INDUSTRIAL TRANNING REPORT

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Technology In Computer Science & Engineering
in
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

BHARTIYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,SIKAR

BIKANER TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SONALI CHOUDHARY
22EBTCS037

MONIKA GODARA
22EBTCS033

Submitted to

MR. PANKAJ GOTHWAL

(HOD OF CSE)

MRS. PRIYANKA KHANNA

(Ass. Prof.)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am indebted to the GOD ALMIGHTY for giving me an opportunity to excel in my
efforts to complete this industrial training on time.
I am extremely grateful to Mr. Pankaj Gothwal (HOD, CSE) & Mrs. Priyanka Khanna(AP,
CSE) ,BHARTIYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, for providing all
the required resources for the successful completion of my industrial training. My heartfelt gratitude
to my industrial training guide Mr. Pankaj Gothwal, Computer Science and Engineering, for her
valuable suggestions and guidance in the preparation of the industrial training report. I express my
thanks to Mr. Pankaj Gothwal, Semester Councillor, and all the members and friends for all the help
and co-ordination extended in bringing out this industrial training successfully in time. I will be failing
in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of the references and other literatures
referred to in this industrial training. Last but not the least; I am very much thankful to my parents who
guided me in every step which I took.

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ABSTRACT
The Snake Game is a classic video game that can be implemented using Python, offering an engaging
and interactive experience for users. The game involves controlling a snake that moves across the
screen, consuming food items that appear randomly. Each time the snake eats a food item, it grows in
length, making it more challenging to navigate without colliding with itself or the screen boundaries.
The primary objective is to achieve the highest possible score by continuously eating food while
avoiding obstacles.

This project leverages Python's powerful libraries, particularly Pygame, which provides a simple way
to manage graphics, handle user input, and control game dynamics. The game mechanics include
detecting keyboard inputs to control the snake's direction, updating the position of the snake, and
checking for collision with walls or the snake’s own body. The game’s logic is built using loops,
conditionals, and functions, ensuring smooth gameplay and real-time feedback. The implementation
enhances the understanding of algorithms, data structures, and event-driven programming while
providing a fun, interactive experience for the user.

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CERTIFICATE

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CERTIFICATE

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Python……………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 What is Python?....................................................................................................................2
1.2 Installing Python…………………………………………………………………………...4
1.3 Writing Your First Python Program………………………………………………………..5
2. Basic Python Syntax………………………………………………………………………….6
2.1 Variable and Data Types…………………………………………………………………...6
2.2 Input and Output…………………………………………………………………………...7
2.3 Comments………………………………………………………………………………….7
3. Control Flow………………………………………………………………………………….8
3.1 If-Else Statements………………………………………………………………………….8
3.2 Loops………………………………………………………………………………………9
4. Function……………………………………………………………………………………...10
4.1 Defination Functions……………………………………………………………………..10
4.2 Function Arguments……………………………………………………………………...11
4.3 Return Values…………………………………………………………………………….11
5. Data Structures……………………………………………………………………………..12
5.1 Lists………………………………………………………………………………………12
5.2 Tuples…………………………………………………………………………………….13
5.3 Dictionaries………………………………………………………………………………13
5.4 Sets……………………………………………………………………………………….13
6. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)…………………………………………………….14
6.1 Classes and Objects………………………………………………………………………14
6.2 Methods and Attributes…………………………………………………………………...15
6.3 Inheritance………………………………………………………………………………..16
7. Modules and Packages………………………………………………………………………17
7.1 Importing Modules……………………………………………………………………….17
7.2 Creating Your Own Modules……………………………………………………………..18
8. Error Handling……………………………………………………………………………...19
8.1 Try-Excepts Blocks ………………………………………………………………………19
8.2 Raising……………………………………………………………………………………20
9. File Handling………………………………………………………………………………...21
9.1 Reading Exceptions………………………………………………………………………22
10. Libraries and Frameworks…………………………………………………………………23
10.1 Num py……………………………………………………………………………….23
10.2 Pandas………………………………………………………………………………...24
11. Project………………………………………………………………………………………..25
11.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..26
11.2 Libraries………………………………………………………………………………28
11.3 Requirements…………………………………………………………………………30

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 11.4 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………32
12. Conclusios……………………………………………………………………………………33
12.1 References………………………………………………………………………………34

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 CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION
What is Python?

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its
design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer
lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs
intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional
programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and
has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for installation on many
operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a wide variety of systems.

Downloading python
If you don’t already have a copy of Python installed on your computer, you will need to open up your
Internet browser and go to the Python download page (http://www.python.org/download/).
Now that you are on the download page, select which of the software builds you would like to download. For
the purposes of this article we will use the most up to date version available (Python 3.4.1).

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Once you have clicked on that, you will be taken to a page with a description of all the new updates
and features of 3.4.1, however, you can always read that while the download is in process. Scroll to
the bottom of the page till you find the “Download” section and click on the link that says “download
page.”

Now you will scroll all the way to the bottom of the page and find the “Windows x86 MSI installer.”
If you want to download the 86-64 bit MSI, feel free to do so. We believe that even if you have a 64-
bit operating system installed on your computer, the 86-bit MSI is preferable. We say this because it
will still run well and sometimes, with the 64- bit architectures, some of the compiled binaries and
Python libraries don’t work well.

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Installing Python
Once you have downloaded the Python MSI, simply navigate to the download location on your
computer, double clicking the file and pressing Run when the dialog box pops up.
If you are the only person who uses your computer, simply leave the “Install for all users” option
selected. If you have multiple accounts on your PC and don’t want to install it across all accounts,
select the “Install just for me” option then press “Next.”

If you are the only person who uses your computer, simply leave the “Install for all users” option
selected. If you have multiple accounts on

your PC and don’t want to install it across all accounts,

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If you want to change the install location, feel free to do so; however, it is best to leave it as is and
simply select next, Otherwise...
Scroll down in the window and find the “Add Python.exe to Path” and click on the small red “x.”
Choose the “Will be installed on local hard drive” option then press “Next.”
Now that you have completed the installation process, click on “Finish. 8 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

Now that you have completed the installation process, click on “Finish.

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Setup the Path Variable
Begin by opening the start menu and typing in “environment” and select the option called “Edit the
system environment variables.”
When the “System Properties” window appears, click on “Environment Variables…”

Once you have the “Environment Variables” window open, direct your focus to the bottom half.
You will notice that it controls all the “System Variables” rather than just this associated with
your user. Click on “New…” to create a new variable for Python.

Writing Your First Python Program

Step 1: Open a Python Environment

• If you have Python installed, open the Python IDE (like IDLE) or a code editor (e.g., Visual
Studio Code).
• If not, you can use online tools like Replit or Google Colab.

Step 2: Write the Code

Type the following code:

python
print("Hello, World!")

Step 3: Run the Program

1. Save the file with a .py extension, like first_program.py.

2. Run the program:
o In IDLE: Press F5 or click "Run".
o In the terminal or command prompt: Type python first_program.py and press Enter.

What Does the Program Do?

The print() function tells Python to display whatever is inside the parentheses.
In this case, it will show:

Hello, World!

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CHAPTER 2.

BASIC PYTHON SYNTAX

Python has a simple and clean syntax that makes it easy to learn. Here's a quick overview of its basic
rules:

Variables

Variables store data, and you don’t need to declare their type.

python
name = "Alice" # String
age = 25 # Integer
height = 5.6 # Float
is_student = True # Boolean

Common Data Types

• int (integer): Whole numbers.

• float: Decimal numbers.
• str (string): Text.
• bool: True or False.

python
Copy code
x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
text = "Hi" # string
flag = True # Boolean

Taking Input

Use the input() function to get user input.

python
name = input("What is your name? ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")

Printing Output

Use the print() function to display output.

python
print("Hello, World!")

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Comments

Comments are notes in the code for humans to read. They are ignored by Python.

Single-line comment: Use #.

python
# This is a comment
print("This will run")
Multi-line comment: Use triple quotes.
python
This is a multi-line comment.
Useful for longer explanations.
print("This will run")

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CHAPTER 3.

CONTROL FLOW

Control flow refers to the sequence in which individual instructions, statements, or function calls are
executed or evaluated in a programming environment. It determines the path the program takes based
on conditions, loops, or decisions.

Key Components of Control Flow

1. Sequential Flow
o The program executes statements one after the other in the order they appear.
o Example:
o print("Start")
o print("End")
2. Conditional Statements
o Allows decision-making by executing code based on a condition.
o Common structures:
▪ if
▪ if-else
▪ if-elif-else
o Example:
o x = 10
o if x > 5:
o print("x is greater than 5")
o else:
o print("x is not greater than 5")
3. Loops
o Repeat a block of code multiple times based on a condition.
o Common loops:
▪ for
▪ while
o Example:
o for i in range(5):
o print(i)
4. Branching Statements
o Used to alter the flow of execution explicitly.
o Examples:
▪ break (exit a loop early)
▪ continue (skip the rest of the current loop iteration)
▪ return (exit from a function and optionally pass back a value)
o Example:
o for i in range(5):
o if i == 3:
o break
o print(i)
5. Function Calls

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 o Control flow can be affected by invoking functions, which may themselves contain
control flow logic.
o Example:
o def greet():
o print("Hello, World!")
o greet()

Why Control Flow Matters

Control flow allows programs to:

• Make decisions.
• Respond dynamically to different inputs or conditions.
• Reuse code effectively through loops and functions.
• Solve complex problems by structuring the flow of operations logically.

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CHAPTER 4.

FUNCTIONS

Functions in Python are blocks of reusable code designed to perform specific tasks. They help
organize code, make it modular, and avoid repetition. Functions are an essential part of Python
programming, allowing for better structure, readability, and maintainability of code.

Key Features of Functions

• Reusability: Write code once and use it multiple times.

• Modularity: Break the program into smaller, manageable parts.
• Readability: Improves clarity by giving meaningful names to tasks.
• Abstraction: Simplify complex operations by hiding implementation details.

Types of Functions in Python

1. Built-in Functions
Python provides a rich set of pre-defined functions like print(), len(), input(), etc.
2. print(len("Hello")) # Output: 5
3. User-defined Functions
Functions created by the user to perform specific tasks.
4. def greet(name):
5. print(f"Hello, {name}!")
6. greet("Alice") # Output: Hello, Alice!

Defining and Calling a Function

1. Defining a Function
Use the def keyword followed by the function name and parentheses. The function body
contains the code to execute.
2. def function_name(parameters):
3. # Code block
4. return value # (optional)
5. Calling a Function
Invoke the function by writing its name followed by parentheses.
6. function_name(arguments)

Example: Adding Two Numbers

def add_numbers(a, b):

return a + b

result = add_numbers(5, 7)
print(result) # Output: 12

Parameters and Arguments

• Parameters: Variables defined in the function's definition to receive input values.

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 • Arguments: Values passed to a function when it is called.

Example:

def greet(name): # 'name' is a parameter

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("John") # 'John' is an argument

Types of Arguments

1. Positional Arguments
Arguments passed in order.
2. def subtract(a, b):
3. return a - b
4. print(subtract(10, 3)) # Output: 7
5. Keyword Arguments
Arguments specified by name, making the order irrelevant.
6. print(subtract(b=3, a=10)) # Output: 7
7. Default Arguments
Provide default values to parameters.
8. def greet(name="Guest"):
9. print(f"Hello, {name}!")
10. greet() # Output: Hello, Guest!
11. Arbitrary Arguments
Accept any number of positional (*args) or keyword arguments (**kwargs).
12. def print_args(*args):
13. for arg in args:
14. print(arg)
15.
16. print_args(1, 2, 3) # Output: 1, 2, 3

Key Concepts

1. Return Statement
Functions can return values using the return keyword.
2. def square(n):
3. return n * n
4.
5. print(square(4)) # Output: 16
6. Scope
Variables inside a function are local to that function unless declared global.
7. Docstrings
Add documentation to functions.
8. def greet():
9. """This function greets the user."""
10. print("Hello!")

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CHAPTER 5.

DATA STRUCTURE

A data structure in Python is a way of organizing and storing data so it can be accessed and
manipulated efficiently. Python provides a variety of built-in data structures, which are flexible and
powerful tools for handling and processing data.

Types of Data Structures in Python

1. Primitive Data Structures

These are the basic building blocks for other data structures.
Examples:
o int (e.g., 5)
o float (e.g., 3.14)
o str (e.g., "Hello")
o bool (e.g., True or False)
2. Non-Primitive Data Structures
These structures are used to store collections of data. They include:

1. Lists

• A collection of items that is ordered and mutable (can be changed).

• Allows duplicate elements.
• Defined using square brackets [].
• Example:
• my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
• print(my_list[2]) # Output: 3
• my_list.append(6) # Adds 6 to the list
• print(my_list) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
2. Tuples

• An ordered collection of items that is immutable (cannot be changed).

• Defined using parentheses ().
• Example:
• my_tuple = (10, 20, 30)
• print(my_tuple[1]) # Output: 20
• # my_tuple[1] = 50 # Error: Tuple doesn't support assignment
3. Dictionaries

• A collection of key-value pairs that is unordered and mutable.

• Keys are unique, and values can be of any data type.
• Defined using curly braces {}.
• Example:
• my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
• print(my_dict["name"]) # Output: Alice
• my_dict["age"] = 26 # Update value

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 • print(my_dict) # Output: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 26}
4. Sets

• An unordered collection of unique items.

• Defined using curly braces {} or the set() constructor.
• Example:
• my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
• print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}
• my_set.add(5) # Adds 5 to the set
• print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
5. Strings

• Technically a sequence of characters.

• Treated as immutable sequences in Python.
• Example:
• my_string = "Hello, World!"
• print(my_string[7:12]) # Output: World

Advanced Data Structures in Python

Python also supports more complex data structures:

1. Stacks
o
A linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle.
o
Can be implemented using a list.
o
Example:
o
stack = []
o
stack.append(1) # Push 1
o
stack.append(2) # Push 2
o
print(stack.pop()) # Output: 2 (Last element removed)
2. Queues
o A linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle.
o Can be implemented using the collections.deque.
o Example:
o from collections import deque
o queue = deque([1, 2, 3])
o queue.append(4) # Add to the queue
o print(queue.popleft()) # Output: 1 (First element removed)
3. Linked Lists
o A collection of nodes where each node contains data and a reference to the next node.
o Not built into Python but can be implemented using custom classes.
4. Trees
o A hierarchical data structure consisting of nodes, where each node has a value and
child nodes.
o Common types: Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree.
o Can be implemented using classes.
o A collection of nodes (vertices) connected by edges.

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CHAPTER 6.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python is a programming paradigm that organizes code

into objects, which combine data (attributes) and behavior (methods). OOP emphasizes concepts
like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism to make code reusable, modular, and easier to
maintain.

Key Concepts of OOP in Python

1. Classes and Objects

• Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It defines the structure and behavior of its objects.
• Object: An instance of a class, representing a specific entity that has its own attributes and
behavior.

Example:

class Dog:
# Class attributes
species = "Canis familiaris"

# Constructor method to initialize attributes

def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

# Method
def bark(self):
print(f"{self.name} says Woof!")

# Creating objects
dog1 = Dog("Buddy", 3)
dog2 = Dog("Bella", 5)

print(dog1.name) # Output: Buddy

dog2.bark() # Output: Bella says Woof!
2. Encapsulation

Encapsulation restricts access to certain parts of an object to protect its internal state. This is
achieved using:

• Public: Accessible everywhere.

• Private: Accessible only within the class, using a double underscore prefix (__).

Example:

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class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance # Private attribute

def deposit(self, amount):

self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance

account = BankAccount(1000)
account.deposit(500)
print(account.get_balance()) # Output: 1500
3. Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class (child class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (parent
class). This promotes code reuse and hierarchical relationships.

Example:

class Animal:
def eat(self):
print("This animal eats food.")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("This dog barks.")

# Dog inherits from Animal

dog = Dog()
dog.eat() # Output: This animal eats food.
dog.bark() # Output: This dog barks.
4. Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows methods in different classes to have the same name but behave differently
based on the class they belong to.

Example:

class Cat:
def speak(self):
print("Meow!")

class Dog:
def speak(self):
print("Woof!")

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def animal_sound(animal):
animal.speak()

cat = Cat()
dog = Dog()

animal_sound(cat) # Output: Meow!

animal_sound(dog) # Output: Woof!
5. Abstraction

Abstraction hides implementation details and exposes only the essential features of an object. In
Python, abstraction is often implemented using abstract base classes (ABCs) from the abc module.

Example:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass

class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
self.radius = radius

def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius ** 2

circle = Circle(5)
print(circle.area()) # Output: 78.5

Benefits of OOP in Python

1. Modularity: Code is organized into classes and objects, making it easier to manage.
2. Reusability: Classes and methods can be reused through inheritance.
3. Scalability: Easy to expand or modify by adding new classes or methods.
4. Maintainability: Encapsulation makes code easier to debug and maintain.

Summary

Object-Oriented Programming in Python revolves around objects and classes. It emphasizes:

• Encapsulation: Protecting data.

• Inheritance: Reusing code.
• Polymorphism: Flexibility in behavior.
• Abstraction: Simplifying complex logic.

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CHAPTER 7.

MODULES AND PACKAGES

Modules and packages in Python are tools used to organize code into reusable and manageable
units. They help structure your code effectively, making it easier to develop, debug, and maintain.

Modules

A module is a single file containing Python code. It can include variables, functions, classes, or
runnable code.

Why Use Modules?

• Organizes code into smaller, logical components.

• Makes code reusable across multiple programs.
• Reduces redundancy by centralizing functionality.

Creating a Module

Simply create a Python file (.py) with the code you want to reuse.

Example: math_utils.py

# math_utils.py
def add(a, b):
return a + b

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b
Using a Module

You can import a module using the import statement.

import math_utils

print(math_utils.add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

Alternatively, import specific functions:

from math_utils import add

print(add(5, 3)) # Output: 8

Packages

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A package is a collection of modules organized in directories with a special file, __init__.py, which
marks the directory as a package. Packages are used to structure large applications into smaller,
related parts.

Why Use Packages?

• Organizes modules into a hierarchical structure.

• Helps manage large projects by grouping related modules together.

Creating a Package

1. Create a directory with your desired package name.

2. Inside the directory:
o Add an __init__.py file (can be empty or contain initialization code).
o Add the module files.

Example Structure:

my_package/
__init__.py
math_utils.py
string_utils.py
Using a Package

Import modules from the package using the package_name.module_name format:

from my_package import math_utils, string_utils

print(math_utils.add(2, 3)) # Output: 5

Differences Between Modules and Packages

Feature Module Package

Definition A single Python file (.py). A collection of modules in a directory.

Structure File-level organization. Directory-level organization with __init__.py.

Purpose Reuse and organize code. Organize related modules into a namespace.

Example math_utils.py my_package/ with modules like math_utils.py.

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CHAPTER 8.

ERROR HANDLING

Error handling in Python refers to the process of managing exceptions (runtime errors) in a
program to prevent it from crashing and to handle errors gracefully. Python provides a robust
mechanism for detecting, responding to, and debugging errors using the try-except block and other
tools.

Types of Errors in Python

1. Syntax Errors
o Occur when the code violates Python's syntax rules.
o Detected before the program runs (compile-time error).
Example:
2. print("Hello world" # Missing closing parenthesis
3. Exceptions
o Occur during program execution (runtime errors).
o Examples: Division by zero, file not found, accessing undefined variables.
Example:
4. num = 10 / 0 # ZeroDivisionError

Common Exceptions in Python

Exception Cause
ZeroDivisionError Division by zero.
ValueError Invalid value for a function or operation.
TypeError Incorrect data type used.
IndexError Accessing an invalid index in a list or string.
KeyError Accessing a non-existent key in a dictionary.
FileNotFoundError File or directory not found.
ImportError Importing a module that doesn't exist or has issues.

Handling Exceptions with try-except

The basic structure:

try:
# Code that might raise an exception
risky_operation()
except ExceptionType:
# Code to handle the exception
handle_error()

Example:

try:

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 num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
print(result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You cannot divide by zero.")
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")

try-except-else-finally

Python allows additional clauses for more control:

1. else: Executes code if no exceptions occur.

2. finally: Executes code regardless of whether an exception occurs (useful for cleanup).

Example:

try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")
except ValueError:
print("Please enter a valid number.")
else:
print(f"Result is {result}") # Executes if no exceptions occur
finally:
print("Execution complete.") # Always executes

Raising Exceptions with raise

You can raise your own exceptions using the raise keyword.

Example:

def check_age(age):
if age < 18:
raise ValueError("Age must be 18 or older.")
print("Access granted.")

try:
check_age(16)
except ValueError as e:
print(e) # Output: Age must be 18 or older.

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CHAPTER 9.

FILE HANDLING

File handling in Python refers to the process of working with files to perform operations like
reading, writing, appending, or deleting data. It is an essential feature for applications that deal with
persistent data storage.

Steps in File Handling

1. Opening a File
o Files must be opened before performing any operation.
o Use the built-in open() function:
o file = open("filename", "mode")
o Common modes:

Mode Description

'r' Read-only (default mode).

'w' Write-only (overwrites if file exists).

'a' Append (write at the end of the file).

'x' Create a new file (fails if file exists).

'b' Binary mode.

't' Text mode (default).

2. Performing Operations
o Reading, writing, or appending data.
o Methods depend on the mode in which the file is opened.
3. Closing the File
o Always close the file after operations using file.close().
o Alternatively, use a with block for automatic file closure.

Reading a File

Example 1: Reading the Entire File

with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
Example 2: Reading Line by Line
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
for line in file:

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 print(line.strip()) # Removes extra newline characters
Example 3: Reading Specific Lines
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
lines = file.readlines() # Returns a list of lines
print(lines[0]) # First line

Writing to a File

Example: Writing Data

with open("output.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!\n")
file.write("This is Python file handling.")

• If the file doesn’t exist, it will be created.

• If the file exists, its contents will be overwritten.

Appending to a File

Example: Adding Data

with open("output.txt", "a") as file:
file.write("\nThis is appended text.")

• Appends new data to the existing content without overwriting.

Working with Binary Files

Binary files, like images or videos, require opening in binary mode ('b').

Example: Reading and Writing Binary Files

# Copying a binary file
with open("source.jpg", "rb") as source:
with open("destination.jpg", "wb") as destination:
destination.write(source.read())

22 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

CHAPTER 10.

LIBRARIES AND FRAMEWORK

In Python, libraries and frameworks are both collections of pre-written code that help developers
perform common tasks more efficiently, but they serve slightly different purposes. Here’s a
breakdown:

1. Libraries

A library is a collection of modules or packages that provide reusable functionality for specific
tasks. Libraries are designed to be lightweight, focused, and flexible, allowing developers to use
them as needed.

Characteristics:

• Provide specific functionalities.

• Developers have full control over the program flow.
• You can import and use only the parts of the library that you need.

Examples of Popular Python Libraries:

• Data Manipulation: pandas, numpy

• Data Visualization: matplotlib, seaborn
• Machine Learning: scikit-learn, XGBoost
• Web Scraping: BeautifulSoup, requests
• File Handling: os, shutil

Example Usage:
import numpy as np

# Create a numpy array and calculate its mean

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(np.mean(arr)) # Output: 3.0

2. Frameworks

A framework is a larger and more structured set of libraries, tools, and conventions that provide a
scaffold for building applications. Frameworks often dictate the architecture and flow of your
application.

Characteristics:

• Provide a predefined structure for your application.

• Developers have less control over the program flow; instead, the framework "calls" your code
(inversion of control).
• Enforces specific conventions and design patterns.

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Types of Frameworks:

• Web Development: Django, Flask, FastAPI

• Machine Learning/AI: TensorFlow, PyTorch
• Game Development: Pygame

Examples:

1. Django (Web Framework): Django is a high-level framework that includes everything

needed to build a web application (e.g., database integration, authentication, templating).
2. from django.http import HttpResponse
3.
4. def home(request):
5. return HttpResponse("Hello, World!")
6. Flask (Web Framework): Flask is a lightweight and flexible web framework.
7. from flask import Flask
8.
9. app = Flask(__name__)
10.
11. @app.route('/')
12. def home():
13. return "Hello, World!"
14.
15. if __name__ == '__main__':
16. app.run(debug=True)

24 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

CHAPTER 11.

PROJECT
The Snake Game is a classic arcade game where a snake moves around a grid, eating food to grow
longer and avoiding collisions with walls or itself. It's a great beginner project in Python, often
implemented using the pygame library for graphics and game controls.

Introduction to Developing the Snake Game in Python

Key Features:

1. Snake Movement: The snake moves in one direction, controlled by the arrow keys.

2. Food for the Snake: The snake eats food to grow longer.

3. Collision Detection:

o Collision with the wall ends the game.

o Collision with itself also ends the game.

4. Scorekeeping: The score increases as the snake eats food.

5. Dynamic Gameplay: The game gets progressively harder as the snake grows.

Components of the Game:

• Game Loop: The main loop that keeps the game running.

• Grid Design: A simple 2D coordinate system for the snake and food placement.

• Snake Movement Logic: Controlled by keyboard inputs.

• Collision Handling: Detects when the snake hits itself or a wall.

• Graphics and Sound (optional): Makes the game visually appealing and fun.

For developing a Snake Game in Python, the primary libraries commonly used are as follows:

1. Pygame (Core Library for the Snake Game)

• Purpose: Pygame is a cross-platform library used for creating 2D games.

• Features Used in the Snake Game:

o Graphics: Drawing shapes like the snake and food.

o Event Handling: Detecting key presses for controlling the snake.

o Game Loop: Managing the continuous flow of the game.

25 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

 o Time: Managing frame rates and game speed.

• Installation:

• pip install pygame

2. Random (For Food Placement)

• Purpose: Used to generate random positions for the food on the grid.

• Features Used:

o Generating random coordinates within a defined range.

• No Installation Needed: random is part of Python's standard library.

3. Sys (Optional, for Exiting the Game)

• Purpose: Provides system-specific parameters and functions.

• Features Used:

o sys.exit() to terminate the program gracefully.

• No Installation Needed: sys is part of Python's standard library.

Optional Libraries for Enhancements

1. Pillow (For Custom Graphics)

o Replace basic shapes with custom images like a snake sprite or textured background.

o Installation: pip install pillow

2. Sound Libraries:

o pygame.mixer: For adding sound effects like eating or game over.

o No additional installation needed, as mixer is part of Pygame.

Summary of Core Libraries:

1. Pygame: Essential for game mechanics, rendering, and handling inputs.

2. Random: For randomizing the food's position.

3. Sys: For managing game exits.

These libraries provide the foundation for a fully functional Snake Game

To create a Snake Game in Python, certain requirements need to be considered, ranging from software
and libraries to functionality and game mechanics. Here's a detailed breakdown:

26 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

1. Software and Tools

• Python Interpreter:

o Version: Python 3.7 or higher is recommended.

o Download from python.org.

• IDE/Text Editor:

o Examples: Visual Studio Code, PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook, or IDLE.

• Pygame Library:

o Installation: pip install pygame

2. Functional Requirements

The Snake Game needs to meet certain functional criteria to ensure it works as expected

3. Non-Functional Requirements

1. Performance:

o Smooth and responsive gameplay without lag.

o Frame rate should be consistent (e.g., 30-60 FPS).

2. Portability:

o Should run on Windows, macOS, and Linux.

3. Scalability:

o Easy to add new features, such as levels, obstacles, or power-ups.

4. Hardware Requirements

• Processor: Any modern processor (e.g., Intel Core i3 or equivalent).

• RAM: At least 2 GB (Pygame is lightweight).

• Graphics: Basic integrated graphics are sufficient.

5. Game Logic Requirements

Core Elements

1. Grid System:

o The screen acts as a grid where each unit is a square (e.g., 10x10 pixels).

2. Snake:

27 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

 o Represented as a list of coordinates (segments).

o Each movement updates the position of all segments.

3. Food:

o Placed randomly on the grid.

o Disappears and reappears after being eaten by the snake.

Collision Logic

• Wall Collision:

o Detect if the snake’s head crosses the screen boundaries.

• Self-Collision:

o Check if the snake's head overlaps with any part of its body.

6. Pygame-Specific Requirements

Initialization

• Initialize the Pygame module with pygame.init().

• Create a display window using pygame.display.set_mode().

Game Loop

• Implement a continuous loop to:

o Capture user inputs (pygame.KEYDOWN for arrow keys).

o Update the game state (snake position, food placement, collision checks).

o Render the game (draw the snake, food, and score).

o Control the frame rate using pygame.time.Clock().

7. Installation of Required Libraries

• Pygame:

o Install using pip:

o pip install pygame

8. Example Structure

Here’s a high-level overview of how the Snake Game is structured:

Snake Game

28 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

├── Initialization

│ ├── Import libraries

│ ├── Setup screen, colors, and clock

├── Main Loop

│ ├── Event Handling (keyboard inputs)

│ ├── Game Logic (snake movement, collision detection)

│ ├── Rendering (draw snake, food, score)

│ └── Frame Control (adjust game speed)

├── Game Over

│ └── Display final score and exit

9. Enhancements (Optional)

• Graphics:

o Use images for the snake and food instead of simple rectangles.

• Sounds:

o Add effects for eating food or game over.

• Obstacles:

o Introduce barriers to increase difficulty.

• Levels:

o Add different levels with varying grid sizes and speeds.

The Snake Game in Python has a lot of potential for future enhancements and extensions, making it
a great project to improve programming skills and explore game development concepts. Below are
some ideas for the future scope of a Snake Game:

1. Enhanced Gameplay Features

a. Difficulty Levels

• Add difficulty settings such as:

o Easy: Slow movement, large grid.

o Medium: Moderate speed, smaller grid.

29 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

 o Hard: Fast speed, obstacles on the grid.

b. Obstacles

• Introduce static or dynamic obstacles that the snake must avoid.

• Examples: Walls, moving objects, or traps.

c. Power-Ups

• Add special items like:

o Speed Boost: Temporarily increase speed.

o Slow Down: Temporarily reduce speed.

o Bonus Points: Increase score significantly.

o Shield: Protect the snake from collisions for a short time.

d. Levels or Stages

• Create multiple levels with different layouts, speeds, or obstacles.

• Unlock the next level after achieving a certain score.

e. Snake Customization

• Allow players to customize the snake's color, texture, or size.

f. Multiplayer Mode

• Implement a multiplayer mode where:

o Two players compete on the same screen.

o Players have their own snakes and can sabotage each other.

2. Improved Visuals and Graphics

a. Advanced Graphics

• Use custom sprites for the snake and food instead of basic shapes.

• Add animations for the snake's movement or when food is eaten.

b. Background Themes

• Add selectable themes for the game background (e.g., jungle, desert, space).

c. Particle Effects

• Implement particle effects for actions like eating food or colliding with obstacles.

30 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

3. Enhanced User Interaction

a. Sound Effects and Music

• Add sound effects for eating food, hitting walls, or game over.

• Add background music to enhance the gaming experience.

b. High Score System

• Save and display high scores using a local file or database.

c. Leaderboard

• Create an online leaderboard to display top scores globally.

d. Game Pausing and Saving

• Allow players to pause the game and save their progress.

4. AI Integration

a. Snake AI

• Create an AI-controlled snake that competes against the player.

• Implement pathfinding algorithms for the AI snake to find food while avoiding collisions.

b. Intelligent Obstacles

• Introduce obstacles that adapt to the player's behavior.

5. Web and Mobile Versions

a. Web-Based Game

• Use libraries like Pygame.js or Flask to create a browser-based version.

• Host the game on platforms like GitHub Pages or Heroku.

b. Mobile App

• Convert the game into a mobile app using frameworks like:

o Kivy: A Python library for mobile development.

o PyQt: For cross-platform app development.

31 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

32 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET
CHAPTER 12.

CONCLUSION
Conclusion for Python Projects

When concluding a Python project like the Snake Game, or any other programming endeavor, it's
essential to summarize the project's purpose, key achievements, challenges faced, and possible
improvements. Here’s a general conclusion structure:

1. Summary of Accomplishments

• Highlight what the project achieved:

o "This project successfully implemented a functional and interactive Snake Game

using Python and the Pygame library."

o "The game includes features such as snake movement, random food placement,
collision detection, score tracking, and a user-friendly interface."

2. Benefits of Using Python

• Discuss why Python was suitable for the project:

o "Python proved to be an excellent choice for developing the Snake Game due to its
simplicity and the availability of the Pygame library, which streamlined game
development."

o "Its flexibility allowed for rapid prototyping and testing of game mechanics."

3. Challenges Faced

• Mention any challenges and how they were addressed:

o "During development, challenges such as managing the snake's growth and

implementing collision detection were encountered. These were resolved through
careful implementation of grid-based logic and robust game loops."

4. Learning Outcomes

• Highlight what was learned:

o "This project provided hands-on experience with Python programming, game logic
implementation, and using libraries like Pygame for creating graphics and handling
user input."

o "It also deepened the understanding of event-driven programming and object-oriented

design."

33 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET

1. What Are References in Python?

• A reference in Python is essentially a pointer or link to a memory location where an object

resides.

• When you assign a value to a variable, the variable does not hold the value directly. Instead,
it holds a reference to the object in memory.

2. Example of References

x = [1, 2, 3] # 'x' refers to the list [1, 2, 3]

y=x # 'y' now also refers to the same list

• Both x and y refer to the same object in memory. Changes made through x will also be
visible through y:

x.append(4)

print(y) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

34 DEPT. OF CSE, BIET