(signal);%Flipthesignal

%Plotoriginalandfoldedsignals
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, signal);
title('OriginalSignal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(t,folded_signal)
;
title('FoldedSignal')
; xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
ylabel('Amplitude');

Expectedoutput:

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3. Programtoperformconvolutionoftwogivensequences(withoutusinga
built-in
function)anddisplaythesignals.

AIM:DevelopaMATLABcodetoperformconvolutionoftwogivensequences(witho
utusinga built-in function) and display the signals.

THEORY:
Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to produce
a third signal,
representingtheoverlapofonesignalasitpassesoveranother.Mathematically,thec
onvolution of two continuous-time signals x(t)and h(t) is defined as:

∞
y(t)=(x∗h)(t)=∫−∞x(τ)h(t−τ)dτ.

Indiscretetime,theconvolutionisdefinedas:
y[n]=∑∞
𝑚=−∞ 𝑥[𝑚]ℎ[𝑛−𝑚].

MATLABCode:
%Definethetwosignals(youcanmodifythese) x =
[1, 2, 3]; % First signal
h=[0.5,1,0.5];%Secondsignal

%Lengthsofthesignals
len_x = length(x);
len_h= length(h);

%Lengthoftheoutputsignal
len_y = len_x + len_h - 1;

%Preallocatetheoutputsignal
y = zeros(1, len_y);

%Performconvolutionmanually
for n = 1:len_y

fork=1: len_h
if(n-k+1)>0&&(n-k+1)<=len_x y(n) = y(n) +
x(n - k + 1) * h(k);

end
end en
d

% Display the results

disp('FirstSignal(x):');
disp(x);
disp('SecondSignal(h):');
disp(h);

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disp('ConvolvedSignal(y):');
disp(y);

23 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
%Optional:Plottingthesignals
figure;
subplot(3,1, 1);
stem(x, 'filled');
title('FirstSignal(x)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1, 2);
stem(h, 'filled');
title('SecondSignal(h)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1, 3);
stem(y, 'filled');
title('ConvolvedSignal(y)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
or
%Definethetwosignals(youcanmodifythese) x =
[1, 2, 3]; % First signal
h=[0.5,1,0.5];%Secondsignal y =

conv(x,h);

% Display the results

disp('FirstSignal(x):');
disp(x);
disp('SecondSignal(h):');
disp(h);
disp('ConvolvedSignal(y):');
disp(y);

%Optional:Plottingthesignals
figure;
subplot(3,1, 1);
stem(x, 'filled');
title('FirstSignal(x)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1, 2);
stem(h, 'filled');
title('SecondSignal(h)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(3,1, 3);
stem(y, 'filled');
title('ConvolvedSignal(y)');
xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');

24 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
EXPECTED OUTPUT:

25 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
4. Consideracausalsystemy(n)=0.9y(n-1)+x(n).
 DetermineH(z)andsketchitspole-zeroplot
 Plot|H(ejω)|and∠H(ejω)
 Determinetheimpulseresponseh(n)

Aim:TodetermineH(z)andimpulseresponseh(n)thenplot
i) Pole-zeroplot
ii)|H(ejω)|and∠H(ejω)
Theory:
Toanalyzethecausalsystem
𝑦(𝑛) =0.9𝑦(𝑛−1)+𝑥(𝑛)
y(n)=0.9y(n−1)+x(n),weneedtofollowthese steps:

1. Determine𝐻andsketch thepole-zeroplot
Thesystemisalineardifferenceequation,andwecanexpressitintermsoftheZ-
transformto find
𝐻(𝑧).
Thedifferenceequationis:
𝑦(𝑛)=0.9𝑦(𝑛−1)+𝑥(𝑛)

TakingtheZ-transformonbothsides,assuminginitialrestconditions:
𝑌(𝑧)=0.9𝑧−1𝑌(𝑧)
+𝑋(𝑧)
Solvingfor𝐻(𝑧)=𝑌(𝑧)/
𝑋(𝑧):

𝑌(𝑧) 1
𝑋(𝑧) 1−0.9𝑧−1
H(z)= =

2.Plot
∣𝐻(𝑒𝑗𝜔)∣and∠𝐻(𝑒𝑗𝜔)
Forthefrequencyresponse,weevaluate𝐻(𝑧)on theunitcircle(𝑧=𝑒𝑗𝜔).

3. Determinetheimpulseresponse
ℎ(𝑛)

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
Theimpulseresponseℎ(n)istheinverseZ-transformofH(𝑧),andforthissystem,
ℎ(𝑛)=(0.9)𝑛𝑢(𝑛),whereu(n)istheunitstepfunction.

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MATLABCode:

%Given parameters
a=0.9;%Coefficientofy(n-1)inthedifferenceequation

% 1. Define H(z) and find poles and zeros

numerator = 1; %CoefficientofX(z)
denominator=[1-a]; %CoefficientsofY(z)terms
H_z=tf(numerator,denominator,-1);%Transferfunctioninz-domain

%Plotpole-zeroplot
figure;
pzmap(H_z);
title('Pole-ZeroPlotofH(z)');
grid on;

% Define the frequency range

omega=linspace(-pi,pi,1024);

%DefinethesystemfunctionH(e^jω)H=1
./(1-0.9*exp(-1j*omega));

%Calculatemagnitudeandphase
magnitude = abs(H);
phase= angle(H);

% Plot
magnitude
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(omega, magnitude); title('|
H(e^{j\omega})|'); xlabel('\
omega(radians)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
gridon;

% Plot phase
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(omega,phase);
title('\angleH(e^{j\
omega})'); xlabel('\omega
(radians)');
ylabel('Phase(radians)');gri
d on;

%3.ImpulseResponse h(n)
n = 0:20; %Timevectorforimpulseresponse
h_n=a.^n; %Impulseresponseh(n)=(0.9)^nforcausalsystem

%Plotimpulseresponse
figure;
stem(n, h_n, 'filled');
title('ImpulseResponseh(n)')
; xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
grid on;

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Expectedoutput:

29 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25

30 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
5. ComputationofNpointDFTofagivensequence(withoutusingabuilt-in
function)andplotthemagnitudeandphasespectrum

Aim:
Thisexperiment usesMATLAB to compute the N-pointDiscrete
FourierTransform (DFT) ofa discrete-
timesignalandanalyzethefrequencydomainrepresentation.Theexperimentaim
sto familiarize with the mathematical formulation of DFT, its practical
implementation, and the interpretation of results in the frequency domain.

Theory:
The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is a fundamental tool in digital signal
processing, used to analyze the frequency content of discrete-time signals. The
DFT transforms a finite sequence of time-
domainsamplesintoasequenceoffrequency-
domainsamples.Itisdefinedmathematically for a sequence𝑥(𝑛)
x(n)oflength Nas:

Where:
 X(k)istheDFToutputrepresentingthefrequencydomaincomponents.
 x(n)istheinputsequenceinthetimedomain.
 Nisthetotalnumber ofpointsintheDFT(lengthofthesequence).
 Krepresentsthe frequencyindex (rangingfrom0toN-1).
j2πk𝚗
 𝑒−𝑁
isthecomplexexponential,representingthebasisfunctionforthefrequency
components.

The DFT is a powerful method to analyze the frequency components of a

signal, especially for periodicorfinite-
lengthsignals.However,itiscomputationallyexpensivewithatimecomplexity of
O(N2) , which makes the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) a preferred
method in practical applications.

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MATLABCode:

%Definetheinputsequencex(n)
x=[1,2,3,4];%Examplesequence,youcanmodifythisasneeded N =
length(x); % Number of points in the DFT

%InitializetheDFTresultX(k)
X=zeros(1,N);

%ComputetheDFTmanually for
k = 0:N-1
forn=0:N-1
X(k+1)=X(k+1)+x(n+1)*exp(-1j*2*pi*k*n/N);
end
end

%CalculatethemagnitudeandphaseoftheDFT
magnitude = abs(X);
phase= angle(X);

%Plotthemagnitudespectrum|X(k)|
figure;
subplot(2,1, 1);
stem(0:N-1, magnitude, 'filled');
title('MagnitudeSpectrum|X(k)|');
xlabel('Frequency index k');
ylabel('|X(k)|');
gridon;

%Plotthephasespectrum∠X(k)
subplot(2, 1, 2);
stem(0:N-1, phase, 'filled');
title('PhaseSpectrum\angleX(k)');
xlabel('Frequency index k');
ylabel('Phase (radians)');
gridon;

ExpectedOutput:

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6. UsingtheDFTandIDFT,computethefollowingforanytwogivenseque
nces a) Circular convolution b) Linear convolution
Aim:
Thisexperimentaimsto computethecircularconvolutionandlinear
convolutionforanytwogiven sequences

Theory:
Convolutionisamathematicaloperationusedtocombinetwosignals.Incircularconvo
lution,the signals are treated as periodic, meaning that the computation "wraps
around" the boundaries.
Circularconvolutiondiffersfromlinearconvolutioninthatitassumes
thesignalsareperiodicand results in a periodic sequence.
Giventwodiscrete-time sequences:
x[n]={x0,x1,
…,xN−1} and
h[n]={h0, h1,…, hN−1}
Thecircularconvolutiony[n]ofx[n]andh[n]isdefine

𝑚=
das: y[n]= ∑𝑁−1x[m] ⋅ h[(n − m) mod N]

Where:
 Nisthelengthoftheperiodic signals.
 Themodulooperationensuresthattheindices"wraparound"whentheyexceed
thesignal length.
Circularconvolutioncanalsobeefficientlycomputedinthefrequencydomainusingthe
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT):
y[n]=IDFT(DFT(x[n])⋅DFT(h[n]))
Where:
 DFTrepresentstheDiscreteFourierTransform,and
 IDFTistheInverseDiscreteFourierTransform.
Linearconvolution,specifically,involvessummingtheweightedsuperpositionsofone
signal shifted over another. It is widely used in the analysis of signals and
systems, particularly in determining the output of an LTI system.
Giventwodiscrete-
timesignals: x[n]= {x0,
x1,…,xL−1}

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
h[n]={h0,h1,…,hM−1}

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
Thelinearconvolutiony[n]ofx[n]andh[n]isdefinedas:
y[n]=∑𝑀−1
𝑚= x[m]⋅ h[n−
m], Where:
 L is the length of the first signal x[n],
 M is the length of the second signal h[n], and
 y[n] is the linear convolution result, with a length of L+M−1.

Linearconvolutioncanbethoughtofastheprocessof"sliding"onesignaloveranotheran
d summing the overlap at each step, which gives the resulting output signal.

MATLABCode:

a) Circular convolution
%Definetwoinputsequences
x=[1,2,3,4];%Examplesequencex
h=[1,1,1,1];%Examplesequenceh

%Makesurethesequencesareofthesamelength N =
max(length(x), length(h));
x=[x,zeros(1,N- length(x))];
h=[h,zeros(1,N- length(h))];

%ComputetheDFTofthesequences
X=fft(x,N);
H=fft(h,N);

%Performelement-wisemultiplicationinthefrequencydomain Y
= X .* H;

%ComputetheinverseDFTtogetthecircularconvolutionresult y =
ifft(Y);

%Displaythe result
disp('CircularConvolutionResult:')
; disp(y);

Expected output:

Circular Convolution Result:

10101010

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
b) Linear convolution
%Definetheinputsequences
x=[1,2,3,4];%Firstsequence
h=[1,1, 1]; %Secondsequence

%Computethelengthsofthesequences N
= length(x);
M = length(h);

%ComputetheDFTofbothsequences
X=fft(x,N +M- 1);
H=fft(h,N +M- 1);

%ComputethelinearconvolutionusingtheDFT Y
= X .* H;
%ComputetheIDFTtogetthelinearconvolutionresult y =
ifft(Y);

%Displaythe result
disp('LinearConvolutionResult:');
disp(y);

Expected Output:

Linear Convolution Result:

1 3 6 9 7 4

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
7. Verification of Linearity property, circular time shift property &
circular frequency
Shift property of DFT

Aim: This experiment aims to compute and verify DFT's Linearity, circular time
shift, and circular frequency shift properties.

Theory:
Linearity property of DFT:
ToverifythelinearitypropertyinMATLAB, we
canapplyasystemtoacombinationofsignalsand then check whether the system
behaves linearly. A system is linear if it satisfies the following two properties:

1. Additivity: T{x1(n)
+x2(n)}=T{x1(n)}
+T{x2(n)}

2. Homogeneity(Sca
ling):
T{a⋅x(n)}=a⋅T{x(n)}
WhereTrepresentsthesystem,andx(n)istheinputsignal.

CircularTimeShiftPropertyofDFT:
Thecirculartimeshiftpropertystatesthatifasequencex(n)x(n)x(n)undergoesacir
culartime shift, the DFT of the shifted sequence corresponds to a phase shift
in the DFT of the original sequence. Specifically:
xshifted(n)=x((n−k)modN)
TheDFToftheshiftedsequenceXshifted(k)isrelatedtotheDFToftheoriginalsequence
X(k)as:
2𝜋𝑘𝑚
−𝑗
Xshifted(k)=X(k)⋅𝑒 𝑁
Where:
 kisthefrequency index.
 misthecircularshiftamount.
 Nisthelengthofthe sequence.

CircularfrequencyshiftpropertyofDFT

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The circular frequency shift property states that if the DFT of a sequence x(n) is
shifted in the
frequencydomainbymultiplyingthesequencebyacomplexexponential,theresultisa
circular time shift in the original sequence.

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IfX(k)istheDFTofx(n),thecircularfrequencyshiftpropertyis:
2𝜋𝑘0𝑚
−𝑗
xshifted(n)=x(n)⋅𝑒 𝑁

TheDFTofthemodifiedsequencexshifted(n)resultsinacircularshiftinthefrequenc
ydomain: Xshifted(k)=X((k−k0)modN)
Where:
 k0istheamountofcircularfrequencyshift.
 Nisthelengthofthe signal.

MATLABCode:
%Importnecessarylibraries
clc;
clear;
closeall;

% Parameters
N=16; %DFTsize
n=0:N-1;%Timeindex

%Originalsignal
x=sin(2*pi*0.1*n)+0.5*sin(2*pi*0.2*n);

%Linearityproperty
a = 2; b = 3;
y_linear=a*x+b*x;%Linearcombination Y_linear
= fft(y_linear, N);
Y1=a*fft(x,N)+b*fft(x,N);%DFToflinearcombination

%Circulartimeshiftproperty
k = 5; % Shift amount
x_shifted = circshift(x,
k);
Y_shifted=fft(x_shifted,N);
Y_circular_shift=exp(-1j*2*pi*k*(0:N-1)/N).*fft(x,N);%DFTofshiftedsignal

%Circularfrequencyshiftproperty
f_shift = 0.1; % Frequency shift
x_freq_shifted=x.*exp(1j*2*pi*f_shift*n);
Y_freq_shifted = fft(x_freq_shifted, N);
Y_circular_freq_shift=fft(x,N).*exp(1j*2*pi*f_shift*(0:N-1)/N);%DFToffrequency
shifted signal

%Plotting
figure;

%Linearityproperty
subplot(3, 2, 1);
stem(n,abs(Y_linear),'filled');
title('Linearity Property');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

39 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
subplot(3,2, 2);
stem(n, abs(Y_linear), 'filled');
title('LinearityProperty-Error');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

%Circulartimeshiftproperty
subplot(3, 2, 3);
stem(n, abs(Y_shifted), 'filled');
title('CircularTimeShiftProperty');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,2, 4);
stem(n,abs(Y_shifted-Y_circular_shift),'filled');
title('Circular Time Shift Property - Error');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

%Circularfrequencyshiftproperty
subplot(3, 2, 5);
stem(n, abs(Y_freq_shifted), 'filled');
title('CircularFrequencyShiftProperty');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

subplot(3,2, 6);
stem(n,abs(Y_freq_shifted-Y_circular_freq_shift),'filled');
title('Circular Frequency Shift Property - Error');
xlabel('Frequency Index');
ylabel('Magnitude');

sgtitle('DFTPropertiesVerification');

Expected Output:

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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25

8. DesignandimplementationofdigitallowpassFIRfilterusingawindowtomeett
hegiven specifications

Aim: To design and implement digital lowpass FIR filter using a window to meet
the given specifications
Theory:
FIR filters are filters with a finite-duration impulse response, meaning that they
only depend on a finite number of input samples. FIR filters are commonly used
due to their inherent stability and linearphasecharacteristics.Alow-
passfilterallowsfrequenciesbelowacertaincutofffrequencyto pass while
attenuating frequencies higher than the cutoff.
The general transfer function of an FIR filter of order N is given by:

Where h[n] represents the filter coefficients or impulse response.

To design an FIR filter, we begin by determining the ideal impulse response h d[n]
of the filter in the frequency domain. For a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency
fc, the ideal frequency response is:

Whereωc=2πfcisthecutofffrequency.
Thecorrespondingidealimpulseresponsehd[n]inthetimedomaincanbederivedas:

This is known as the sinc function. However, the ideal impulse response is
infinitely long, and
truncationisrequiredtomakeitrealizable.Thistruncationisachievedusinga
windowfunction,
whichsmoothensthesharptransitionsandreducestheripplesinthefilter'sfrequencyre
sponse.

Popular window functions include:

41 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
 Rectangular window: Direct truncation, leading to high ripples.
 Hamming window: Reduces the ripples by tapering the impulse response
at the ends.
 Hann window: A compromise between side lobe reduction and transition
width.

42 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
The windowed FIR filter impulse response h[n] is obtained as:

h[n]=hd[n]⋅w[n]
Where w[n] is the window function applied to the ideal impulse response.

MATLAB Code:
fp=100;
fs=500;
rp=0.001;
rs=0.005;
Fs=600;
FN=Fs/2;
wp=2*fp/Fs;
ws=2*fs/Fs;
numa=-20*(log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-
13); dena=14.6*(fs-fp)/Fs;
N=ceil(numa/dena);
N1=N+1;
if(rem(N,2)~=0)
N1=N;
N=N-1;
end;
%RectangularWindow
y=boxcar(N1);
% Low Pass Filter
b=fir1(N,wp,'low',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
%subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
title('LPF');
xlabel('normalizedfrequency->');
ylabel('gain in db-');
grid on;

Expected Output:

43 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
9. DesignandimplementationofdigitalhighpassFIRfilterusingawindowtomeett
hegiven specifications.

Aim:TodesignandimplementadigitalhighpassFIRfilterusingawindowtomeetthegive
n specifications

Theory:
FIRfilters
aredigitalfilterswithafiniteimpulseresponse.Thesefiltersareinherentlystableand
can have an exact linear phase. A high-pass filter passes frequencies above a
certain cutoff frequency while attenuating frequencies below that cutoff.
To design a high-pass FIR filter, we first determine the ideal impulse response in
the frequency domain, then convert it to the time domain using the inverse
Fourier transform. The result is
typicallyinfiniteinduration,soweapplyawindowtotruncateitandreduceunwantedarti
facts.
IdealHigh-PassFilterImpulseResponse:
Theideal frequencyresponseofahigh-passfilterisdefined as:

Whereωc=2πfcisthecutofffrequency.
Thecorrespondingidealimpulseresponseinthetimedomainis:

Thisisessentiallyasincfunctionshiftedandinvertedtorepresentahigh-passfilter.

Windowing:
Theidealimpulseresponseisofinfinitelength,soweapplyawindowfunctiontotruncatei
ttoa finite length and smoothen the transitions. Common window functions
include:
 Rectangularwindow:Simplytruncatestheimpulseresponse,butcauseslarge
ripples.
 Hammingwindow:Providessmoothertransitions,reducingsideloberipples.
 Hannwindow:Acompromisebetweenthemainlobewidthandsidelobe
attenuation.

44 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
ThewindowedFIRfilterimpulseresponseh[n]isobtainedbymultiplyingtheidealim
pulse response with the window function:
h[n]=hd[n]⋅w[n]

45 DeptOfECE,VVIT
 DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
MATLABCode:

fp=100;
fs=500;
rp=0.001;
rs=0.005;
Fs=600;
FN=Fs/2;
wp=2*fp/Fs;
ws=2*fs/Fs;
numa=-20*(log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-
13); dena=14.6*(fs-fp)/Fs;
N=ceil(numa/dena);
N1=N+1;
if(rem(N,2)~=0)
N1=N;
N=N-1;
end

%RectangularWindow
y=boxcar(N1);

% High Pass Filter

b=fir1(N,wp,'high',y);
[h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(o/pi,m);
xlabel('normalizedfrequency-
>'); ylabel('gain in db-');
title('HPF');
gridon;

ExpectedOutput:

46 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
10. Designandimplementationof
digitalIIRButterworthlowpassfiltertomeetthegiven specifications.

Aim:TodesignandimplementadigitalIIRButterworthlowpassfiltertomeetthegiven
specifications.

Theory:

IIR filters are digital filters that have an infinite impulse response, meaning
that their response to an impulse input theoretically continues indefinitely. IIR
filters are commonly used due to their efficiency in achieving sharp transitions
with fewer coefficients compared to FIR filters.
The Butterworth filter is a type of IIR filter known for having a maximally flat
response in the passband. This makes the Butterworth filter ideal for applications
where it is essential to have a smooth frequency response with no pass band
ripples. The trade-off is a relatively slower roll-off compared to other IIR filter
types like Chebyshev or Elliptic filters.
The magnitude response of a Butterworth filter is defined as:

Where:
 Ω is the angular frequency.
 Ωc is the cut off frequency.
 N is the order of the filter.
A higher-order Butterworth filter results in a steeper roll-off at the expense of
increased phase distortion and more complex implementation.

MATLABCode:

%thespecifications
clc;
clearall;
closeall;
alphap=3;
alphas=15;
fp=500;
fs=750;
f=2000;
omp=2*fp/f;
oms=2*fs/f;
47 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25

%t of indcutofffrequency&orderofthefilter
[N,Wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)
disp('order of the filter n =');
disp(N);
disp('cutofffrequencyWn=');
disp(Wn);
%system function of the
filter
[b,a]=butter(N,Wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w,'whole')
; m=abs(h);
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,20*log(m));
grid;
ylabel('gain in dB');
xlabel('normalizedfrequency'
);
subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an
);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radian');
xlabel('normalizedfrequency');
%toconvertanalogfiltertodigitalfilter
%usingbilineartransformation
[bz,az]=bilinear(b,a,f);

ExpectedOutput:

48 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
11. DesignandimplementationofdigitalIIRButterworthhighpassfiltertome
etthegiven specifications

Aim:TodesignandimplementadigitalIIRButterworthhighpassfiltertomeetthegiven
specifications.

Theory:
IIR filters are digital filters characterized by their infinite impulse response,
meaning that their
outputdependsonbothpastandpresentinputvalues.Theyaremorecomputationally
efficient than FIR filters for achieving similar magnitude response
characteristics because they require fewer coefficients.
The Butterworth filter is a popular type of IIR filter designed to have a
maximally flat magnitude
responseinthepassband,meaningithasnoripples,andthetransitionfrompassbandto
stopband is smooth. A high-pass Butterworth filter passes frequencies
above the cutoff frequency and attenuates those below it.
ThemagnituderesponseofaButterworthfilterisgivenby:

Where:
 ωistheangularfrequency.
 ωcisthecutoff frequency.
 N isthe filterorder.
Ahigherfilterorderresultsinasharpertransitionbetweenthepassbandandstopband.
Fordigital
filters,thecutofffrequencyisnormalizedwithrespecttotheNyquistfrequency(halfth
esampling frequency).

MATLABCode:
%thespecifications
clc;
clearall;
closeall;
alphap=3;
alphas=15;
fp=500;
fs=750;
f=2000;
omp=2*fp/f;
oms=2*fs/f;
%tofindcutofffrequency&orderofthefilter
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DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
[N,Wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)disp('o
rder of the filter n =');

50 DeptOfECE,VVIT
DSPLABBEC502 2024-25
disp(N);
disp('cutofffrequencyWn=');
disp(Wn);
%systemfunctionofthefilter
[b,a]=butter(N,Wn,'high')
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w,'whole')
; m=abs(h);
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,20*log(m));
grid;
ylabel('gain in dB');
xlabel('normalizedfrequency'
);
subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an
);
grid on;
[bz,az]=bilinear(b,a,f);
ylabel('phase in radian');
xlabel('normalizedfrequency'
);
%toconvertanalogfiltertodigitalfilter
%usingbilineartransformation

ExpectedOutput:

51 DeptOfECE,VVIT