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Writing Questions

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16 views10 pages

Writing Questions

Uploaded by

riteshkusmade1010
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Writing Questions

1. Create Database schema, Create tables, assign Primary key

• Create Database:
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CREATE DATABASE my_database;

• Create Table:
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CREATE TABLE employees (
emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
emp_name VARCHAR(50),
emp_salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);

o Primary Key is used to uniquely identify each record in a


table (e.g., emp_id in the example).

2. Design E-R Diagram & create Normalized database on given data. Explain
Normalization

• E-R Diagram: It's a visual representation of the entities (tables)


and their relationships.
o Example: An Employee entity with attributes like emp_id,
emp_name, and emp_salary, and a Department entity
with attributes like dept_id and dept_name.
• Normalization: It's the process of organizing data to reduce
redundancy. It involves splitting tables into smaller, related tables.
o 1NF: All values in a column are atomic (single value, no
lists).
o 2NF: Remove partial dependencies (every non-key attribute
depends on the whole primary key).
o 3NF: Remove transitive dependencies (non-key attributes
depend only on primary keys).

3. Create & execute DDL Commands using SQL, Applying Key Constraints &
Explain with example

• DDL Commands:
o CREATE: Creates a table, view, or database.
o ALTER: Modifies an existing object.
o DROP: Deletes a table or database.
o Example:
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CREATE TABLE students (
student_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
age INT CHECK (age >= 18)
);

o Constraints:
▪ PRIMARY KEY: Uniquely identifies each record.
▪ NOT NULL: Ensures the column cannot be empty.
▪ CHECK: Ensures the data meets a certain condition.
4. Create & Execute DML commands using SQL. Explain DML Commands
with example

• DML Commands:
o INSERT: Adds data to a table.
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INSERT INTO students (student_id, name, age) VALUES
(1, 'John Doe', 20);

o UPDATE: Modifies existing data.


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UPDATE students SET age = 21 WHERE student_id = 1;

o DELETE: Removes data.


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DELETE FROM students WHERE student_id = 1;

5. Explain SQL Operators & Write four Queries using SQL operators

• Operators: Used for comparisons and logic.


o Comparison Operators: =, !=, <, >, <=, >=
o Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
o Example Queries:
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SELECT * FROM students WHERE age >= 18; -- Greater
than or equal
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE 'John%'; --
Starts with 'John'
SELECT * FROM students WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 25; -
- Between two values
SELECT * FROM students WHERE age = 20 AND name =
'John'; -- AND operator

6. Write Queries using SQL functions: String, Arithmetic, Date & Time,
Aggregate functions

• String Functions:
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SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) FROM
employees; -- Combine names
SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM students; -- Length of name

• Arithmetic Functions:
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SELECT salary + 500 FROM employees; -- Add 500 to
salary
SELECT price * quantity FROM orders; -- Multiply
price by quantity

• Date & Time Functions:


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SELECT NOW(); -- Current date and time
SELECT DATE_ADD(NOW(), INTERVAL 1 DAY); -- Add 1 day

• Aggregate Functions:
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students; -- Count rows
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees; -- Average salary

7. Write Queries using SQL functions: Aggregate functions

• Aggregate Functions:
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SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees; -- Total salary
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees; -- Highest salary
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees; -- Lowest salary
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees; -- Average salary

8. Explain & Execute Queries using SELECT command with WHERE,


HAVING, GROUP BY, & ORDER BY clauses

• WHERE: Filters records before grouping.


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SELECT * FROM students WHERE age > 18;
• HAVING: Filters groups after aggregation.
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SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY
department HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

• GROUP BY: Groups rows with similar values.


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SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY
department;

• ORDER BY: Sorts the result.


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SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY salary DESC;

9. Explain Joins & Execute the queries based on Inner & Outer join

• Inner Join: Returns matching rows from both tables.


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SELECT employees.name, departments.name
FROM employees
INNER JOIN departments ON employees.dept_id =
departments.dept_id;

• Outer Join: Returns all rows, with NULL for unmatched rows.
o LEFT JOIN:
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SELECT employees.name, departments.name
FROM employees
LEFT JOIN departments ON employees.dept_id =
departments.dept_id;

o RIGHT JOIN: Similar to LEFT JOIN but returns all rows


from the right table.

10. Explain view & Write & Execute Query for Implementation of Views

• View: A virtual table based on a query.


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CREATE VIEW employee_view AS
SELECT name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary >
50000;

• Select from View:


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SELECT * FROM employee_view;

11. Explain, Create & Execute Indexes, Sequences & Synonyms in SQL

• Index: Speeds up query retrieval.


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CREATE INDEX idx_name ON employees(name);

• Sequence: Generates unique numbers.


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CREATE SEQUENCE emp_seq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1;
SELECT emp_seq.NEXTVAL FROM dual;

• Synonym: Alias for a database object.


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CREATE SYNONYM emp FOR employees;

12. Explain PL/SQL & Write a PL/SQL program to display Fibonacci series

• PL/SQL: A block-structured language used in Oracle for


procedural programming.
• Fibonacci Program:
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DECLARE
a INT := 0;
b INT := 1;
c INT;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(a);
c := a + b;
a := b;
b := c;
END LOOP;
END;

13. Write a PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (Pre-defined)

• Pre-defined Exception:
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DECLARE
num INT := 0;
BEGIN
IF num = 0 THEN
RAISE ZERO_DIVIDE;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Cannot divide by zero!');
END;

14. Write a PL/SQL program based on Exception Handling (User-defined


exceptions)

• User-defined Exception:
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DECLARE
age INT := 15;
age_exception EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
IF age < 18 THEN
RAISE age_exception;
END IF;
EXCEPTION
WHEN age_exception THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Age must be 18 or above');
END;

15. Explain & Execute DCL commands using SQL, Create Users, Grant,
Revoke Privileges to users

• DCL Commands:
o GRANT: Gives privileges to a user.
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GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON employees TO john;

o REVOKE: Removes privileges.


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REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON employees FROM john;

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