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21 views8 pages

CG 01

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dasdaa4321
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Introduction of Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics involves technology to access. The Process transforms


and presents information in a visual form. The role of computer graphics is
insensible. In today’s life, computer graphics has now become a common
element in user interfaces, T.V. commercial motion pictures.

Computer Graphics is the creation of pictures with the help of a computer.


The end product of computer graphics is a picture it may be a business
graph, drawing, and engineering.

In computer graphics, two or three-dimensional pictures can be created that


are used for research. Many hardware devices algorithm has been developed
for improving the speed of picture generation with the passing of time. It
includes the creation and storage of models and images of objects. These
models are for various fields like engineering, mathematics, and so on.

Definition of Computer Graphics:


It is the use of computers to create and manipulate pictures on a display
device. It comprises software techniques to create, store, modify, and
represent pictures.

Why are computer graphics used?


Suppose a shoe manufacturing company wants to show the sale of shoes for
five years. For this vast amount of information is to store. So, a lot of time
and memory will be needed. This method will be tough to understand by a
common man. In this situation graphics is a better alternative. Graphics tools
are charts and graphs. Using graphs, data can be represented in pictorial
form. A picture can be understood easily just with a single look.

Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-way


communication between computer users. The computer will receive signals
from the input device, and the picture is modified accordingly. The picture
will be changed quickly when we apply the command.
Application of Computer Graphics
1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of the physical,
financial, and economic system is often used as educational aids. A model of
physical systems, physiological systems, population trends, or equipment
can help trainees to understand the operation of the system.

For some training applications, particular systems are designed. For


example, Flight Simulator.

Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes. These


pilots spend much of their training not in a real aircraft but on the ground at
the controls of a Flight Simulator.

Advantages:
1. Fuel Saving
2. Safety
3. Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the world's airports.

2. Use in Biology: Molecular biologists can display a picture of molecules


and gain insight into their structure with the help of computer graphics.

3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and transportation


engineers can use computer-generated maps which display data useful to
them in their planning work.

4. Architect: The architect can explore an alternative solution to design


problems at an interactive graphics terminal. In this way, they can test many
more solutions that would not be possible without the computer.
5. Presentation Graphics: Examples of presentation Graphics are bar
charts, line graphs, pie charts, and other displays showing relationships
between multiple parameters. Presentation Graphics is commonly used to
summarize

o Financial Reports
o Statistical Reports
o Mathematical Reports
o Scientific Reports
o Economic Data for research reports
o Managerial Reports
o Consumer Information Bulletins
o And other types of reports

6. Computer Art: Computer Graphics are also used in the field of


commercial arts. It is used to generate television and advertising
commercial.

7. Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making


motion pictures, music videos, and television shows.

8. Visualization: It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical


personnel, and business analysts for the study of a large amount of
information.

9. Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the development


of educational software for making computer-aided instruction.

10. Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for printing


technology and textile design.

Example of Computer Graphics Packages:


1. LOGO
2. COREL DRAW
3. AUTO CAD
4. 3D STUDIO
5. CORE
6. GKS (Graphics Kernel System)
7. PHIGS
8. CAM (Computer Graphics Metafile)
9. CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)

Interactive and Passive Graphics


(a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics:
In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the monitor,
and the user does not have any controlled over the image, i.e., the user
cannot make any change in the rendered image. One example of its Titles
shown on T.V.

Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication between the


computer and the user, User can see the produced image, and he cannot
make any change in the image.

(b) Interactive Computer Graphics:


In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture,
i.e., the user can make any change in the produced image. One example of it
is the ping-pong game.

Interactive Computer Graphics require two-way communication between the


computer and the user. A User can see the image and make any change by
sending his command with an input device.

Advantages:
1. Higher Quality
2. More precise results or products
3. Greater Productivity
4. Lower analysis and design cost
5. Significantly enhances our ability to understand data and to perceive trends.
Working on Interactive Computer Graphics:
The modern graphics display is very simple in construction. It consists of
three components:

1. Frame Buffer or Digital Memory


2. A Monitor likes a home T.V. set without the tuning and receiving electronics.
3. Display Controller or Video Controller: It passes the contents of the
frame buffer to the monitor.

Frame Buffer: A digital frame buffer is large, contiguous piece of computer


memory used to hold or map the image displayed on the screen.

o At a minimum, there is 1 memory bit for each pixel in the raster. This amount
of memory is called a bit plane.
o A 1024 x 1024 element requires 2 20 (210=1024;220=1024 x 1024)sq.raster or
1,048,576 memory bits in a single bit plane.
o The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time.
o ∵ A memory bit has only two states (binary 0 or 1), a single bit plane yields a
black and white (monochrome display).
o As frame buffer is a digital device write raster CRT is an analog device.
Properties of Video Monitor:
1. Persistence: Persistence is the duration of phosphorescence. Different
kinds of phosphors are available for use in CRT. Besides color, a major
difference between phosphor in their persistence how they continue to emit
light after the electron beam is removed.

2. Resolution: Use to describe the number of pixels that are used on


display image.

3. Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of width to its height. Its measure is unit in
length or number of pixels.

Aspect Ratio =
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional
computer monitors and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by
firing electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the
front of the screen.

Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are
projected on a screen. The color you view on the screen is produced by a
blend of red, blue and green light.

Components of CRT:
Main Components of CRT are:

1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a


heating filament (heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source
of electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of the
CRT.

2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.

3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the


electrons into a narrow beam.
4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam.
It creates an electric or magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as
it passes through the area. In a conventional CRT, the yoke is linked to a
sweep or scan generator. The deflection yoke which is connected to the
sweep generator creates a fluctuating electric or magnetic potential.

5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is


coated with phosphors. Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam
hits them. Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the light given
off by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

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