University of Gujrat (Hafiz Hayat Campus)

Mid Term
Modelling & Simulation
By Dr.Saqib Ali Shah
Q.1 Briefly explain dynamic and static entities with the help of suitable
example?
Ans :
Dynamic entities are those that can change their attributes or properties over
time. These entities are characterized by their ability to move or be affected by
forces, and their behavior can vary depending on the context.
An example of a dynamic entity is a car, which can move, accelerate, decelerate,
and change direction.
Static entities, on the other hand, are those that do not change their attributes or
properties over time. They are characterized by their stability and lack of
movement.
An example of a static entity is a building, which remains in the same location and
maintains its physical structure over time.
Q.2 Enlist least three situation in which simulation modelling and is used?
Ans : Simulation modeling can be used in various situations, including:
• Risk Assessment: Simulation modeling is used to assess risks in complex
systems or processes, such as nuclear power plants, chemical plants, or
transportation systems.
• Optimization: Simulation modeling is used to optimize systems or processes
by identifying the best combination of variables to achieve a desired outcome,
such as minimizing costs or maximizing efficiency.
• Training: Simulation modeling is used to provide training for individuals in
high-risk or complex environments, such as flight simulators or military
training simulations.
• Product Development: Simulation modeling is used to test and refine new
product designs before they are produced, reducing the need for physical
prototypes and accelerating the development process.
Q.3 What is simulation? Write any pitfalls to guard against in simulation.
Ans :
Simulation is the process of creating a model of a real-world system or process
and using it to make predictions or test hypotheses about how the system or
process will behave under different conditions. Simulations can be used in a wide
range of fields, including engineering, economics, healthcare, and social sciences.
Some potential pitfalls to guard against in simulation include:
• Over-reliance on simulation results without verifying their accuracy with
real-world data
• Use of inappropriate or outdated assumptions and models that can lead to
erroneous results
• Failure to account for all relevant factors and variables in the simulation
model, leading to incomplete or biased results
• Inadequate validation and testing of the simulation model, leading to
unreliable results.
Long Question
Q.4 Data collections for the real system is very important step of input model
development Write appropriate suggestions that enhance and facilitate data
collection.
Ans : Here are some suggestions that can enhance and facilitate data collection
for input model development:
• Clearly define the research question: Before collecting any data, it's important
to have a clear idea of the research question and the specific variables or
factors that need to be measured. This will help to guide the data collection
process and ensure that the right data is collected.

• Use multiple sources of data: In order to ensure the accuracy and

completeness of the data, it's important to use multiple sources of data
 whenever possible. This could include surveys, interviews, observations, and
data from existing databases or records.

• Use appropriate sampling techniques: When collecting data, it's important to

use appropriate sampling techniques to ensure that the sample is
representative of the population being studied. This could include random
sampling, stratified sampling, or cluster sampling.

• Use standardized measurement instruments: Using standardized

measurement instruments can help to ensure that the data collected is
consistent and comparable across different sources.

• Ensure data quality: Data quality is critical to the success of any data collection
effort. It's important to ensure that the data is accurate, complete, and free
from errors or biases. This can be achieved through careful planning, training
of data collectors, and regular quality control checks.

• Maintain data confidentiality: When collecting sensitive data, it's important to

maintain confidentiality and ensure that the data is protected from
unauthorized access or disclosure. This can be achieved through the use of
secure data storage and appropriate access controls.
Q.4 Differentiate Discrete and Continuous system. Show the behaviour of
continuous and discrete models with appropriate illustrations.
Ans : Lecture No.02 – University Of Gujrat – Page No. 8-9
Q.5 Enlist and briefly explain steps involved in developing a simulation model.
Ans :

Here are the steps involved in developing a simulation model:

Step 1. Identify the problem.
Step 2. Formulate the problem.
Step 3. Collect and process real system data.
Step 4. Formulate and develop a model
Step 5. Validate the model.
Step 6. Document model for future use.
Step 7. Select appropriate experimental design.
Step 8. Establish experimental conditions for runs.
Step 9. Perform simulation runs,
Step 10. Interpret and present results.
Step 11. Recommend further course of action.

• Identify the problem: This involves clearly defining the problem that needs to
be solved or the system that needs to be analyzed.

• Formulate the problem: Once the problem has been defined, the next step is
to formulate a mathematical or conceptual model that represents the system
and its behavior.

• Collect and process real system data: Data is needed to parameterize the
model and validate its accuracy. This involves collecting and analyzing data on
the key variables and factors that affect the system's behavior.

• Formulate and develop a model: This involves translating the model equations
or algorithms into code that can be executed on a computer.

• Validate the model: The model should be thoroughly tested and validated to
ensure that it accurately represents the system's behavior and meets the
objectives of the analysis.

• Document the model for future use: This involves documenting the model and
its assumptions, equations, and input parameters for future reference.
• Select an appropriate experimental design: This involves selecting an
experimental design that is appropriate for the problem and the type of
simulation being performed.

• Establish experimental conditions for runs: This involves setting up the

simulation runs with appropriate input parameters and initial conditions.

• Perform simulation runs: This involves executing the simulation runs and
collecting output data.

• Interpret and present results: This involves analyzing the simulation output
data and presenting the results in a clear and concise manner.

• Recommend further course of action: Based on the simulation results,

recommendations can be made for further analysis, system design, or
operational changes.